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BIOCHEMISTRY
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Carbon Bonding
 Organic Compounds: made primarily of
carbon atoms
 Carbon is the molecule of life
Carbon Bonding (cont)
 A carbon atom has 4 electrons in the outer
most level
 It can form four covalent bonds with other
atoms
Carbon Bonding (cont)
 Carbon-based molecules have three general types
of structures
a. Straight chain
b. Branched chain
c. Ring
Large Carbon Molecules
 Monomers: smaller, simpler molecules
 Polymers: molecule made up of
repeating monomers
 Macromolecule: Large polymers
 4 main ones found in living organisms
Draw and LABEL
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the Left Column
1. CARBOHYDRATES
 Monomer= monosaccharide (simple sugar)
 Ex. Glucose, and fructose
 Made of C, H, and O and easily recognized by ring
structure but no N like in DNA!!
1. CARBOHYDRATES
 2 monosaccharides = disaccharide
 3 or more monosaccharides = polysaccharide
 Ex. Starch and Cellulose
 Starch= many glucose monomers
Disaccharide 
1. Carbohydrates
 Function: broken down to provide quick
energy for cells
Example: sugars and starches (pastas,
breads, potatoes)
Application
 Before heading to the library for a long study session,
students would be wise to consume oatmeal rather
than fresh fruits. Why?
Blood sugar level
Blood sugar level
Fructose
Time
Time
2. Lipids
 Monomer: Fatty Acid
 Made up of C, H, O
 Long and non-polar
 Hydrophobic: does not
dissolve in water
2. Lipids
 Functions
 Store Energy
 Make up cell membranes (phospholipid)
 Used to make hormones (steroids) and waxes
 Example Foods: Fats and oils (butter, cheese,
cake etc.)
3. NUCLEIC ACIDS
 Function: Store and transfer
genetic information.
 Made up of C, H, O, P, N
 Monomer = nucleotide
 Nucleotides: 3 basic parts
 Phosphate group
 a sugar
 nitrogen containing base
 There are four nucleotides A, C, G, and
T in DNA
3. NUCLEIC ACIDS
 Examples: DNA and RNA
4. PROTEINS
 Monomer= Amino acids
 Made from C, H, O, and N
 Same basic structure but
differ at functional (R)
group
 20 amino acids
KNOW THE BASIC PARTS OF AN AMINO ACID!
4. PROTEINS
 Peptide bond: holds amino acids together
 Polypeptide: formed from long chains of amino
acids
4. Proteins
 Function
 Used to Make: Hair, horns, skin,
muscle and enzymes
4. Proteins
 Examples: Found in chicken, meat, tuna, and
milk