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lACC Vol. 10. No.3
September 1987:662-71
HISTORICALMILESTONES
Helen Brooke Taussig: 1898 to 1986
DAN G. McNAMARA, MD, FACC,GuestEditor,* JAMES A. MANNING, MD, FACC,t
MARY ALLEN ENGLE, MD, FACC,:j:RUTH WHITTEMORE,t,,1D, FACC,§
CATHERINEA. NEILL, MD, FRCP(Lon.),II CHARLOTTEFERENCZ,MD, MPH, FACC#
Houston, Texas, Rochesterand New York, New York, New Haven,
Connecticutand Baltimore, Marvland
Helen Brooke Taussig:BiographicalSketch
James A. Manning, MD, FACC
On the morning of May 21, 1986, Helen Brooke
Taussig,
MD, was instantly killed in anautomobile accident close
to her home at KennettSquare,Pennsylvania.This untimely
end 3 days before her 88thbirthdayinterrupteda medical
career which, thoughchanging, showed no signs of diminishing scientific inquiry or academic vigor. She had been
working at theDelaware Museumof Natural History where
she was doing research on avian hearts.
Early careerand training. She was born on May 24,
1898, in Cambridge,Massachusetts,the daughterof Frank
W. Taussig and Edith GuildTaussig. These two created an
atmosphereof solid values that helped shape Helen Taussig's life. Her father was the Henry LeeProfessorof Economics atHarvardUniversity and thecofounderof the Harvard School of Business Administration. If one turns to
"Taussig"in Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, it is Professor FrankTaussig who is cited, whereas in Stedman's
Medical Dictionary the "Taussig"referred to is Helen B.
Taussig.
Early on HelenTaussig showed signs of independence,
*Professor of Pediatrics and Chief of Cardiology Section, Baylor College of Medicine and TexasChildren'sHospital, Houston, Texas;tProfessor of Pediatrics and Chief, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University
of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, and Strong Memorial
Hospital, Rochester, New York;:j:StavrosS. Niarchos Professor of Pediatric Cardiology, Professor of Pediatrics and Director, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, The New York Hospital-Cornell University Medical
College, New York, New York: §Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, Yale
University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; [Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Helen B. TaussigChildren'sCardiac Center, The
Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland; and
#Professor
of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine and of Pediatrics, University
of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
Manuscript received November 18, 1986; revised manuscript received
February 4, 1987, accepted February 19, 1987.
Address for reprints: Dan G.McNamara,MD, Pediatric Cardiology,
Texas Children'sHospital, 6621 Fannin, Houston, Texas 77030.
© 1987 by the American Collegeof Cardiology
moving from Radcliffe to Berkeley to further her studies
and receive her AB degree in 1921. Herintroductionto
cardiology occurred throughextracurriculartraining with
Dr. E. P. Carter, the Head of the Heart Station at The Johns
Hopkins Hospital. Afterpostgraduatetraining there and in
Boston, she returned to Johns Hopkins in 1930 to direct the
Cardiac Clinic, one of four specialty clinics that had been
created under the direction of the then
Professor of Pediatrics, Dr. Edwards Park.
Contributionsto pediatriccardiology. Thus began a
careerthat shaped thedevelopmentof pediatriccardiology.
From beginnings inrheumaticfever she moved to specific
clinical recognitionof distinctive patterns ofcomplex congenital heart defects. From identification she
progressedto
the understandingof altered physiology and anatomy. Her
collaborationwith Dr. AlfredBlalock, Chief of Surgery at
Johns Hopkins, led to the next milestone, the first manipulation of cardiacphysiology for therapeuticpurposeswhen,
in the fall of 1944, they successfully increased the pulmonary blood flow inchildren who had abnormalitiesassociated with decreasedpulmonaryblood flow. Until that
moment, cardiac surgery forcongenital heart disease had
consisted of eliminating extracardiac vascular problems, such
as coarctation of the aorta and patent ductusarteriosus.
Indeed, this venture into physiologic manipulation was greeted
with the highest degree ofskepticism by some of the more
eminent cardiac surgeons of the era, one of them being
quoted by Dr. Taussig as saying,"I have enough trouble
closing the patent ductus arteriosus. certainly
I
don't want
to try to make an artificialone."
This dramaticsuccess, occurringas it did at the end of
World War II and as part of the
beginning of the explosion
of medical science in the world, and in the United States
in particular,made Johns Hopkins a mecca for pediatric
cardiology surgery and pediatric
cardiology in general.
Her textbook, published in 1947, illuminated the field
for generations of physicians and firmed up the
development
of a training program for
prospectivepediatriccardiologists.
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It provided a model for the combination of medical surgical, student and substitute intern on pediatric surgery, that I
physiologic and basic science training, plus a keen under- would witness history in the making.
standing of pathology that has been the hallmark of suc- In the spring of 1945, Drs. Taussig and Blalock presented
cessful training programs that followed. Dr. Taussig's role to the Johns Hopkins Hospital staff and students the first
in the developmentof the Sub-Board of PediatricCardiology patients who underwent the operation. Dr. Taussig gave the
inevitably followed these activities and she served as one children stethoscopes so that the audience could listen to
of the initial six members when the Board was formed in their continuous murmurs, see their new pink color and hear
1960.
about their improved exercise tolerance. Dr. Arnold Rich,
Other professional activities. Throughout her busy ca- Chairman of Pathology, and Dr. Edwards Park, Chairman
reer in a highly specializedfield of medicine, she was glob- of Pediatrics and Dr. Taussig's mentor, led the discussion
ally involved in affairs that affected the general welfare of in admiration. Dr. Park commented that Dr. Taussig had at
children. Her part in restricting the use of potentially ter-last found in Dr. Alfred Blalock her "daring young man
atogenic drugs in this country is well known. What is not on the flying trapeze!"
so well known is her effectiveness at thecongressionallevel
When their first publication appeared (23)*, they were
in ensuring that legislation was passed mandatingthe careful asked to speak at medical meetings all over this country and
In
testing of pharmacologic agents used during pregnancy.
beyond. Willingly they shared their knowledge. Soon chil1965 she became the first pediatric cardiologist, as well as dren from all over the world came in hope of help by this
the first woman, to be President of the American Heart miracle.
Association.
