Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
South Carolina in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Opposition to the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
Border states (American Civil War) wikipedia , lookup
United Kingdom and the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
United States presidential election, 1860 wikipedia , lookup
Name ______________________________ American History Vocabulary Review Mayflower Compact House of Burgesses Puritans Plantation economy English French Land ownership Religious freedom Indentured Servants Covenant Community Dutch Middle passage Cavaliers Virginia Company Direct Democracy Early America: Exploration and Colonization New England Colonies Settled by _____________ seeking religious freedom ___________________ – first written form of government ________________________– based on religious beliefs (i.e. – a theocracy) Often intolerant of other beliefs Practiced a form of ___________________ in town meetings Middle Colonies Settled by English, __________, and Germans Colonists sought _____________________ and economic opportunity Virginia and the Southern Colonies Immigrants sought land and economic opportunity Virginia ______________ – English nobility who received large land grants Poor English immigrants came as small farmers and artisans ________________ – agreed to work on tobacco plantations in exchange for passage to the New World Jamestown Established in 1607 by the ______________________ First permanent ___________________ settlement Virginia _____________________ – First elected assembly in the New World Native Americans & Slavery Consequences for American Indians Cause of Conflict – differing views on ______________________ Diseases imported from Europe caused massive depopulation (smallpox) ______________ exploration in Canada – limited immigration from France resulted in better relations with native peoples. Rise of Slavery First Africans brought to Jamestown in 1619 to work on plantations _____________________ – based on large landholdings and the use of slave labor in the Southern colonies and Caribbean _________________ brought many Africans on brutal trip across Atlantic Ocean © Students of History - www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Students-Of-History 1 The Early Colonies Rhode Island Quakers Seaports Plantation owners Dissenters Jonathan Edwards Slave labor Baptists Church of England Catholics Shipbuilding Puritan Pennsylvania Cash crops New England’s Economy Economy based on __________________, fishing, lumbering _____________ beliefs – value of hard work and thrift – led to prosperous colonies The Economy of the Middle Colonies Made up of New York, New Jersey, ________________, Maryland, & Delaware Growth of cities as ______________ and commercial centers (New York, Philadelphia) Virginia and the Southern Colonies’ Economy Economy based on large plantations and ____________ in eastern coastal lowlands ____________– tobacco, rice, and indigo Social Characteristics of the Colonies New England ________________– people who challenged Puritan beliefs Puritans grew increasingly intolerant of dissenters _______________– founded by Roger Williams & dissenters fleeing Puritan persecution Middle Colonies ____________– Pennsylvania ____________– Maryland Virginia and the Southern Colonies ________________________– dominated government and society ________________________– dominant religious institution The Great Awakening Religious revival movement led by ________________ Consequences – growth of evangelical religions (Methodists, _________________) © Students of History - www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Students-Of-History 2 The American Revolution Independence Enlightenment Proclamation of 1763 Self-evident Stamp Act Common Sense Grievances French and Indian War Boston Tea Party Thomas Jefferson Natural rights Boston massacre Popular sovereignty Social contract Declaration of Independence Lexington and Concord John Locke ________________ philosopher from England ________________ - life, liberty, and property cannot be taken away ________________ – all power comes from the people (“consent of the governed”) ________________ – people form a government to protect their rights and people agree to obey the rules established by their government Thomas Paine Author of ________________ - pamphlet that challenged the rule of England He helped to change public opinion in favor of ________________ The Declaration of Independence Written by ____________________ “We hold these truths to be ________________, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” Essentially a list of ________________ –complaints regarding the king’s rule Anglo-French Rivalry ________________ fought between 1756 – 1763 drives French out of Canada & west British Actions after 1763 Measures to increase revenue and reduce cost of colonial defense ________________ – prohibited American settlement west of Appalachian Mountains ________________ – new direct tax on printed, legal documents New taxes on tea and sugar The Beginning of the American Revolution ________________ - British soldiers fire on American protesters in 1770 ________________ - dressed as Indians, Americans toss tea into harbor to protest tax ________________ - First shots fired of Revolution were here in Massachusetts ________________ - signed by Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776 © Students of History - www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Students-Of-History 3 Benjamin Franklin Patriots Virginia Plan Great Compromise New Jersey Plan Battle of Yorktown Articles of Confederation Loyalists Neutral Federalist Papers Shay’s Rebellion Executive branch Patrick Henry James Madison Checks & balances George Washington George Washington Bill of Rights 3/5 Compromise Federalists Anti-federalists Differences among the Colonists ________________ believed in complete independence from England Led by ________________ of Virginia --“Give me liberty, or give me death!” Others known as ________________ remained loyal to Britain Most colonists remained ________________ and tried to avoid conflict Factors Leading to Colonial Victory ________________ negotiated a Treaty of Alliance with France The leadership of ________________ and his Continental Army French Alliance in final victory at the ________________ in Virginia Treaty of Paris, 1783 Britain recognized American independence Northern border – along the Canadian border and Great Lakes Western boundary – Mississippi River Southern boundary – Florida border Creating a Government