Download AP Biology Review Chapters 31-33 Review Questions Chapter 31

AP Biology Review
Chapters 31-33 Review Questions
Chapter 31: Animal Organization and Homeostasis
1.
How are living organisms organized (beginning with a cell)? What are the four major types of tissue in vertebrae
animals? Be able to identify locations and functions of each one.
2. Describe the difference in structure among squamous, cuboidal, and columnar epithelial cells. How are epithelial
cells packed and joined together?
3. What are the four major types of connective tissue, and what do they do in the body? To what do tendons and
ligaments connect?
4. What are the three types of muscular tissue, and where are they found in the body?
5. Describe a neuron and be able to identify its structure in a diagram. What are the three functions of the nervous
system? What is the function of the neuroglia? What are the three types of neuroglia and what do they do?
6. What functions does the skin serve? What are the two regions of skin? What connects skin to the underlying organs?
7. What are melanocytes? What other structures are found in skin?
8. Define homeostasis. How does negative feedback maintain homeostasis?
9. What is positive feedback? Give some examples of positive feedback.
10. Describe how the body regulates body temperature through feedback mechanisms.
Chapter 32: Circulation
1.
Describe the type of organism that does not have a circulatory system. What are the differences between open and
closed circulatory systems? What are some similarities between the two? What types of organisms have which
system? (HINT: specifically know about the hydra, crab, earthworm, grasshopper and spider)
2. Be able to identify and describe the function of each component in a closed circulatory system. Understand the
structure of the heart (including the chambers, the valves, the SA and AV nodes, the septum, and what
arteries/veins through which blood enters/exits the heart). Be able to identify parts based on a picture.
3. What is the difference between systole and diastole and when are the chambers of the heart in each stage? Be able
to describe a cardiac cycle in terms of systole and diastole and where the blood is moving to/from. Which valves are
open during atrial/ventricular systole and which are closed? What about during diastole?
4. What are the SA and AV nodes? Which one is called the cardiac pacemaker and why is it called that? What are
Purkinje fibers?
5. What is an ECG and what do the letters P, R, Q, S and T stand for?
6. What is the path of blood through an organism? Be sure to know what the pulmonary and systemic circuits are.
7. What is blood pressure? What unit is it measured in? When is blood pressure highest and lowest in the body?
8. What are the causes and symptoms of each cardiovascular disease listed in 34.4?
9. What are the four functions of blood? What is plasma and what roles does it play?
10. What are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes? Where are they produced? Know each kind of cell that
makes up blood and its general function. How does blood clotting work?
11. Explain how capillary exchange works in terms of pressure and the lymphatic vessels.
Chapter 33: Lymph Transport and Immunity
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What are the components of the lymphatic system, and what are its functions?
What are the four lymphoid organs, where are they located, and what role do they play?
What is immunity? What are the nonspecific defenses? Describe the inflammatory response. What are natural killer
cells, and how do they kill? What is the complement system, and how does it work?
What is interferon, and how does it stop viral infections from spreading? What about perforin?
What is a pathogen, an antigen, and an antibody?
Distinguish between B and T lymphocytes in structure and function. Explain the clonal selection theory and memory
B cells. What are the different types of T cells?
What is antibody-mediated immunity? What is a tumor?
What are immunoglobins? Know the five different classes of immunoglobins and what they do.
How does cell-mediated immunity work? What are “self antigens?” What are cytokines?
What is the difference between how invertebrates and vertebrates immune systems work?
What is the difference between active and passive immunity? What are cytokines and interleukins?
How do allergies happen? What is the difference between immediate and delayed allergic responses?
What are blood types? Which type is known as the universal recipient? Which type is the universal donor?
What is agglutination? What is important to remember about blood transfusions? What is the Rh factor and what
happens when an Rh- mother carries and Rh+ child?
What are autoimmune diseases? Know some examples.
Chapters 31-33
2000 Question 2
Feedback mechanisms are used by organisms to maintain the steady-state physiological condition known as
homeostasis. Choose three of the following and for each, explain how feedback mechanisms maintain
homeostasis.
 Blood glucose concentration
 Calcium ion concentration in blood
 Body temperatures in mammals
 Osmolarity of the blood
 Pulse rate in mammals
2005 Question 4
An important defense against diseases in vertebrate animals is the ability to eliminate, inactivate, or destroy
foreign substances and organisms. Explain how the immune system achieves three of the following:
a) Provides an immediate nonspecific immune response
b) Activates T and B cells in response to an infection
c) Responds to a later exposure to the same infectious agent
d) Distinguishes self from nonself
2007 Form B Question 2
The defenses of the human body to the entry and establishment of a pathogen (disease-causing organism) can be
divided into nonspecific responses and specific responses.
a) Explain how three types of nonspecific defenses can prevent the entry and/or establishment of a
pathogen in a person’s body.
b) Discuss how the immune system responds to an initial pathogenic exposure, and how this initial exposure
can lead to a quicker response following a second exposure to the same pathogen.
c) Explain the biological mechanisms that lead to the rejection of transplanted organs.
2014 Question 2
Mammalian milk contains antibodies that are produced by the mother’s immune system and passed to offspring
during feeding. Mammalian milk also contains a sugar (lactose) and may contain proteins (protein A, protein B,
and casein), as indicated in the table.
MILK COMPONENTS IN DIFFERENT MAMMALS
Character
Cat
Cow
Horse
Human
Pig
Lactose
+
+
+
+
+
Protein A
+
+
+
+
+
Protein B
-+
+
-+
Casein
-+
+
-+
+ indicates the presence of the character, and – indicates the absence of the character
a. Using the data in the table, construct a cladogram on the template provided to indicate the most likely
evolutionary relationships among the different mammals. Indicate on the cladogram where each of the
characters most likely arose in the evolutionary process, and justify the placement of the characters on
the cladogram.
b. Describe FOUR steps in the activation of the mother’s specific immune response following exposure to a
bacterial pathogen. Predict how the mother’s immune response would differ upon a second exposure to
the same bacterial pathogen a year later.
c. Predict the most likely consequence of a nursing infant who is exposed to an intestinal bacterial pathogen
(e.g., Salmonella) to which the mother was exposed three months earlier. Justify your prediction.
2014 Question 7
a. Based on the graph, describe a specific method of thermoregulation used by the species of animal.
Provide support for your answer using the data.
b. On the labeled axis provided, draw a line to indicate the most likely relationship between body
temperature and environmental temperature in the species.