Drs. Taussig and Blalock adjusted to this tremendous inAlthough she stepped down from the leadership role at crease in patients needing diagnosis and treatment. Wisely,
her Cardiac Clinic in 1963, her
scientific activities and her they dividedresponsibilitiesas they collaborated. Dr. Tausadvocacyof pediatric cardiology did not skip a beat. Indeed, sig scheduled appointments, made the diagnosis, consulted
41 of her 100major publications appeared after her so-calledwith Dr. Blalock concerning the operation, assisted him in
retirement. Her honors have been so abundant that usuallyintra- and perioperative care and undertook the long-term
they are not listed because of lack of time and space (see follow-up. Dr. Blalock was responsible for surgical care.
the Appendix).
The outgrowth of this arrangement was the birth of the
Dr. Taussig was HonoraryChairmanof theSecond World
two companion collaborating fields of pediatric cardiolCongress of Pediatric Cardiology in New York in
1985 and
ogy and cardiac surgery. Teamwork that has characterized
there she presented her ongoing work concerning the oc- these specialties has been largely
responsiblefor the remarkcurrence of common cardiac
malformationsin birds and the able successes in diagnostic techniques and in medicalimplicationsof this finding in the etiology ofmalformation surgical treatment for congenital heart disease.
of the heart in humans. This was also the subject of her The pediatric cardiology team. I was fortunate to be
research at the time of her death and is the basis of a paperon the house staff in pediatricsand to be one of Dr. Taussig's
to be published in the future.
firstfellows. Days began with workup of new patients and
This brings us full circle. These are the elements of a examination of those recently discharged and of others remagnificent career that have affected and shaped all of us turningfor follow-up. When Dr.Taussig hadfinished rounds
in pediatric cardiology.
and her correspondence, we walked together to see the children and to take note especially of their depth of cyanosis
and their clubbing. Then we presented cases, wearing gogThe Early Years
gles to accommodate forfluoroscopy. After each presenMaryAllen Engle, MD, FACC
tation, we joined Dr. Taussig in the closet-sized
fluoroscopy
room to observe pulmonary vascularity and the heart in
The first human Blalock-Taussig operation. November 1944 was the time to test Dr. Taussig's idea that blue multiple views and to analyze the esophogram after the
babies deprived of oxygen because of deficient pulmonary patient had a swallow ofchocolate-flavoredbarium, and the
blood flow could be helped by creating an artificial ductus side of the aortic arch andretroesophageal vessels. We
arteriosus. Dr. Alfred Blalock had accepted this challenge listened as Dr. Taussig spoke with the parents and child.
and with Vivian Thomas had tested it in the laboratory in Most children with typical tetralogy of Fallot underwent
dogs. BabyE.S., with severe hypoxemic spells, desperately operation without further studies other than blood count,
needed help. Drs. William Longmire, Harry Muller and electrocardiogram(ECG), and chest X-ray films. Cardiac
Denton Cooley were on the surgical house staff. Dr. Merrell catheterizationwas performed by Dr. Richard Bing. AnHormel gave the anesthesia and, with Vivian Thomas in the
operating room, Dr. Blalock performed the first
successful
anastomosisof the subclavian artery to the pulmonary artery *Reference numbers refer to Dr.Taussig's publications in the Bibliin a blue baby. Little did I suspect, as a fourth year medicalography.
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giocardiographywas performed by Dr. Robert Cooley sep- of the cyanotic children and the family members who came
arately in Radiology. At weekly conference with those two with them. Dr. Taussig organized her activities in such a
groups and the surgeons, clinical, laboratory and operative way that these needs were met. She and her associates served
findings were presented; thus began the regular interdisci- as hosts to scores of physicians who arrived from all over
plinary conference that is an essential activity of cardiac- the world. Visitors, some of whom were already experienced in cardiovascular medicine, included Dr. Stanley Gibsurgical centers.
"Congenital malformations of the heart." Dr. Taus- son and Dr. Willis Potts, both from Chicago, Dr. Robert
sig's intellect, discipline, sense of purpose and dedication Gross from Boston and Sir Maurice Campbell from London.
Germany,France, Italy,
to goals, as well as her depth of knowledge and experience, Others came from countries such as
had prepared her to assume responsibilities and leadership Russia and Australia. Many of these physicians attached
in the developing field of pediatric cardiology. She had themselves to one of the two cardiology fellows and stayed
with us wherever we went through the hospital.
already devoted 10 years to writing her classic book,
ConThe learning experience was intense. Dr. Taussig and
genital Malformationsof the Heart (see Appendix). When
she began this endeavor, surgical treatment for congenital the cardiology fellows and the cardiac surgeons learned day
cardiac malformations was but a dream. By the time the by day and applied this knowledge to the next group of
complicationof
book appeared in 1947, she could report on new diagnostic patients. For example, the problem of the
techniques and on surgical results of the Blalock-Taussig cerebrovascular accident in terribly cyanotic and polycyoperation, suture-ligation of patent ductus arteriosus andthemic hypoxic patients was recognized; fully 10% of the
resection of coarctation of the aorta. Her book immediately patients developed strokes. The custom of giving the patient
became the "bible"for all of those who were acquiring an nothing by mouth before surgery had to be reevaluated bein
interest in the new and challenging fields of pediatric car- cause the risk of dehydration and stroke polycythemic
patients became apparent. Use of small doses of morphine
diology and cardiac surgery.
Awards and honorary degrees soon followed; she re- to relieve severe hypoxemic spells was found to be lifesavceived each with humility and genuine pleasure. She con- ing. During one of the early operations, while in the optinued to grow and develop in wisdom and in influence for erating room before the anesthetic was started, Dr. Taussig
the good of children with heart conditions and for the field commented that the child had become much less cyanotic.
The anesthesiologist, Dr. Merril Harmell, said he had given
of cardiology.
The Taussig "fellows." To her former fellows, she was a small dose of morphine. This may have been the first time
managementof a hyalways a special person. She considered us her family. She that the value of morphine for acute
organized reunions in May that began on her own lawn poxic spell was noted.
Scientific presentations. In addition to Margaret Hamoverlooking Lake Roland and included
A my's crab cakes.
joined
Then came 2 days of stimulating scientific program. When mond Hanlon and myself, three additional fellows
her staff in 1946: Herbert Griswold, Raphael Paul and Robshe wrote a letter for all of us, she began," Dear loyal
fellows," and loyal we were! We respected her, emulated ert Ziegler. Clamor of the medical world to learn more was
her. We admired her greatly, loved her dearly, and we shall met by an exhibit at the American Medical Association
meeting in Atlantic City, prepared by and staffed by Dr.
miss her sorely.
Taussig, Ray Paul and me. Interest was phenomenal. The
exhibit was in prime positionon the stage and it was thronged.