The ________________ created a weak national government Provided for no common currency, power to tax, or ________________ ________________ in Massachusetts shows the government’s weaknesses The Constitutional Convention Large states favored the _______________, small states liked the _______________ The ________________ made Senate equal; House represented by population Created _______________ with three equal branches: legislative, executive, judicial Placated Southern states with ________________ counting 3/5’s of slaves for representation in the House of Representatives ________________ – Chairman of the Convention ________________ – Father of the Constitution, led debates, authored Virginia Plan Arguments for and Against Ratification ________________ favored it and wanted stronger central government Argued for ratification in ________________ by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay ________________ were against ratification, disliked strong government They wanted a ________________ to protect individual liberties © Students of History - www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Students-Of-History 4 Virginia Declaration of Rights Cotton Gin Mexican Thomas Jefferson Railroads Reservations Cherokee Trail of Tears Eli Whitney Panic of 1837 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Alamo California VA Statute of Religious Freedom Manifest Destiny George Mason property Spoils System Bank of the U.S. “Pet” Virginia’s Influence on the Bill of Rights The _____________________ said rights that cannot be violated by governments Written by ________________, it became basis for the U.S. Bill of Rights The ________________, established principle of religious liberty Written by __________________ and guaranteed freedom of speech and religion Early America, Westward Movement, and Economic Development ________________ was the belief the US should stretch from ocean to ocean The growth of ________________ encouraged the westward movement ________________ invented the ________________ which led to the spread of the slavery-based cotton economy in the Deep South. Conflicts American migration into Texas led to an armed revolt against ______________ rule A turning point was the famous battle at the ________________, which Mexico won America’s later victory in the Mexican-American War led to the signing of the ____________________________ US acquired present-day states of ________________, Nevada Utah, Arizona Impact on the Native Americans The ________________ were forced to march the ________________ from Georgia to Oklahoma resulting in thousands of deaths. Most tribes were confined to ________________. Andrew Jackson’s Presidency Jackson used the ____________________ to reward supporters with government jobs. He supported eliminating ________________ qualifications to allow more people to vote Jackson distrusted the ________________ as an undemocratic tool of the Eastern elite. He withdrew government money from the Bank and deposited it in __________ banks His actions led to a serious economic depression and the ______________________. © Students of History - www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Students-Of-History 5 Slavery, Abolition, & Women’s Rights Kansas-Nebraska Act High tariffs Harriet Beecher Stowe Compromise of 1850 Dred Scott Stephen Douglas Bleeding Kansas Susan B. Anthony Abraham Lincoln Missouri Compromise Nat Turner Manufacturing William Lloyd Garrison Agricultural Elizabeth Cady Stanton Seneca Falls Declaration Vote Economic Divisions The Northern states developed an industrial economy based on ________________. The Southern states developed an ________________ economy based on slavery The South opposed ________________ that made manufactured goods more expensive. The Growing Division over Slavery and States Rights ______________________ published the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator. _______________________ wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin showing evils of slavery A slave revolt in Virginia led by ________________ increased fear of further uprisings The Sectional Crisis The ________________ admitted Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state and (b) drew an east-west line through the Louisiana Purchase with slavery prohibited above the line and allowed below the line, except that slavery was allowed in which was Missouri north of the line. The ________________ admitted California as a free state The ________________ repealed the Missouri Compromise and allowed the people of Kansas and Nebraska to decide whether to allow slavery ________________ - fighting in Kansas as pro- and anti-slavery forces battled Abraham Lincoln debated _________________ over slavery in the Illinois Senate campaign ________________ Case - a decision by the Supreme Court declaring that slaves were property and could be legally taken into any free state ________________ warned: “A house divided against itself cannot stand.” The Women’s Suffrage Movement Women fought for suffrage, or the right to ________________ ________________ – adopted by convention in 1848 called for equal rights for women. ____________________ and ________________ – both advocated women’s suffrage © Students of History - www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Students-Of-History 6 The Civil War Secession Ft. Sumter Compromise of 1877 Emancipation Proclamation Gettysburg Ulysses S. Grant Frederick Douglass Gettysburg Address Punish Jim Crow Robert E. Lee Andrew Johnson Antietam Radical Republicans Appomattox Reconstruction Southern 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Election Major events Lincoln’s election in 1860 led to the ________________ of 7 southern states Civil War begins when Confederates attack Union forces at ________________ Battle of ________________ in Maryland marked deadliest day in US History Lincoln issued the ________________ after the battle, banning slavery in rebel states ________________ - Union victory and turning point of the war In the ________________, Lincoln argued America was a nation ruled “of the people, by the people, and for the people.” ________________________ - site of Lee’s surrender to Grant Key leaders and their roles ________________ – Union general, won victories after many Union generals failed ________________ – Confederate general of the Army of Northern Virginia ________________ – Former slave became an abolitionist and urged Lincoln to recruit former slaves and free blacks to fight in the Union army Impact of Civil War and Reconstruction The period after the civil war when