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Name: _________________________________________ Date: _________________ Microorganisms Microorganisms, or microbes, are living organisms that are so small you need a microscope to see them. There are five different types of microorganisms. They are bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and algae. Bacteria Bacteria are one-celled spherical, or rod-shaped, organisms. They are also called monerans. These organisms are one of the smallest and simplest living things. Bacteria are unique because they do not have a definite nucleus. Instead, the chemical that makes up the nucleus is spread all throughout the cytoplasm. Bacteria are made up of cytoplasm, a cell membrane and a cell wall. Most bacteria cannot move on their own. They rely on air or moving liquids to help them move. Some bacteria can move on their own. These types of bacteria have a hair-like structure called flagella to help them move in liquids. In order to survive, bacteria needs water and the right temperature. Some also need oxygen. Bacteria feeds on dead plants and animals. You can find bacteria all over the world. Bacteria can be found in the food that you eat, in the air and soil, in oceans and inside your body. Some examples of bacteria which you may have heard of is Salmonella enteritidis which causes food poisoning and Streptococcus which causes strep throat. Bacteria can be helpful. Bacteria helps to break down the remains of dead organisms, digest food, make foods such as yogurt or vinegar, and help to change nitrogen into something that plants can use. In some cases, bacteria is harmful. Bacteria causes food to spoil, diseases in plants, as well as sicknesses in humans. Kmuse@Samson’s Shoppe Virus Viruses are the smallest of microorganisms and can only be seen through a powerful microscope. A virus is a parasite that can only live inside the cells of something that is living. It takes over the cell of a living organism by injecting its genetic material into the cell. Then it uses this cell to take over more cells. Scientists cannot agree on whether or not viruses are alive or not. Most scientists think that because they cannot reproduce without a host, have organized cells or change food into energy that they are not living organisms. Like bacteria, viruses do not have a nucleus. They float through the air, water and on skin. Sometimes viruses will attack and kill bacteria. Viruses can be dangerous. Some examples of dangerous viruses include chicken pox, measles and influenza. Algae Algae are simple plant-like organisms. Most have one cell but some can have more than one cell. Algae that have more than one cell tend to be larger. Algae are similar to plants in that they make their own food through photosynthesis. They are not considered plants because they do not have specialized parts that plants have. Algae is usually organized into groups by their color; red, green, brown brown. Examples of algae include the green in a swimming pool, and golden-brown. sea weed at the beach, or scum in ponds and lakes. While algae can be a nuisance at times, it is also helpful. Most of the oxygen we breathe is produced by algae that floats to the surface Near the surface of the water. Kmuse@Samson’s Shoppe Fungi Fungi are similar to plants but like algae, they lack certain items to be considered a plant. While they do grow in the soil, like plants, and have a cell wall, there are many differences. Some ways fungi are different from plants are They grow well in dark, moist places. They have large cells with many nuclei. Their cell walls are made with chitin, not cellulose like plants. They cannot make their own food because they do not have chloroplasts or chlorophyll. Instead they need to feast on other dead organisms. The size can range from a microorganism, such as yeast, to ones that have many cells such as mushrooms. There are different kinds of fungi; yeasts, molds and mushrooms. Yeasts are single-celled, colorless fungi. They grow where sugar is present because they use sugar for food. Yeast is used to help bread rise. Molds are a common type of fungi that grow on fruit and bread. Mold often looks like little green threads. Their roots called rhizoids are what holds the mold to the bread. These roots then soak in the nutrients to feed the mold. Mushrooms are similar to molds as they have many threads. The threads on a mushroom are packed tightly together.. The rhizoids are at the bottom of the mushroom. They are connected to the stalk. Above the stalk is the cap. The cap also houses the gills. The gills produce spores. Yeast Kmuse@Samson’s Shoppe Protozoa Protozoa are single-celled organisms that cause malaria and sleeping sickness. Like other microorganisms, they can also be useful. Protozoa can also be used to eat bacteria in sewage treatment plants. By adding protozoa, it helps to make it safe for disposal. Protozoa are heterotrophs. They cannot make its own food but they can move around to find food. They do not have a cell wall. They can be found in ponds, rivers, the ocean and soil. Protozoa are very different. Scientists