The first scientificpresentation,with analysis of the first
Reflections of a Harriet Lane Cardiac Fellow
300
cases, was at the Society for Pediatric Research in May
on the First Years After the
1947 in the Berkshires. Dr. Taussig had asked me to present
Blalock-Taussig Report
the paper and it was scheduled for the first morning. When
Ruth Whittemore, MD. FACC
the arc lamp projector failed to function and the chairman
Impact of the Blalock-Taussig operation. In the years asked if anyone could present without slides, Dr. Taussig
1945 to 1947, Dr. Taussig's clinic was engulfed by the volunteered that I could. Fortunately for me, the projector
press and besieged by letters from parents, referrals from was fixed just in time!
In the midst of this enormous flurry of productive activdoctors and requests from doctors to visit. Many families
arrived without prior notice. Space and staff had been ad- ity, Dr. Taussig and Dr. Blalock had to take time out to
equate in the clinic before that time, but one secretary, one testify because of protests byantivivisectionistgroups that
ECG technician, one social worker and two fellows together had read in the paper that Dr. Blalock had developed the
with Dr. Taussig were suddenly overwhelmed by the on- operation by performing it on dogs before he operated on
slaught. We were still responsible for many children with the first child. Dr. Taussig brought some of the children in,
rheumatic heart disease and we had to adjust quickly to told their stories and convinced the jury that their work was
receiving, evaluating and giving individual attention to each not only ethical, but lifesaving.
lACC Vol. 10, No.3
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During these years of rapiddevelopments, Dr. Taussig
realized that for this kind of work to spread to as many
childrenas needed it, training ofpediatriciansin cardiology
and support forcenters to develop in other parts of the
country were essential. She met with the leaders of the
Children'sBureau andenlisted their supportto spread the
knowledge and the care to theirgeographic areas.
Helen Taussig, the human being. My impression of
Dr. Taussig as she realized the importanceof her idea to
create an artificial ductus and improve the lives of blue
babies was that she was a warm human being,
caring, compassionate, concerned, considerateand clear thinking. She
saw the needs and sheponderedthe solutions to the problems, discussed them with us, and when she was sure that
she was right, she acted. Shesought help from any source
that shethoughtcould provide a complete picture, pro and
con. Then, persistently and persuasively, she carried out
her convictions to the bettermentof medical science and
mankind.
McNAMARA ET AL.
HELEN BROOKE TAUSSIG
photographicportraitby Karsh of Ottawa (below) epitomized the dedication and serenity of her later years.
She overcamethis difficult time by acombinationof hard
work, travel andcontinuingclose ties to family and friends.
Her presidency of the American Heart Association from
1965 to 1966 led her to visit manydifferentcardiaccenters
and to develop a new circle ofprofessional friendships.
In addition, she worked untiringlyon a series of papers
on longtime observations after the Blalock-Taussig anastomosis (78,90). Her coauthors on these papers included
students, fellows, a research associate and former school
teacher, NinaMomberger,and hersecretary,Hermine Kirk.
She was also assisted by aremarkablescholarly volunteer,
Priscilla Schaff. She inspired them all with her own intense
interest andenthusiasm. The work kept her in touch with
her patients as they grew toadulthood,marriedand entered
the shoals of middle age.
The consultations and active correspondence of these
years supplementedher patientcontacton numerousvisiting
Professional Career,1955 to 1986
Catherine Neill, MD, FRCP
The advent of open heart surgery in the mid-1950s changed
the world ofpediatriccardiology. The pioneering BlalockTaussig anastomosis was now recognized as a palliative
procedureand the timing of and need for its use before open
tetralogy of Fallot repair was the focus of much study.
Cardiac catheterizationtechniques assumed increasing importance. Dr. Taussig remained clinically active and also
coauthoreda numberof papers with her fellows and surgical
colleagues (39,40,46,62). The RheumaticFever Clinic, directed by Dr. Charlotte Ferencz and later by Dr. Milton
Markowitz, continued to be active in patient care and research. The second edition of herpioneeringtextbook was
published in 1960 (see Appendix).
The thalidomide affair. Her most widely recognized
contributionduring the decade 1955 to 1965 was related to
thalidomide.After Dr. Alois Beuren alerted her to the problem, she traveled to WestGermanyto investigate the outbreak of phocomelia and severe conotruncaldefects (49).
Her testimony in congress and her scientific papers helped
dramatizethe issue of cardiac teratogenesis and reinforce
the decision of Dr. Francis Kelsey of the Food and Drug
Administrationto withholdapproval ofthalidomidefor sale
in the United States. The award of the U.S. Medal of Freedom in 1964 was in acknowledgementof this work in addition to herachievements in cardiology.
The later years. She did not "go gentle" into the ambiguous twilight of official retirement, which occurred in
the summerof 1963. An extraordinaryportrait of her painted
around that time by JamesWyeth, who was then 16 years
old, shows her with a golden halo of fame around her white
hair, indomitablyhandsome, but aging and alone. Later, a
665
Helen B. Taussig.
1975. Yousuf Karsh.
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professor trips in the United States and abroad and kept The Rashkindballoon atrial septostomy in 1966 that reflame of her clinical interest. She took placed the Blalock-Hanlon operation was a milestone in
burning the enduring
particularpleasure in visiting divisions or departmentsheaded
palliativetreatmentoftranspositionof the great vessels, just
by her formerfellows. Of approximately130fellows trained as theBlalock-Taussigshunt had been for tetralogyof Fallot.
between 1945 and 1963, a total of 34 later headed divisions Dr. Taussig applauded Rashkind's early report. Rashkind
of pediatric cardiology or cardiology.
once wrote that Dr. Taussig encouraged him in intervenCardiac malformations in wild birds. Herfinal work tional catheterization, asfollows: "Itwould be wonderful
involvedthe study of the hearts of wild birds at the
Delaware
if we could do some of the simpler operations without openMuseum of Natural History, which led her to
reemphasize ing the chest. ... I think that is a real advance and a real
evolutionary and genetic factors in cardiac
malformations look into the future."
(98). In a manuscript completed early in 1986 (100), she
Thegrowth of pediatricheartclinics. Once the success
describes her methods of examining the tiny heart of the of the Blalock-Taussigoperation (23) was publicized, there
warbler and gives a comprehensive survey of the literature. was an immediate increase in the number of patients with
Herextraordinarilyoriginal mind allowed her to publish congenital heart defects referred to pediatric clinics all over
significant scientific work over a 60 year span and to give the country. Along with patients who had tetralogy of Fallot
the world of pediatric cardiology a vivid light. She was a came those with anomalies that could not be helped by the
"separatestar." In the words of a poem* sheloved:
anastomosis. For other defects diagnostic features were
identified and, for some, new operations were devised. PeEach forthe joy of the working,
diatric cardiac clinics were established in academic centers
and each in hisseparatestar,
throughoutthe country.