the south was rebuilding was ________________ Lincoln believed the government should not ________________ the South but act with “malice towards none, with charity for all, in order to “bind up the nation’s wounds” _______________ favored guaranteeing voting rights and rights for African Americans Lincoln’s successor, ________________ was impeached The three Civil war Amendments were added to the Constitution: ________________ – abolished slavery ________________ – guaranteed equal rights under the law to all Americans ________________ – guaranteed voting rights regardless of race, or slavery Reconstruction ended following the controversial ________________ of 1876 Rutherford B. Hayes was elected through the ________________ The ________________ Era began in which blacks in the South were denied rights ________________ States were left embittered and devastated by the war © Students of History - www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Students-Of-History 7 Immigration & Urbanization Ellis Island Old Immigrants New Immigrants Factories Monopolies Alexander Graham Bell Thomas Edison Wright Brothers Henry Ford Tenements Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Chinese Exclusion Act Melting Pot Homestead Act Integration Andrew Carnegie J.P. Morgan John D. Rockefeller Laissez-faire Cornelius Vanderbilt Nativism Chinese Transcontinental Railroad Steel Immigration The _______________ provided free public land to settlers in the western territories. Prior to 1871, most _______________ came from northern and western Europe (Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Norway, Sweden). From 1871-1921, most _______________ came from southern and eastern Europe (Italy, Greece, Poland, Russia) as well as Asia (China, Japan). The _____________________________ was completed in Utah and connected the US _______________ workers helped to build it across California and Nevada. Most immigrants entered America through _______________ in New York America became a _______________ where immigrants were assimilated _______________ – fear that new immigrants would take jobs led to hostility Congress passed the _______________ in 1882 to ban their immigration Urbanization ____________ provided jobs but long hours, low pay, & dangerous working conditions A terrible fire in the ____________________________ killed 146 garment workers Workers families lived in crowded ________________ and slums. Industrialization Business leaders created huge ________________ that controlled industries ________________ dominated the US steel industry ________________ controlled the finance industry ________________ built a monopoly of the oil industry ________________ controlled America’s railroads Henry Bessemer invented a new process to make ________________ ________________ invented the light bulb and electricity ________________ made the first telephone The _____________________ invented the airplane ________________ perfected assembly line manufacturing for automobiles Reasons for Industrialization and Economic Growth Government policies based on hands-off ________________ capitalism Monopolies and trusts (vertical/horizontal ________________ ) © Students of History - www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Students-Of-History 8 Organized Labor & Discrimination Muckrakers Samuel Gompers Haymarket 19th Amendment Homestead Sherman Plessy v. Ferguson Conditions Hours Knights of Labor Pullman Eugene Debs Woodrow Wilson Great Migration Ida B. Wells Booker T. Washington Theodore Roosevelt 17th Amendment Tuskegee Institute Recall W.E.B. DuBois Referendum NAACP Labor Organizations & Strikes ________________ – organized both skilled and unskilled workers American Federation of Labor founded by _______________ organized skilled workers American Railway Union formed by socialist ______________ organized both workers ______________ Riot - Seven police officers and several workers killed in protest at Chicago. Knights of Labor blamed, turning public opinion against organized labor. _____________ Strike - Three detectives and six workers killed. The union is broken _____________Strike - Eugene Debs leads strike against Rail Car Company. Through strikes, workers eventually gained shorter __________ and better __________ ________________ Anti-trust Act prevents any business that creates a monopoly Women’s Suffrage Encouraged women to enter the labor force before World War I. The ________________ in 1920 granted women the right to vote. Discrimination and Segregation In ________________ the Supreme Court ruled that “separate but equal” was legal During the ________________ blacks moved to Northern cities to escape the South. _______________________ – led an anti-lynching crusade ________________ believed the way to equality was through vocational education To promote this, he founded the ________________ in Alabama ______________________ said, “We are men; we will be treated as men.” And believed that education was meaningless without equality. He founded the ________________ to help African Americans in 1909 The Progressive Movement ______________ proposed a progressive agenda called the “Square Deal” President ______________’s agenda was called the “New Freedom” Government became more responsive to the people Reporters called ______________ investigated & reported social injustices In state governments, the ______________ is a direct vote to reject or accept a law Voters can ______________ an elected official and remove him from office by vote The ______________ allowed for the direct election of U.S. senators © Students of History - www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Students-Of-History 9 Imperialism & WWI Open Door Policy Mandate System Big Stick Dollar Diplomacy Archduke Ferdinand Woodrow Wilson Treaty of Versailles Liliuokalani League of Nations Germany Neutral Zimmerman 14 Points Panama Canal Yellow Maine Puerto Rico Rejected Philippines Rough Riders De Lome Policies ____________ – Sec. of State Hay’s policy to give all nations equal trading rights in China. _____________ – President Taft’s policy for US businesses to invest in Latin America. ____________ – Pres. Roosevelt’s foreign policy (“Speak softly and carry a big stick.”) Roosevelt negotiated treaty to build the _________________ to lessen shipping time The US annexed Hawaii after overthrowing Queen _______________________ The Spanish American War -- “A Splendid Little War” Began with the explosion of the battleship _______________in Havana Harbor Intensified through _________________ Journalism by Hearst and Pulitzer The ___________________ letter