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1 1.1 Life processes Food wheels and food pyramids Scientists around the world study food and do experiments to learn what types of food are healthier. They write about their investigations in scientific magazines. However, they use very difficult words so their texts are very hard to understand! Fortunately, health experts have an easier way to explain this information. They use food wheels and food pyramids, which show us how much we should eat from each food group. The foods in the biggest spaces are the ones we should eat the most of. We can use these drawings to choose the best foods for a healthy diet! Read and understand What types of food are healthier? Where do scientists write about their texts? Why are these texts so difficult to understand? What are food wheels and food pyramids? Look at the food pyramid. Which food group is in the biggest section? Why? SPEAKING. What is your favourite food? Is it healthy? Discuss with your classmates. 6 six KNOW HOW TO Describe the processes of nutrition, sensitivity and reproduction. Name the systems and organs involved in each life process. FINAL TASK Identify healthy diets. WHAT DO YOU REMEMBER? Life processes and nutrition Life processes are necessary to maintain life. They are carried out by living things. Nutrients are useful substances in food. 1 Name the life processes. 2 Name the main nutrients in food. 3 Look at the photo. What nutrients are contained in the different types of food? seven 7 Nutrition 1.2 Some people think that nutrition and eating food are the same process, but nutrition is much more. Eating food is something that you do several times a day. Nutrition is a constant process that takes place inside your body. The process of nutrition Nutrition is the process which provides your body with all the nutrients and energy that are necessary for life. You need energy to do all kinds of activities, such as walking, playing and thinking. Your body needs nutrients to grow and to function properly. Your body obtains energy and nutrients from food during the process of nutrition. 1 Processes involved in nutrition Nutrition begins when you take in food. It involves four processes: Digestion. During this process, you absorb the nutrients your body needs from food. Respiration. During respiration, you breathe in air. You need oxygen from air to obtain energy from food. Circulation. Circulation moves oxygen and nutrients throughout your body. Excretion. During excretion, you expel the waste materials that your body does not use. Nutrition involves four processes: digestion, respiration, circulation and excretion. 8 eight 1 Nutrition is the process of obtaining energy and nutrients from food. WORK WITH THE PICTURE What nutrients can you identify in the picture? Can you name other nutrients to have a healthy diet? 1 1.3 1.4 Systems involved in nutrition The different processes of nutrition take place in different parts of the body, called systems. The digestive system. This system absorbs nutrients. The main organs are the stomach and the intestines. The circulatory system. This system moves blood around your body. The main organ is the heart. blood vessels heart stomach intestines The respiratory system. We breathe in air. The main organs in this system are the lungs. lungs trachea The excretory system. This system expels waste from the body. The main organs are the kidneys. kidneys Nutrition involves the digestive, respiratory, circulatory and excretory systems. ACTIVITIES 1 SPEAKING. Why is the process of nutrition necessary? Tell your partner. 2 Is eating food the same as carrying out nutrition? Explain. 3 What are the main processes involved in nutrition? What are the main organs involved? nine 9 Sensitivity 1.5 The process of sensitivity The process of sensitivity is the ability to detect and respond to changes in the environment. First, you receive information from your surroundings. This information comes from your senses. Then, your body processes the information and decides on a response. Finally, you carry out this response. 1 Sensitivity is a constant process. You are always using your senses, even if you do not notice. For example, if you walk down the street, you hear birds, you smell flowers, you see other people, etc. 1.6 1 The boy is responding to changes in the environment. The process of sensitivity involves the sense organs, the nervous system and the locomotor system. the sense organs the nervous system the locomotor system The nervous system The nervous system is made up of the brain and the nerves. brain The brain receives information from the sense organs. Then, the brain interprets this information and decides what to do. It sends the orders to the locomotor system. nerves The nerves have two main functions: – They carry information from the sense organs to the brain. – They carry orders from the brain to the locomotor system. 2 The nervous system is made up of the brain and the nerves. 2 10 ten The nervous system. 1 1.7 The locomotor system WORK WITH THE PICTURE The locomotor system allows us to move our body. It is made up of the skeletal system and the muscular system. Which bones are near the fibula? 