Shall draw theThing as hesees it,
Training in pediatric cardiology. Appeals came from
for the God of Things as they are!
doctorsall over theworld to visit Johns Hopkins longenough
to learn to diagnose tetralogy of Fallot. Dr. Taussig had
insisted that to learn tetralogy of Fallot one had to study the
entire body ofknowledge that comprised pediatric cardiolHer Influence in Establishing
ogy and in the late1940s she felt that this required a minPediatric Cardiology
imum of I year. Today, of course, with
echocardiography
Dan G. McNamara, MD, FACC
and interventionalcatheterization, plus the greater particiIn our tributes to the life and work of Helen Taussig we pation in research by trainees, most centers recommend 3
want to especially recognize her part in the growth of pe- years of training.
To support her trainees, Dr. Taussig applied to the Nadiatric cardiology as a specialty.
The Blalock-Taussig anastomosis. The subclavian to tionallnstitutes of Health and the Children's Bureau to fund
academicallyoriented clinical and research training in conpulmonaryartery anastomosis brought
symptomatic relief
and an extended life to thousands of people. But many genital cardiac defects. With that start, pediatric cardiology
surgeons found the subclavian topulmonaryartery shunt to has always traditionallyflourished in academic centers rather
be technically difficult. Thus, other types of palliative con- than in a strictly private practice setting.
Clinical cardiac diagnosis. Recognition of the clinical
nections were developed: the Potts, the Brock, the Glenn,
the Waterston, the Cooley and the de Laval conduit mod- andradiographic-especiallythe fluoroscopic-featuresof
ification of the Blalock-Taussig operation. Despite initial a number of complexmalformationsof the heart was one
enthusiasm for these alternate methods, only the classic of Dr. Taussig's earlycontributionsthat sparked the interest
of physicians everywhere. She found the process offitting
Blalock-Taussig or the de Laval conduitmodification are
the pieces of data together to come up with an anatomic
still used by most cardiac surgeons.
and hemodynamicdiagnosis to be an intellectually stimuThe Blalock-Hanlon operation and Rashkind atrial
septostomy. Success with the palliative treatment of intra- lating puzzle.
Her book,CongenitalMalformations of the Heart, pubcardiacmalformationsstimulated others to devise palliative
operations for other kinds of cardiac defects, such as the lished in 1947 by theCommonwealthFund, contained much
Dammann-Mullerbanding of thepulmonaryartery in the of what she learned on her own by examining patients and
infant with a large ventricularseptal defect and the Blalock-reviewing the all too inevitable pathology. The book was
so clearly written that it was a useful guide for physicians
Hanlon creation of atrial septal defect for
transpositionof
untrainedin cardiologywho could study the text, understand
the great arteries.
the complexhemodynamicsand diagnose some of the common cardiac defects. The book stimulated many to travel
*From "When Earth'sLast Picture is Painted " by Rudyard Kipling,
to Baltimoreor to other centers to seek training in this new
engravedon the dedicatoryplaque of the Helen B. Taussig Heart
Center,
field.
Baltimore , Maryland.
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M ~N AM AR A
ET AL.
HELEN BROOKE TAUSSIG
667
Her good friend and immediate predecessor as Presi- the world for fully 40 years at the time of her death. The
medical world will miss Dr. Taussig's presence immensely
dent of theAmerican Heart Association, adultcardiologist
and
pediatric cardiologists everywhere will long remember
Carleton Chapman, has this to say about the book and
her legacy in our daily professional lives.
the author:
. .. that book made all the difference.
It brought congenital
heart disease out of ' fairy land' .... She had more infl uence on cardiology in general not only pediatric cardiology
field .
than manyacknowledgedfounders and leaders in the
She was persona grata all over the world. Helen had a
dogged approach to the tasks that she set for herself but she
never thought much of her own ability or intellect. I was
astounded to learn this from her. Shecontinually needed
for herconfidence to be built up and she was the last person
to get into any priority battle.
Reflections on her 88 Years
Charlotte Ferencz. MD . MPH . ACC
F
Helen Taussig enjoyed more than a decade of " golden
old age." honored by her profession. beloved by so many,
and challenged by a new research idea that she pursued with
enthusiasm. Sheallowed neither" wind, nor rain, nor
snow"
nor severalmedical infirmities to interfere in her rounds of
family. friends. colleagues, favorite places. work or play
or civic duty. Increasingly, she sensed the beauty of life
Professional and public activities. Dr. Taussig's prom- with realism. Philosophically. she was at peace. There is
inence in national and internationalaffairs in broad health comfort in this knowledge. but also pain, because this beauand social issues helped to bring the new discipline of pe- tiful phase of her life could have continued for many years.
diatric cardiology to the public's attention and promoted She was a remarkable woman. She stood on unshakable
t " was for the
field of medicine. One ground in her beliefs:" fundamentally righ
awareness of the importance of this
such prominent national activity was her
appointment to
individual's best and for the common good. She was so
President LyndonJohnson's Commission on Heart Disease. famous. yet so modest: so involved. yet humorous and relaxed; so predictable. yet sometimes capricious; so giving
Cancer and Stroke.
and
so receiving. She " belonged" to so many but her friendIn accepting the presidency of the American Heart Association in October 1965, she further brought
pediatric ships were individual. discreet and private. There was a
y-her life was so well orcardiology to the attention of the entire world. As president time and a place for everybod
of the American Heart Association, she used this oppor- dered! Carefully balanced " priorities" assured hours for
tunity to publicize her conviction that atherosclerosis begins work. for friends and for rest and enjoyment. Vacations
in infancy and childhood. She was emphatic in urging vol- were essential and encouraged for others. Summers at Cotuit
untary andfederal health groups topromptly educate the restored her mind, soul and body and she was able to again
public as well as physicians about the dietary risk factor for stand up to new battles. Personally and
professionally she
coronary heart disease. She urged the
American Heart As- had muchto overcome: in her youth the death of her mother,
sociation's Councilon Cardiovascular Disease of the Young dyslexia. then a hearing problem and later the intense tento recommend dietarymodification in all infants and chil- sions and conflicts that characterized those "early years"
of pediatric cardiology. One cannot describe the real life of
dren.