insulting President McKinley further angers US In Cuba, Teddy Roosevelt becomes a hero when _____________ charge San Juan Hill US gains the Philippines, Guam, & _____________ After the war, there is an insurrection in the _____________ over US rule World War I The war began in 1914 following the assassination of _____________ in Serbia. For three years the U.S. remained _____________ with little support for involvement The _____________ Telegram exposes plan for alliance between Germany and Mexico. President _____________ pledges to “make the world safe for democracy.” The _____________ was Wilson’s plan to bring peace to the world after the war Wilson proposed a _____________ of all countries in the world to promote peace The _____________ would control the Middle East The _______________ officially ended the war and was harsh on_____________ The Treaty was _____________ by the US Congress © Students of History - www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Students-Of-History 10 The Great Depression, The New Deal, and WWII Okinawa Margin Federal Reserve Infamy Hawley Smoot Franklin Roosevelt WPA FDIC Neutral AAA Poland Island Hopping Lend-Lease Act Pearl Harbor Social Security Nagasaki Iwo Jima Dust Bowl Battle of Britain Manchuria Midway Hiroshima Josef Stalin Stock Market Harry Truman Unemployment New Deal The Great Depression: Buying stocks on _____________ with borrowed money led to inflated stock prices. The _____________ System failed to prevent collapse of the banking system The protective _____________ Tariff led to retaliatory tariffs in other countries Overproduction in agriculture and a drought led to the _____________ in the plains The Depression began with the ______________________ crash on October 29, 1929. High _____________ and homelessness spread Franklin D. Roosevelt FDR’s plan: _____________ made government more active in solving problems. _____________ said “We have nothing to fear but fear itself.” The _________ and other relief programs gave jobs The __________ and recovery programs helped agriculture The __________ and reform measures corrected unsound banking The _____________ Act offered safeguards for workers and retirement World War II World War II began with Hitler’s invasion of _____________ in 1939 The U.S. remained officially _____________ during the first two years Germany pounded England from the air in the ____________________ In 1941, Hitler turned on his former ally, _____________ and invaded Soviet Union. The U.S. gave Britain war supplies in return for military bases with the _____________ The War in Asia During the 1930’s, Japan invaded and brutalized _____________ in China Japan attacked the American naval base at _____________ on December 7, 1941. FDR calls it, “A date which will live in _____________ .” An _____________ strategy was to seize islands closer and closer to Japan In the Battle of _____________ the US defeated a much larger Japanese navy. US invasions of _____________ where Marines raised the flag & _______________ close to Japan cost thousands of American lives Finally, President _____________ authorized the use of an atomic bomb The US dropped 2 atomic bombs on ____________________ & __________________ © Students of History - www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Students-Of-History 11 World War II Tuskegee Nisei Nuremberg Genocide Bataan El Alamein Jews Polish Final Solution Rationing War bonds Stalingrad Navajo POWs Draft Slavs Internment Segregated D-Day Manzanar Rosie the Riveter Eisenhower Propaganda Battles in Europe German forces were defeated at _____________ in North Africa More than a million Soviets & Germans in the Russian city of _____________ General _____________ led Allied forces in Europe June 6, 1944 marked _____________ when Allied troops invaded Normandy, France Minorities in the War African-Americans served in _____________ military units The _____________ Airmen were African Americans and served with distinction _________ Regiments were Asian-Americans who served The _____________ Code Talkers created an impossible code to break. _____________ was the symbol of women who took men’s jobs in factories The Holocaust & Geneva Convention A ______________ is systematic destruction of a racial, political, or religious group. Germany’s ______________ was the Nazi plan to exterminate all Jews. The Holocaust targeted ___________, ____________, & the _____________ Approximately 6 million Jews and others were killed in Nazi camps such as Auschwitz. At the _____________ Trials, Nazi leaders and others were convicted of war crimes The Geneva Convention attempted to ensure the humane treatment of _____________ On the _____________ Death March, US POWs suffered brutal treatment by Japanese The War at Home _____________ was used to maintain supply of essential products. _____________ were sold to finance the war. The _____________ or “selective service” was used to provide soldiers Anti-Japanese prejudice on the West Coast led to their _____________ in camps One of the largest camps for Japanese-Americans was _____________ _____________ were ad campaigns used to increase public morale © Students of History - www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Students-Of-History 12 The Cold War Iron Curtian Marshall Plan 38th Parallel Vietnamization Brinkmanship Korea Vietnam NATO Vietcong USA Soviet Union Douglas MacArthur United Nations Fidel Castro Truman Doctrine Containment Warsaw Pact Gulf of Tonkin Red Scare Hawks Doves HUAC Tet Offensive Watergate My Lai McCarthyism Berlin Wall John F. Kennedy Bay of Pigs Between the democratic _____________ and communist _____________ The _____________ described the division between Communism & Democracies The Soviets built the _____________ across Germany’s capital to keep people in East Germany remained under Soviet domination; West Germany became democratic. U.S. began the ___________ to give aid to Western Europe and prevent communism The _____________________ was created to prevent future global wars President Truman’s _____________ was to keep communism from spreading This is also known as the policy of _________________ The US and democracies form the _____________ alliance The Soviet Union and communist countries formed the _____________________ In the US, the _____________ was the fear of communism The hysteria and hunt for communists at any cost was known as _________________ The __________________secretly searched for communists and others Korean & Vietnam War In 1953, containment brought the US to fight a war in_____________ US forces were led by _____________, who also oversaw