have further classified them into four groups; amoebas, ciliates, flagellates, and sporozoans. Amoebas: Amoebas produce extensions called pseudopods, from their bodies that surround food that they digest through special enzymes that then break down the food so that it can be used as energy to move around. Ciliates: This group of protozoa are called ciliates because they are lined with tiny hairs called cilia. These hairs are used for movement. The hairs are also used in feeding. They carry the food to the mouth region. Enzymes then help break down the food. Ciliates can also be helpful to us. They are used in sewage treatment plants to break down the bacteria in human waste. If it wasn’t treated, we could become very sick. An example is the paramecium. Flagellates: Protozoa that have more than one flagella are called flagellates. The flagella is used for movement. It is similar to a tail and moves in a whip-like motion. Flagellates are the cause of sleeping sickness, a deadly disease in East Africa that is carried by the Tsetse Fly. If it is not treated in the early stages, it can lead to death. Sporozoans: Sporozoans cannot move around at all. They only survive inside another living organism, or host. They are not beneficial in any way to the host. An example is a mosquito that carries malaria. The sporozoan then travels to the liver and red blood cells and infects them. The person gets sick, suffers from a high fever and severe headaches. Amoeba Kmuse@Samson’s Shoppe Activities: Answer the following based on the reading. Bacteria: Complete the chart by identifying how bacteria is helpful and harmful for each. Example Helpful Harmful Humans Plants Food 2. What are some characteristics of bacteria? ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ 3. What does bacteria need to survive? ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ 4. Identify two examples of bacteria. ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ Kmuse@Samson’s Shoppe Viruses: 1. Identify two examples of a virus. 1. ______________________________________ 2. ______________________________________ 2. What are some characteristics of a virus? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ 3. How does a virus attack? ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ Algae: 1. How does algae differ from a plant? ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ 2. How is algae organized? ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ Kmuse@Samson’s Shoppe Fungi: 1. How are fungi different from plants? 1. ______________________________________ 2. ______________________________________ 3. ______________________________________ 4. ______________________________________ 2. Identify three different types of fungi. a. _____________________ b. ___________________ c. _____________________ Protozoa: 1. What are the four types of protozoa? a. __________________ b. _________________ c. __________________ d. _________________ 2. What are characteristics of protozoa? ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 3. How are protozoa helpful? ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ Kmuse@Samson’s Shoppe Activities: Answer the following based on the reading. Bacteria: Complete the chart by identifying how bacteria is helpful and harmful for each. Example Humans Plants Food Helpful Help digest food Harmful Causes sickness and disease such as food poisoning or tetanus. Helps turn nitrogen into Causes disease and a form that plants can crop damage use Helps to make certain foods like yogurt Causes food to spoil 2. What are some characteristics of bacteria? one-celled spherical organism cannot move on their own does not have a definite nucleus made up of cytoplasm, cell membrane and cell wall 3. What does bacteria need to survive? water, right temperature, some need oxygen 4. Identify two examples of bacteria. Salmonella enteritidis, Streptococcus Kmuse@Samson’s Shoppe Viruses: 1. Identify two examples of a virus. 1. influenza 2. Chicken pox 2. What are some characteristics of a virus? smallest of the microorganisms – can only be seen with a powerful microscope, a parasite, doesn’t have a nucleus, floats through the air and water 3. How does a virus attack? The virus invades a cell by injecting its genetic material into it. It then uses this cell to take over additional cells. Algae: 1. How does algae differ from a plant? They don’t have the specialized parts that plants have 2. How is algae organized? They are organized based upon their color. Kmuse@Samson’s Shoppe Fungi: 1. How are fungi different from plants? 1. Grow in dark, moist places 2. Large cell walls and many nuclei 3. Cell walls are made of chitlin 4. Cannot make their own food 2. Identify three different types of fungi. a. yeast b. mold c. mushrooms Protozoa: 1. What are the four types of protozoa? a. amoebas b. ciliates c. flagellates d. sporozoans 2. What are characteristics of protozoa? Single-celled heterotrophs, no cell wall, 3. How are protozoa helpful? They eat bacteria so they are used in sewage treatment plants to help eat the bacteria off of human waste. Kmuse@Samson’s Shoppe