After her official retirement from The Johns Hopkins Helen Taussig without recalling the turmoil, the resentHospital at the age of 65, she continued to be active in ments. envy and bitterness that more than counterbalanced
medicine, attending scientific meetings in this country and any recognition of her work. For many years she was conabroad. presenting and publishing papers on the long-termstantly under siege. but she knew her course and fought
follow-up of the Blalock-Taussig shunt. and carrying out back. She was aggressive. defensive. combative. sometimes
research into the etiology of malformations of the heart. triumphant and often defeated. She suffered.
This demonstrated to pediatric cardiologists and many phy- Her "fellows." Out of this cauldron of emotions must
sicians in all fields of medicine the capabilities and the have grown her desire for a harmonious collegiate ambience
potential joys of academic work. as well as capacity for and she succeeded in creating a worldwide network of " fellows" who were mutually supportive friends. This was her
productivity in the senior years of life.
Dr. Taussig's 20 years of professional activity after her Round Table. which grew in extent and with the years in
retirement earned her the admiration of her colleagues. anddepth.
She indelibly infl uenced her fellows to feel that true progher way of life undoubtedly inspires many who might be
tempted to lapse into professional inactivity on the basis of ress in patient care comes only from sharing experiences,
and joint efforts to resolve not only technical
difficulties but
age alone.
also the problems encountered by the families of the paWithout her contributions, pediatric
cardiology ultimately would have evolved, but in a different time and in tients. The firstinstructions to the incoming fellows ema different manner. Dr. Taussig's
innovativeworks became phasized patience, compassion and tact in easing the burdens
widely known and respected and had been utilized all over of those who had traveled so far to seek help. She gave
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every patient her best thoughts. When, after many exami- DSc
LLD
nations and tests, the child had been
" presented"to Dr.
DSc
Taussig, the families never left empty-handed.
DSc
Her "grandchildren."As she advanced in age she DSc
DSc
it, but it
became a legend in her lifetime and she enjoyed
DSc
did not change her. She continued to expand her interests
DSc
in the profession and inpeople-especially in two new
"constituencies":the children of patients and the fellows DSc
DSc
of her fellows, all of whom she calledher''grandchildren."
DSc
Dr. J. Timothy Bricker of Houston, one of the
"grandDSc
children,"speaks for this generation:
She was never overly concerned about her place in the
history of pediatric cardiology and always much more interested in the future of the field than in the past. The high
standards of patient care and intellectual inquisitiveness imparted to us in our training were always those of which Dr.
Taussig would approve. Young people who as yet do not
know that they aspire to be pediatric cardiologists will, in
the future, know the influence of Dr. Helen Taussig through
Women'sCollege of the University of NorthCarolina, 1950
Hood College, 1950
Northwestern University, 1951
Columbia University, 1951
Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania, 1951
Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vermont, 1952
Professor Emeritus and Doctor of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece, 1956
Western College for Women, Oxford, Ohio, 1959
Harvard University, 1959
Gottingen University, Gottingen, Germany, 1960
University of Vienna at 600th University Anniversary Ceremony, Vienna, Austria, 1965
Randolph-Macon Women's College, Lynchburg, Virginia, 1966
Cedar Crest College, Allentown,Pennsylvania, 1966
DSc
Doctor of
Humanity Colby College, Waterville, Maine, 1966
DSc
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 1966
DSc
Jefferson Medical College and Medical Center,
Philadelphia,
1967
DSc
Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 1968
DSc
Medical College of Wisconsin, 1972
Awards and Achievements
Women's National Press Club Award, 1947
Chevalier Legiond'Honneur,France, 1947
us.
Mead-Johnson Award, 1948
Passano Award, 1948
Those of us who were there and perhaps helped her to Heart Association of Maryland, President, 1952 to 1954
travel the difficult life course, know that she did it mar- American College of Chest Physicians, Honorary Medal, 1953
velously well: as the years passed, memories of hardship Feltrinelli Prize, Rome, Italy, 1954
Albert Lasker Award, 1954
and anger subsided, resentments faded and she brought for-Elizabeth Blackwell Citation, New York Infirmary, 1954
ward the best with warmth, generosity and caring love. In Eleanor Roosevelt Achievement Award, 1957
this, too, she set a magnificent example and it is in these American Heart Association Award of Merit, 1957
Gairdner Foundation Award of Merit, Canada, 1959
calm sunset years that she will be best remembered.
American College of Cardiology Honorary Fellowship, 1960
Woman of AchievementAward, American Associationof University Women,
1963
American Heart Association Gold Heart Award, 1963
National Foundation Thomas M. Rivers Memorial Research
Fellowship,
1963 to 1968 (first award of National Foundation)
Medal of Freedom of the United States, presented by President Lyndon
CURRICULUMVITAE
B. Johnson, September 14, 1964
Helen Brooke Taussig, MD
Gottingen,
Born: May 24, 1898,Cambridge,Massachusetts. Daughter of Frank Wil- Dedication of Helen B. Taussig Cardiac Clinic, University of
Gottingen, West Germany, 1964
liam Taussig and Edith Guild Taussig
American College of Cardiology, The Theodore and Susan Cummings
Died: May 2 I, 1986, Crosslands, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania
Humanitarian Award, 1965
American Heart Association, President, 1965
Education
Albert Einstein(Women's Division) College of Medicine Achievement
Radcliffe College, 1917 to 1919
Award, 1966
University of California, Berkeley, 1919 to 1921, AB degree
American College of Physicians John Phillips Memorial Award, 1966
Harvard University, 1921
Radcliffe College Founder'sAward, 1966
Boston University, School of Medicine, research year, 1922 to 1924
Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 1924 to 1927, MD degree Carl Ludwig Medal of Honor, Bad Neuheim, Germany, 1967
Georgetown University Hospital Medal, 1967
The VII Interamerican Award of Merit, Lima, Peru, 1968
Hospital Appointments
Presidential Medal Republic of Peru, presented by President Fernando
Intern in Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1928 to 1930
Belaunde Terry, 1968
Physician-in-Charge,Harriet Lane Home Cardiac Clinic, The Johns HopElizabeth Blackwell Gold Medal Annual Award, 1970
kins Hospital, 1930 to 1963
Dedication of Helen B. TaussigChildren'sHeart Center, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1970
Academic Appointments
University of Iowa, College of Medicine Centennial Lecture and Medal
The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Award, 1970
Archibald Fellow in Medicine, 1927 to 1928
American Pediatric Society Howland Award, 1971
Instructor inPediatrics, 1930 to 1946
Tokyo Society of Medical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine. Plaque preAssociate Professor of Pediatrics, 1946 to 1959
sented Tokyo, Japan, 1971
Professor ofPediatrics, 1959 to 1963
National Rehabilitation Association Outstanding Achievement Award,
Professor Emeritus ofPediatrics, 1963 to 1986
Maryland, 1971
National Rehabilitation Association William F. Faulkes Award, Chicago,
HonoraryDegrees
Illinois, 1971
DSc
Boston University, School of Medicine, 1948
American College ofPhysician'sMastership, 1972
DSc
Goucher College, 1949
Appendix
McNAMARA ET AL.