the occupation of Japan The war ended in a stalemate at the _____________ In Vietnam, the US fought the communist army _____________ On surprise attack on a holiday became known as the _____________ The _____________ Resolution gave President Johnson authority to escalate the war _____________ was President Nixon’s plan for withdrawing of American troops The __________ massacre turned many Americans against the war During the war, supporters were called __________, anti-war protesters: __________ President Nixon forced from office by __________ scandal Cuba __________ led the communist takeover in late 1950s. The __________ invasion of Cuba by Cuban exiles failed In 1962, the _____________ was when Soviets stationed nuclear missiles in Cuba President __________ ordered the Soviets to remove missiles __________ was the policy of going to the brink of war © Students of History - www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Students-Of-History 13 The Cold War & Civil Rights Alger Hiss Civil Rights Act Virginia Desegregate Star Wars Thurgood Marshall Oliver Hill Voting Rights Act Rosenbergs Sandra Day O’Connor Brown Vs. Board of Ed. Kennedy March on Washington Sally Ride Reagan Glasnost Glass Ceiling NAACP I Have A Dream Perestroika Asian Latin American The Cold War Continued _____________ was convicted of spying for Soviets The _____________ were convicted and executed for giving nuclear secrets to Soviets Due to heavy military expenditures, the economy of _____________ benefited In President _____________’s inaugural address, he said, “The U.S. would pay any price, bear any burden … to the success of liberty.” And “Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.” Gorbachev’s policy of ____________________ promoted openness His _____________ policy called for economic restructuring in the Soviet Union President _____________ challenged the Soviet Union to “tear down this wall.” He also increased military spending: _____________ to pressure the Soviet Union Civil Rights Movement The ______________ case overturned the “separate but equal” doctrine Supreme Court decision forced schools to _____________ The ______________ challenged segregation in US courts ______________ was the leader of Brown’s NAACP legal defense team ______________ led the NAACP defense team in Virginia In 1963, Martin Luther King led the ______________ Here, he gave the ______________ speech In 1964, Pres. Johnson signed the ______________ which prohibited discrimination The 1965 ______________ outlawed literacy tests in voting. ______________ became the first woman to serve on U.S. Supreme Court ______________ was the first female U.S. astronaut The ______________ represents how career advancement for women not equal to men Recently, more immigrants have come from __________ & ______________ countries © Students of History - www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Students-Of-History 14 Name ____Key______ American History Vocabulary Review Mayflower Compact House of Burgesses Puritans Plantation economy English French Land ownership Religious freedom Indentured Servants Covenant Community Dutch Middle passage Cavaliers Virginia Company Direct Democracy Early America: Exploration and Colonization New England Colonies Settled by __ Puritans__ seeking religious freedom __Mayflower Compact___ – first written form of government ___Covenant Community____– based on religious beliefs (i.e. – a theocracy) Often intolerant of other beliefs Practiced a form of ___Direct Democracy____ in town meetings Middle Colonies Settled by English, __Dutch__, and Germans Colonists sought ____religious freedom__ and economic opportunity Virginia and the Southern Colonies Immigrants sought land and economic opportunity Virginia __Cavaliers__ – English nobility who received large land grants Poor English immigrants came as small farmers and artisans _Indentured Servants____ – agreed to work on tobacco plantation in exchange for passage to the New World Jamestown Established in 1607 by the __Virginia Company____ First permanent ___English__ settlement Virginia __House of Burgesses___ – First elected assembly in the New World Native Americans & Slavery Consequences for American Indians Cause of Conflict – differing views on ___Land Owndership___ Diseases imported from Europe caused massive depopulation (smallpox) __French__ exploration in Canada – limited immigration from France resulted in better relations with native peoples. Rise of Slavery First Africans brought to Jamestown in 1619 to work on plantations _Plantation economy__ – based on large landholdings and the use of slave labor in the Southern colonies and Caribbean ___Middle Passage_ brought many Africans on brutal trip across Atlantic Ocean © Students of History - www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Students-Of-History The Early Colonies Rhode Island Quakers Seaports Plantation owners Dissenters Jonathan Edwards Slave labor Baptists Church of England Catholics Shipbuilding Puritan Pennsylvania Cash crops Economic Characteristics of the Colonies New England Economy based on __Shipbuilding___, fishing, lumbering _Puritan__ beliefs – value of hard work and thrift – led to prosperous colonies Middle Colonies New York, New Jersey, _Pennsylvania___–, Maryland, Delaware Growth of cities as __seaports__ and commercial centers (New York, Philadelphia) Virginia and the Southern Colonies Economy based on large plantations and __slave labor_ in eastern coastal lowlands _Cash crops__– tobacco, rice, and indigo Social Characteristics of the Colonies New England _Dissenters___– people who challenged Puritan belief Puritans grew increasingly intolerant of dissenters Rhode Island– founded by Dissenters fleeing persecution by Puritans (Roger Williams) Middle Colonies _Quakers_– Settled in Pennsylvania _Catholics__– Settled in Maryland Virginia and the Southern Colonies _Plantation Owners__– dominated government and society _Church of England__– dominant religious institution The Great Awakening Religious revival movement led by __Jonathan Edwards__ Consequences – growth of evangelical religions (Methodists, _Baptists___) © Students of History - www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Students-Of-History The American Revolution Independence Enlightenment Proclamation of 1763 Self-evident Stamp Act Common Sense Grievances French and Indian War Boston Tea Party Thomas Jefferson Natural rights Boston massacre Popular sovereignty Social contract Declaration of Independence Lexington and Concord The Ideas of John Locke and Thomas Paine John Locke _Enlightenment__ philosopher from