3 The skeletal system is made up of all the bones in our body. Bones meet at joints. Some joints allow bones to move. Describe the cranium. Where is it found? Where are the biceps muscles found? The muscular system is made up of all the muscles in our body. Muscles are joined to bones by tendons. Tendons help our body to move. The skeletal system cranium clavicle Which muscles are found in the trunk? The muscular system vertebrae humerus ribs ulna pelvis deltoid pectorals biceps abdominals radius femur quadriceps fibula tibia The locomotor system allows us to move our body. It is made up of the skeletal and muscular systems. 3 The locomotor system is made up of the skeletal and muscular systems. ACTIVITIES 1 THINK ABOUT IT. Think of an example of the process of sensitivity. Explain it to your partner. 2 Explain the process of sensitivity using these words. sense organs brain nerves locomotor system 3 WRITING. What is the function of joints and tendons in the locomotor system? Explain. eleven 11 Reproduction 1.8 The process of reproduction The process of reproduction allows us to have offspring similar to ourselves. People have sexual reproduction. This means a male and a female have to come together to reproduce. Because of this, children usually look like their mother and father, although they are different to both of them. 1 People are viviparous. This means that babies develop in their mother’s womb, also called the uterus. A new baby is born after nine months. 1 Identical twins look exactly the same. The organs of reproduction Male reproductive organs and female reproductive organs are different. 2 These organs develop during the stage of adolescence. WORK WITH THE PICTURE Draw a table with two columns. Write the names of the male and female reproductive organs in each column. uterus urethra penis testicles 2 Male and female reproductive organs. Reproduction is the ability to have offspring similar to ourselves. 12 twelve ovaries vulva vagina 1 a few weeks 1.9 three months Pregnancy six months 3 nine months A baby grows and develops in its mother’s uterus. The baby develops and becomes larger inside the mother’s uterus. This period is called pregnancy and lasts about nine months. 3 The baby receives food and oxygen from the mother. It grows and transforms. Its shape changes and its organs develop, until it is ready to be born and live outside its mother’s uterus. The newborn baby Newborn babies need constant attention and care from their parents. They drink their mother’s milk or artificial milk from a bottle. Babies cannot speak or walk and they do not have teeth. Babies cry to express themselves, and they depend on their parents for everything. However, babies grow very fast. One year after birth, they say their first words, take their first steps and grow their first teeth. The baby develops in the mother’s uterus for nine months. Newborn babies drink their mother’s milk and depend on their parents for everything. ACTIVITIES 1 WRITING. Define these words in your notebook. sexual reproduction viviparous 2 Are male and female reproductive organs the same? When do they develop? 3 ICT. Search the Internet for information about Caesarian sections. Then, write a brief definition. thirteen 13 occasionally KNOW HOW TO Identify healthy diets There are many food wheels and food pyramids. several times The NAOS pyramid was designed to promote a healthy lifestyle. Observe the pyramid. 1 It looks like a means of transport. a week Which one? 2 There is not only food in the pyramid. 3 every day What else can you see? There are food groups to eat every day, several times a week and occasionally. Copy this table in your notebook and complete it with the information in the NAOS pyramid. drink water A hea lthy lifestyle food every day several times a week Use the pyramid. 4 Look at the pictures. They show what Jane and Ben had for lunch. Which meal is healthier? Explain why. A 14 fourteen B occasionally 1 FINAL ACTIVITIES 1 1.10 SUMMARY. Copy and complete with these words. sexual – locomotor – sense – circulatory – respiratory – digestion – nutrition – respiration – food – excretion – changes – nervous – reproduction – viviparous The process of provides your body with energy and nutrients from . Nutrition involves many processes: takes place in the digestive system; circulation takes place in the system; takes place in the system and takes place in the excretory system. Sensitivity is the ability to detect and respond to environment. The process of sensitivity involves the organs, the system and the system. in the is the ability to have offspring similar to ourselves. People have reproduction. They are because babies start developing in their mother’s womb. 2 VALUES EDUCATION. Men and women are physically different. Does this mean that we can treat them differently? Discuss with your classmates. 3 THINK ABOUT IT. When you are asleep and a fly lands on your nose, what does your hand do? Is this an example of sensitivity? Explain. Show your skills Choose one of these activities: A. Search for information about one of the systems from the unit and draw a picture. Label all the organs and describe their function. B. Make your own representation of the NAOS pyramid. Use drawings, photos or make a collage. C. Imagine a pair of identical twins. Draw them and write a short description of their physical appearance and personalities. fifteen 15