HELEN BROOKETAUSSIG
lACC Vol. 10, No.3
September1987:662-71
Texas Medical Center, First Frances Rather Seybold
Lectureship, 1973
American Association ofUniversity Women, establishmentof Helen B.
Taussig InternationalFellowship, 1973
American Heart Association Helen B. Taussig biennial lectureship established, 1973
American HeartAssociation, James B. Herrick Award of the Council of
Clinical Cardiology, 1974
Maine HeartAssociation, Eugene H. Drake Award, Augusta, Maine, 1974
Albert Einstein (Deborah Heart and Lung Institute) Helen B. Taussig
Symposium and Award, 1975
The Johns Hopkins University, Milton S.Eisenhower Gold Medal presented by Steven Muller (third person and first woman receiving award
established in 1967), 1976
First Helen B. TaussigInternationalSymposium in Pediatric Cardiology
(Chairman,Dr. Glenn Rosenquist), Baltimore, Maryland, 1976
Washington College Award ofExcellence, Chestertown,Maryland, 1977
American College ofCardiology PresidentialCitation, 1980
Second Helen B. TaussigInternationalSymposium in PediatricCardiology
(Chairman,Dr. Langford Kidd),Baltimore, Maryland, 1983
Honorary Chairman andparticipant, 2nd World Congress of Pediatric
Cardiology, (Chairmen, Drs. M.A. Engle and E. Doyle), New York,
1985
American Association ofPhysicians-nominatedfor 1987 Kober Award,
1986
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Publications in Scientific Journals
669
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auricle. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp1938;63:404-14.
16. Taussig HB. Complete transpositionof the great vessels: clinical and
pathologic features. Am Heart J1 938;16:728-33.
17. Taussig HB. Acute rheumatic fever: the significance and
treatmentof
various manifestations.J Pediatr 1939;14:581-92.
18. Taussig HB. Semans JH. Severe aorticinsufficiency in association
with a congenital malformationof the heart of theEisenmengertype.
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19. Taussig HB, GoldenbergM. Roentgenologic studies of the size of the
heart inchildhood. I. Three different types of teleroentgenographic
changes which occur in acuterheumaticfever. Am Heart J 1941;21:
440-68.
20. ChandlerCA, Taussig HB. Sulfanilamideas a prophylacticagent in
rheumatic fever. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp
1 943;72:42-53.
21. Baer RW, Taussig HB, OppenheimerEH. Congenital aneurysmal
dilatation of the aortaassociated with arachnodactyly. Bull Johns
Hopkins Hosp 1943;72:309-31.
22. Taussig HB. Clinical andpathological findings in aortic atresia or
marked hypoplasiaof the aorta at its base. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp
1945:76:75-82.
23. Blalock A, Taussig HB. The surgicaltreatmentof malformationsof
the heart in which there ispulmonarystenosis or pulmonaryatresia.
JAMA 1945;128:189-202.
24. Taussig HB. Clinical andpathological findings in truncusarteriosus
in infancy. Am J Med1947;2:26-34.
I. Taussig HB, Merserve FL.Rhythmic contractions in isolated strips
of Mammalianventricle. Am J Physiol1925;72:89-98.
25. Taussig HB, Blalock A.Observationson the volume of thepulmonary
circulation and its importance in the production of cyanosis and
polycythemia. Am Heart J1947;33:413-9.
2. Taussig HB. The anatomy of the heart in two cases of situs inversus.
Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp1926;39:199-202.
26. Taussig HB. Diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot andindications for operation. J ThoracCardiovascSurg 1947;16:241-3.
3. Taussig HB. Septicendocarditisin an infant seven weeks of age. Am
J Dis Child 1926;48:355-8.
27. Taussig HB. Diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot and medical aspects of
the surgical treatment. Bull NY Acad Med 1947;23:705-18.
4. Taussig HB. Electrocardiogramstaken from isolated strips of Mammalian ventricularcardiac muscle. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 1928;43:
81-91.
28. Taussig HB. Malformationsof the heartamenableto Blalock-Taussig
operation. Br Heart J 1948;1 0:55-8.
5. Taussig HB. A case of bundle branch block confirmed by
pathological
study. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp1929;45:40-55.
29. Taussig HB. Tetralogy of Fallot: especially the care of thecyanotic
infant and child. Pediatrics1948;1:307-14.
30. Taussig HB. Analysis of malformationsof the heart amenable to a
6. Taussig HB. On theboundariesof the sino-auricularnode and the
Blalock-Taussigoperation. Am Heart J1948:36:321-33.
atrio-ventricularnode in the human heart. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp
31. Taussig HB, Bing RF. Complete transposition of the aorta and a
1931;48:162-70.
levoposition of the pulmonaryartery. Am Heart J1949:37:551-9.
7. Taussig HB. Themanagementof children with rheumatic heart disease
Ebsteins anomaly of
32.
Engle MA, Payne TPB, Bruins C, Taussig HB.
(compensated and decompensated). Med Clin North Am (Baltimore
the tricuspid valve: report of three cases and analysis of clinical synnumber) May1935;1559-78.
drome. Circulation 1950: I:1246-60.
8. Taussig HB, Remsen DB. Essentialhypertensionin boy of two-years
33. Engle MA, Taussig HB. Valvular pulmonic stenosis with intact venof age. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 1935:57:
183-92.
tricular septum and patent foramen ovale: reportillustrativecases
of
9. Taussig HB, OppenheimerEH. Severe myocarditisof unknown etioland analysis of clinicalsyndrome. Circulation 1950;2:481-93.
ogy. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 1936;59:
155-70.