England __Natural Rights__ - life, liberty, and property cannot be taken away __Popular sovereignty__ – all power comes from the people (“consent of the governed”) ___Social Contract__ – people form a government to protect their rights and people agree to obey the rules established by their government Thomas Paine Author of __Common Sense__ - pamphlet that challenged the rule of England Impact – helped to change public opinion in favor of ___Independence__ The Declaration of Independence Written by _Thomas Jefferson___ “We hold these truths to be ___Self-evident__, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” List of _grievances__ – Jefferson listed issues he had with king’s rule Anglo-French Rivalry French & Indian War fought between 1756 – 1763 drives French out of Canada & west British Actions after 1763 Measures to increase revenue and reduce cost of colonial defense Proclamation of 1763 – prohibited American settlement west of Appalachian Mountains __Stamp Act_ – new direct tax on printed, legal documents New taxes on tea and sugar The Beginning of the American Revolution __Boston Massacre_ British soldiers fire on American protesters in 1770 __Tea Party__ dressed as Indians, Americans toss tea into harbor to protest tax __Lexington__ First shots fired of Revolution were here in Massachusetts Declaration of Independence_ signed by Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776 © Students of History - www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Students-Of-History Benjamin Franklin Patriots Virginia Plan Great Compromise New Jersey Plan Battle of Yorktown Articles of Confederation Loyalists Neutral Federalist Papers Shay’s Rebellion Executive branch Patrick Henry James Madison Checks & balances George Washington* Bill of Rights 3/5 Compromise Federalists Anti-federalists Differences among the Colonists __Patriots__ believed in complete independence from England Led by _Patrick Henry___ of Virginia --“Give me liberty, or give me death!” Others known as ___Loyalists___ remained loyal to Britain Most colonists remained _Neutral__ and tried to avoid conflict Factors Leading to Colonial Victory _Ben Franklin_ negotiated a Treaty of Alliance with France The leadership of _George Washington___ and his Continental Army French Alliance in final victory at the __Yorktown__ in Virginia Treaty of Paris, 1783 Britain recognized American independence Northern border – along the Canadian border and Great Lakes Western boundary – Mississippi River Southern boundary – Florida border Creating a Government The __Articles of Confederation__ created a weak national government Provided for no common currency, power to tax, or __executive branch___ _Shay’s Rebellion__ in Massachusetts shows government’s weaknesses The Constitutional Convention Large states favored the ___VA Plan_, small states liked the __NJ Plan__ The _Great Compromise_ made Senate equal; House represented by population Created checks & balances with three equal branches: legislative, executive, judicial Placated Southern states with _3/5 Compromise__ counting three-fifths of slaves for representation in the House of Representatives _Washington_ – Chairman of the Convention __Madison___ – Father of the Constitution, led debates, authored Virginia Plan Arguments for and Against Ratification _Federalists_ favored it and wanted stronger central government Argued for ratification in __ratification__ by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay __Anti-federalists___ were against ratification, disliked strong government They wanted a _Bill of Rights___ to protect individual liberties © Students of History - www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Students-Of-History Virginia Declaration of Rights Cotton Gin Mexican Thomas Jefferson Railroads Reservations Cherokee Trail of Tears Eli Whitney Panic of 1837 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Alamo California VA Statute of Religious Freedom Manifest Destiny George Mason property Spoils System Bank of the U.S. “Pet” Virginia’s Influence on the Bill of Rights The _Virginia Dec. of Rights__ said rights that cannot be violated by governments Written by Mason_, it became basis for the U.S. Bill of Rights The __VA Stat. of Rel. Freedom_, established principle of religious liberty Written by __Jefferson__ and guaranteed freedom of speech and religion Early America, Westward Movement, and Economic Development _Manifest Destiny__ was the belief the US should stretch from ocean to ocean The growth of _railroads__ encouraged the westward movement _Eli Whitney __ invented the __ Cotton Gin __ which led to the spread of the slavery-based cotton economy in the Deep South. Conflicts American migration into Texas led to an armed revolt against ___Mexican_ rule A turning point was the famous battle at the _Alamo___, which Mexico won The American victory led to the signing of the __Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo__ US acquired present-day states of __Texas_, Nevada Utah, Arizona Impact on the Native Americans The _Cherokee__ were forced to march the __Trail of Tears__ from Georgia to Oklahoma resulting in thousands of deaths. Most tribes were confined to _____reservations___. Andrew Jackson’s Presidency Jackson used the __spoils system___ to reward supporters with government jobs. He eliminated ___property_ qualifications to allow more people to vote Jackson distrusted the __National Bank__ as an undemocratic tool of the Eastern elite. He withdrew government money from the Bank and deposited it in _Pet__ banks His actions led to a serious economic depression and the ___Panic of 1837__. © Students of History - www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Students-Of-History Slavery, Abolition, & Women’s Rights Kansas-Nebraska Act High tariffs Harriet Beecher Stowe Compromise of 1850 Dred Scott Stephen Douglas Bleeding Kansas Susan B. Anthony Abraham Lincoln Missouri Compromise Nat Turner Manufacturing William Lloyd Garrison Agricultural Elizabeth Cady Stanton Seneca Falls Declaration Vote Economic Divisions The Northern states developed an industrial economy based on ________________. The Southern states developed an ________________ economy based on slavery The South opposed ________________ that made manufactured goods more expensive. The Growing Division over Slavery and States Rights __Garrison___ published the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator. _Beecher Stowe__ wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin showing evils of slavery Slave revolts in Virginia, led by __Nat Turner__ increased Southern fear The