34. Taussig HB, King JT, Bauersfeld R, Padvamati-IyerS. Results of
10. Taussig HB. The clinical andpathologicalfindings incongenital maloperation for pulmonary stenosis and atresia: report of 1000 cases.
formations of the heart due todefective development of the right
Trans Assoc AmPhysicians 1951;64:67-73.
ventricle associated with tricuspid atresia orhypoplasia. Bull Johns
35. Taussig HB. Diagnosis andmanagementof common malformations
Hopkins Hosp 1936;59:435-45.
of the heart. Circulation 1952;6:930-40.
II. Taussig HB, Hecht MS. Studiesconcerninghypertensionin childhood.
36. Taussig HB. Congenital malformationsof the heart: theclinician's
I. The developmentof essential hypertensionunderobservations.Bull
responsibility in the selection of patients for operation. J Pediatr 1952;41:
Johns Hopkins Hosp1938;62:482-90.
12. Taussig HB, Hecht MS. Studiesconcerninghypertensionin childhood.
II. The occurrenceof hypertensionin acute rheumatic fever in childhood. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp1938;62:491-521.
853 ~9.
37. Taussig HB, Bauersfeld SR. Follow-up studies in the first 1,000 patients operated on forpulmonary stenosis or atresia: results up to
March, 1952. Ann Intern Med1953:38:1-8.
13. Read FEM, Ciocco A, Taussig HB. The frequency of rheumatic manifestationsamong thesiblings, parents, uncles, aunts and
grandparents
38. Taussig HB. Malformacionescardiacasoperables. Diagnostico y valoracion de laoperacion. Rev Esp Pediatr 1954;10:809-14.
of rheumatic and control patients. Am J Hygiene
1938;27:719-37.
14. Taussig HB, Harvey AMc, Follis RH. The clinical and pathological
findings in interauricularseptal defects: a report of four cases. Bull
Johns Hopkins Hosp1938;58:61-89.
39. Hosier DM, Pitts JL, Taussig HB. Results of
valvulotomy for valvular
pulmonarystenosis with intactventricularseptum. Analysis of sixtynine patients. Circulation 1956:14:9-16.
670
McNAMARA ET AL.
HELEN BROOKETAUSSIG
40. White BD, McNamaraDG, Bauersfeld SR, Taussig HB. Five-year
postoperativeresults of first 500 patients withBlalock-Taussiganastomosis forpulmonarystenosis or atresia. Circulation 1956;
14:512-9.
41. WhittemoreR, Blount SG Jr,BlumenthalS, Glenn F, Lambert EC,
Taussig HB. Congenital cardiac defects: physician'sguide
a
for evaluation andmanagement.Circulation1957;15:631-8.
lACC Vol. 10, No.3
September 1987:662-71
63. Taussig HB, Lawson Wilkins, M.D. 1894-1963. Am J Dis Child
1964;107:213-7.
64. Shah K, Neill CA, Wagner HN Jr, Taussig HB.
Radioisotopescanning
of the liver and spleen indextrocardiaand in situs inversus with
levocardia. Circulation1964;29:231-41.
65.
42. Ross RS, Taussig HB, Evans MH. Latehemodynamiccomplications
of anastomotic surgery for treatment of the tetralogy of Fallot. Circulation 1958;18:553-61.
66.
43. Sissman NJ, Neill CA, Spencer FC, Taussig HB. Congenital aortic
stenosis. Circulation1959;19:458-68.
67.
44. Neill CA, Taussig HB. Indications andcontraindicationsfor surgery
in ventricularseptal defect. J Pediatr1959;55:374-81.
Mehrizi A, Rosenstein BJ, Pusch A, Askin JA, Taussig HB. Myocardial infarction and endocardial fibroelastosis children
in
with polycystic kidneys. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 1964;
115:92-8.
Mehrizi A, Hirsch MS, Taussig HB. Congenital heart disease in the
neonatal period. Autopsy study of 170 cases. J Pediatr
1964;65:721-6.
Wolf MD, Landtman B, Neill CA, Taussig HB. Total
correctionof
tetralogy of Fallot.I. Follow-up study of 104 cases. Circulation 1965;31:
385-93.
cardiologist.
45. Sabiston DC Jr, Pelargonio S, Taussig HB. Myocardial infarction in 68. Taussig HB. Indications for referrals of infants to the
Paediatr Indones1965;5:920-4.
infancy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg
1960;40:321-36.
46. Sabiston DC Jr, Neill CA, Taussig HB. The direction of blood flow 69.
in anomalous left coronary arising from the pulmonary artery. Circuation 1960;22:591-7.
47. Taussig HB. Die auswahlcyanotisherpatienten zur operation. (The 70.
selection of cyanotic patients for surgery)MonatsschrKinderheilkd
1961;109:90-4.
71.
48. Taussig HB, Crawford H, Pelargonio S,ZacharioudakisS. Ten to
thirteen year follow-up on patients afterBlalock-Taussigoperation.
a
Circulation1962;25:630-4.
72.
Taussig HB. On the evolution of ourknowledge of congenital malformations of the heart (The T. Duckett Jones Memorial Lecture).
Circulation 1965;31:768-77.
Taussig HB. Possible injury to the
cardiovascularsystem from vitamin
D. (John Phillips Memorial Award Lecture, American College of
Physicians) Ann Intern Med1966;65:1195-1200.
Taussig HB. Animal legislation and our program. Public Law
89-544.
Circulation 1966;34:1 114-6.
Taussig HB. Animal legislation and our program. Circ Res 1966;19:
1110-2.
49. Taussig HB. A study of the German outbreak of phocomelia. The
thalidomide syndrome. JAMA1962;180:1106-14.
73. Taussig HB. Patent ductus arteriosus and loss of hearing. Ann Intern
Med 1968;69:167.
50. Taussig HB. Thalidomide. A lesson in remote effects of drugs. Am
J Dis Child 1962;104:111-3.
51. Mirowski M, Neill CA, Bahnson HT, Taussig HB. Negative P waves
in lead I in dextroversion: differential diagnosis from
mirror-image
dextrocardia.With a report of a successful closure of a ventricular
septal defect in a patient withdextroversionassociated with agenesis
of the right lung.Circulation1962;26:413-20.
74. Taussig HB. "Death" from lightning and thepossibility of living
again. Ann Intern Med1968;68:1345-53.
75. Taussig HB. Pediatric profile: Edwards A. Park
1878-1969. J Pediatr
1970;77:722-31.
76. Taussig HB, Crocetti A,EshaghpourE, et al. Long-timeobservations
on the Blalock-Taussigoperation. l. Results of firstoperation. Johns
Hopkins Med J1971;129:243-57.
52. Bahnson HT, Spencer FC, Landtman B, Wolf MD, Neill CA, Taussig
HB. Surgical treatment and follow-up of 147 cases of tetralogy of 77. Taussig HB, Crocetti A,EshaghpourE, et al. Long-timeobservations
Fallot treated by correction. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1962;44:419-32.
on the Blalock-Taussig operation. II. Secondoperations, frequency
and results. Johns Hopkins Med J 1971;
129:258-73.
53. McGuinnes JB, Taussig HB. Thepostpericardiotomysyndrome: its
"benign"pericardial
relationship to ambulation in the presence of
78. Taussig HB, Crocetti A,EshaghpourE, et al. Long-timeobservations
and pleural reactions.Circulation1962;26:500-7.
on the Blalock-Taussigoperation.III. Commoncomplications. Johns
54. Taussig HB. Thalidomideand phocomelia. Pediatrics 1962;30:654-9.
55. Taussig HB. TheThalidomidesyndrome. Sci Am 1962;207:29-35.
56. Mehrizi A, Taussig HB. Acyanotictranspositionof the great vessels.
Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp1963;112:239-47.
Hopkins Med J1971;129:274-89.
79. Taussig HB. Acceptance of the Howland Award. Pediatr Res 1971;5:
569-78.
80. Taussig HB. 24 years' follow-up on a patient with Blalock-Taussig
a
anastomosis at 23 months. Br Heart 1972;34:9-11.
J
57. Mirowski M, Neill CA, Taussig HB. Left atrial ectopic rhythm in
mirror-imagedextrocardiaand in normally placed malformed hearts. 81. Taussig HB. The Edwards A. Park Building. A description. Johns
Hopkins Med J1973;132:65-8.
Report of 12 cases with"domeand dart"P waves. Circulation 1963;27:
864-77.
82. Taussig HB. Dr. Edwards A. Park,physician, teacher, investigator,
friend. Johns Hopkins Med J1973;132:370-6.
58. Taussig HB. Tetralogy of Fallot. Indications for operation. Am J
Cardiol 1963;12:90-4.
83. Taussig HB, Keinonen R,MombergerN, Kirk H. Long-time observations on theBlalock-Taussigoperation. IV.Tricuspidatresia. Johns
59. Taussig HB. Medical intelligence. The evils of camouflage as illusHopkins Med J1973;132:135-45.
trated bythalidomide. N Engl J Med 1963;269:92-4.
84. Mulvihill JJ, Miller RW, Taussig HB. Long-time
observationson the
60. Sabiston DC Jr, Ross RS, Criley JM,
GaertnerRA, Neill CA, Taussig
Blalock-Taussigoperation. V. Neoplasms in tetralogy of Fallot. Johns
HB. Surgical managementof congenital lesions of the coronary cirHopkins Med J1973;133:16-8.
culation. Ann Surg 1963;157:908-24.
61. Mirowski M, Shah K, Neill CA, Taussig HB. Long-term(10-13
years) follow-up study aftertransventricularpulmonary valvulotomy
of pulmonary stenosis with intact ventricular septum. Circulation
1963;28:906-14.
85. Taussig HB, MombergerN, Kirk H. Long-timeobservationson the
Blalock-Taussigoperation. VI. Truncus arteriosus type IV. Johns Hopkins Med J 1973;133:123-47.
86. Taussig HB, Keinonin R,MombergerN, Kirk H. Long-time observations on the Blalock-Taussig operation. VII.Transpositionof the
62. Mirowski M, Mehrizi A, Taussig HB. Theelectrocardiogramin pagreat
vessels and pulmonary stenosis. Johns Hopkins Med J 1974;135:
tients with both great vessels arising from the right ventricle combined
161-70.
with pulmonarystenosis. An analysisof22 cases with special reference
to the differential diagnosis from the tetralogy of Fallot. Circulation 87. Taussig HB, Kallman CH, Nagel0 , BaumgardnerR, MombergerN,
Kirk H. Long-timeobservations on the Blalock-Taussig operation.
1963;28:1116-27.
McNAMARA ET AL.
HELEN BROOKETAUSSIG
lACC Vol. 10, No.3
September1987:662-7 J
VIII. 20-28 year follow-up on patients with a tetralogy of Fallot.
Johns Hopkins Med J1975;137:13-9.
671
96. Taussig HB, Littlechoice and astimulatingenvironment.J Am Med
Worn Assoc 1981;36:43-4.
88. Taussig HB, Josephs H,SchafferAJ, et al. Final meeting in the Harriet
Lane Home Amphitheater.Johns Hopkins Med J 1975;137:20-6.
97. Taussig HB, How to adjust todeafness (hints based on personal
experience). Med Times 1981; 109:39s-43s.
89. Taussig HB. Horace L. Hodes: the man. J Pediatr 1975;87:
1057-61.
98. Taussig HB. World survey of thecommon cardiac malformations:
developmental errors or genetic variants? Am J Cardiol 1982;50:
544-59.
90. Taussig HB. Long-time observations on the Blalock-Taussig operation. IX. Single ventricle (with apexto the left). Johns Hopkins Med
J 1976;139:69-76.
91, Taussig HB, The anatomyof the heart in two cases of situstransversus.
Johns Hopkins Med J 1977; 140:
143-5.
92, Taussig HB, Kirk H. Long-time observationson the Blalock-Taussig
operation, X, Dextrocardia.Johns Hopkins Med J1977;141:71-84.
99. Wanzer SH, Adelstein SJ, CranfordRE, et al. The physician's responsibility toward hopelessly ill patients. N Engl J Med 1984;310:
955-9.
100. Taussig HB, Furtherstudies concerning the origin of the common
cardiac malformations(studies in aves), J Am Coli Cardiol (in press),
Books
93. Taussig HB, Pediatric cardiology: past, present, and future. Med Times
I. Taussig HB. Congenital Malformationsof the Heart. New York: The
1978; 106:107-15.
CommonwealthFund, 1947,
94. Taussig HB. Difficulties, disappointments,and delights in medicine.
2. Taussig HB. Congenital Malformationsof the Heart(revised edition),
Pharos 1979;42:6-8,
Volume I. GeneralConsiderations,Volume II. Specific Malformations,
95. Taussig HB. Neuhauser Lecture: Tetralogy of Fallot: Early history
Cambridge, MA: Published for The CommonwealthFund by Harvard
and late results. AJR1979;133:422-31.
University Press, 1960:1-1019.