Sectional Crisis The __Missouri Compromise___ admitted Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state and (b) drew an east-west line through the Louisiana Purchase with slavery prohibited above the line and allowed below the line, except that slavery was allowed in which was Missouri north of the line. The __Compromise of 1850__ admitted California as a free state The _Kansas Nebraska Act__ repealed the Missouri Compromise and (b) allowed the people of Kansas and Nebraska to decide whether to allow slavery __Bleeding Kansas__ - fighting in Kansas as pro- and anti-slavery forces battled Abraham Lincoln debated _Stephen Douglas__ over slavery in the Illinois Senate campaign __Dred Scott__ Case - a decision by the Supreme Court declaring that slaves were property and could be legally taken into any free state __Lincoln__ warned: “A house divided against itself cannot stand.” The Women’s Suffrage Movement Women fought for suffrage, or the right to __vote_____ _Seneca Falls Declaration_ – adopted by convention in 1848 called for equal rights for women. _Cady Standton__ and __Susan B Anthony___ – both advocated women’s suffrage © Students of History - www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Students-Of-History The Civil War Secession Ft. Sumter Compromise of 1877 Emancipation Proclamation Gettysburg Ulysses S. Grant Frederick Douglass Gettysburg Address Punish Jim Crow Robert E. Lee Andrew Johnson Antietam Radical Republicans Appomattox Reconstruction Southern 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Election Major events Lincoln’s election in 1860 led to the __Secession_ of 7 southern states Civil War begins when Confederates attack Union forces at ___Ft. Sumter____ Battle of _Antietam___ in Maryland marked deadliest day in US History Lincoln issued the __Emancipation Pr._ after the Battle, ended slavery in rebel states __Gettysburg__ - Union victory and turning point of the war In the __Gettysburg Address__, Lincoln argued America was a nation ruled “of the people, by the people, and for the people.” __Appomattox Court House___ - site of Lee’s surrender to Grant Key leaders and their roles ___Ulysses S. Grant__ – Union general, won victories after many Union generals failed ___Robert E. Lee___ – Confederate general of the Army of Northern Virginia _Frederick Douglass__ – Former slave became a abolitionist and urged Lincoln to recruit former slaves and free blacks to fight in the Union army Impact of Civil War and Reconstruction The period after the civil war when the south was rebuilding was ___Reconstruction__ Lincoln believed the government should not __punish____ the South but act with “malice towards none, with charity for all, in order to “bind up the nation’s wounds” _Radical Repub._ favored guaranteeing voting rights and rights for African Americans Lincoln’s successor, __Andrew Johnson__ was impeached The three Civil war Amendments were added to the Constitution: __13th__ – abolished slavery __14th___ – guaranteed equal rights under the law to all Americans __15th_____ – guaranteed voting rights regardless of race, or slavery Reconstruction ended following the controversial __election___ of 1876 Rutherford B. Hayes was elected through the __Compromise of 1877___ The ___Jim Crow____ Era began in which blacks in the South were denied rights __Southern___ States were left embittered and devastated by the war © Students of History - www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Students-Of-History Immigration & Urbanization Ellis Island Old Immigrants New Immigrants Factories Monopolies Alexander Graham Bell Thomas Edison Wright Brothers Henry Ford Tenements Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Chinese Exclusion Act Melting Pot Homestead Act Integration Andrew Carnegie J.P. Morgan John D. Rockefeller Laissez-faire Cornelius Vanderbilt Nativism Chinese Transcontinental Railroad Steel Immigration The __Homestead Act__ provided free public land to settlers in the western territories. Prior to 1871, most __old immigrants__ came from northern and western Europe (Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Norway, Sweden). From 1871-1921, most _new immigrants___ came from southern and eastern Europe (Italy, Greece, Poland, Russia) as well as Asia (China, Japan). The _Transcontinental Railroad_ was completed in Utah and connected the USA. _Chinese__ workers helped to build it across California and Nevada. Most immigrants entered America through __Ellis Island___ in New York America became a _melting pot__ where immigrants were assimilated in _Nativism__ – fear that new immigrants would take jobs led to hostility Congressional passed the _ Chinese Exclusion Act___ in 1882 to ban their immigration Urbanization _Factories_ provided jobs but long hours, low pay, & dangerous working conditions A terrible fire in the _Triangle Shirtwaist Factory__ killed 146 garment workers Workers families lived in crowded __tenements__ and slums. Industrialization Business leaders created huge _monopolies__ that controlled industries _Andrew Carnegie_ dominated the US steel industry _JP Morgan__ controlled the finance industry _Rockefeller__ built a monopoly on the oil industry _Vanderbilt__ controlled America’s railroads Henry Bessemer invented a new process new make _steel___ _Edison___ invented the light bulb and electricity _Bell___ made the first telephone The __Wright Brothers___ invented the airplane __Henry Ford_ perfected assembly line manufacturing for automobiles Reasons for Industrialization and Economic Growth Government policies based on hands-off _Laissez Faire__ capitalism Monopolies and trusts (vertical/horizontal _integration___ ) © Students of History - www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Students-Of-History Organized Labor & Discrimination Knights of Labor Samuel Gompers Haymarket 19th Amendment Homestead Sherman Plessy v. Ferguson Conditions Hours Pullman Eugene Debs Woodrow Wilson Muckrakers Great Migration Ida B. Wells Booker T. Washington Theodore Roosevelt 17th Amendment Tuskegee Institute Recall W.E.B. DuBois Referendum NAACP Labor Organizations & Strikes __Knights of Labor__ –organized both skilled and unskilled workers American Federation of Labor founded by __Gompers__ organized skilled workers American Railway Union formed by socialist _Debs___ organized both workers __Haymarket__ Riot- Seven police officers and several workers killed in protest at Chicago. Knights of Labor blamed, turning public opinion against organized labor. _Homestead_ Strike - Three detectives and six workers killed. The union is broken __Pullman__Strike - Eugene Debs leads strike against Rail Car Company. Through strikes, workers gained shorter __hours__ and better _conditions_ _Sherman__ Anti-trust Act prevents any business that creates a monopoly Women’s Suffrage Encouraged women to enter the labor force before World War I. The _19th Amendment__ in 1920 granted women the right to vote. Discrimination and Segregation In _ Plessy v. Ferguson__ the Supreme Court ruled that “separate but equal” was legal During the __Great Migration_ blacks moved to Northern cities to escape the South. __Wells__ – led anti-lynching crusade _Washington___ believed the way to equality was through vocational education To promote this, he founded the __Tuskegee Institute__ in Alabama __DuBois__ said, “We are men; we will be treated as men.” And believed that education was meaningless without equality. He founded the ___NAACP__ to help African Americans in 1909 The Progressive Movement __Roosevelt_ proposed a progressive agenda called the “Square Deal” President __Wilson__’s agenda was called the “New Freedom” Government became more responsive to the people Reporters called _muckrakers__ investigated & reported social injustices In state governments, the __referendum__ is a direct vote to reject or accept a law Voters can __recall___ an elected official and remove him from office by vote The _17th Amendment_ allowed for the direct election of U.S. senators © Students of History - www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Students-Of-History Imperialism & WWI Open Door Policy Mandate System Big Stick Dollar Diplomacy Archduke Ferdinand Woodrow Wilson Treaty of Versailles Liliuokalani League of Nations Germany Neutral Zimmerman 14 Points Panama Canal Yellow Maine Puerto Rico Rejected Philippines Rough Riders De Lome Policies _Open Door__ – Sec. of State Hay’s policy to give all nations equal trading rights in China. Dollar Diplomacy – President Taft’s policy for US businesses to invest in Latin America __Big Stick_ – Pres. Roosevelt’s foreign policy (“Speak softly and carry a big stick.”) Roosevelt negotiated treaty to build the _Panama Canal_ to lessen shipping time The US annexed Hawaii after overthrowing Queen _Liluokalani__ The Spanish American War -- “A Splendid Little War” Began with the explosion of the battleship __Maine___in Havana Harbor Intensified by _Yellow__ Journalism by Hearst and Pulitzer The __De Lome___ letter insults President McKinley US gains the Philippines, Guam, & _Puerto Rico____ In Cuba, Teddy Roosevelt becomes a hero when __Rough Riders charge San Juan Hill After the war, there is an insurrection in the _Philippines__ over US rule World War I The war began in 1914 following the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand__ in Serbia. For three years the U.S. remained _neutral_ with little support for involvement The _Zimmerman__ Telegram exposes plan for alliance between Germany and Mexico. President _Wilson__ pledges to “make the world safe for democracy.” The _14 Points_ was Wilson’s plan to bring peace to the world after the war Wilson proposed a _League of Nations_ of all countries in the world to promote peace The _Mandate System__ would control the Middle East The __Treaty of Versailles__ officially ended the war and was harsh on__Germany_ The Treaty was _rejected__ by the US Congress © Students of History - www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Students-Of-History The Great Depression, The New Deal, and WWII Okinawa Margin Federal Reserve Infamy Hawley Smoot Franklin Roosevelt WPA FDIC Neutral AAA Poland Island Hopping Lend-Lease Act Pearl Harbor Social Security Nagasaki Iwo Jima Dust Bowl Battle of Britain Manchuria Midway Hiroshima Josef Stalin Stock Market Harry Truman Unemployment New Deal The Great Depression: Buying stocks on __margin__ with borrowed money led to inflated stock prices. The _Federal Reserve_ System failed to prevent collapse of the banking system The protective _Hawley Smoot__ Tariff led to retaliatory tariffs in other countries Overproduction in agriculture and a drought led to the _Dust Bowl___ in the plains The Depression began with the _stock market__ crash on October 29, 1929. High __unemployment_ and homelessness spread Franklin D. Roosevelt FDR’s plan: _the New Deal_ made government more active in solving problems. _Roosevelt__ said “We have nothing to fear but fear itself.” The _WPA_ and other relief programs gave jobs The _AAA__ and recovery programs helped agriculture The _FDIC__ and reform measures corrected unsound banking The _Social Security_ Act offered safeguards for workers and retirement World War II World War II began with Hitler’s invasion of _Poland__ in 1939 The U.S. remained officially _neutral_ during the first two years Germany pounded England from the air in the _Battle Britain__ . In 1941, Hitler turned on his former ally, _Stalin__ and invaded Soviet Union. The U.S. gave Britain war supplies in return for military bases with the _Lend Lease Act The War in Asia During the 1930s Japan invaded and brutalized _Manchuria_ in China Japan attacked the American naval base at _Pearl Harbor__ on December 7, 1941. FDR calls it, “A date which will live in __infamy_ .” An _island-hopping___ strategy was to seize islands closer and closer to Japan In the Battle of _Midway__ the US defeated a much larger Japanese navy. US invasions of _Iwo Jima__ where Marines raised the flag & __Okinawa___ close to Japan cost thousands of American lives Finally, President __Truman___ authorized the use of an atomic bomb The US dropped 2 atomic bombs on _Hiroshima__ & _Nagasaki__ © Students of History - www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Students-Of-History World War II Tuskegee Nisei Nuremberg Genocide Bataan El Alamein Jews Polish Final Solution Rationing War bonds Stalingrad Navajo POWs Draft Slavs Internment Segregated D-Day Manzanar Rosie the Riveter Eisenhower Propaganda Battles in Europe German forces were defeated at __El Alamein__ in North Africa More than a million Soviets & Germans in the Russian city of _Stalingrad___ General _Eisenhower_ led Allied forces in Europe June 6, 1944 marked _D-Day_ when Allied troops invaded Normandy, France Minorities in the War African Americans served in _segregated__ military units The _Tuskegee__ Airmen were African Americans served with distinction _Nisei_ Regiments were Asian-Americans who served The __Navajo__ Code Talkers created an impossible code to break. _Rosie the Riveter__ was the symbol of women who took men’s jobs in factories The Holocaust & Geneva Convention A _genocide__ is systematic destruction of a racial, political, or religious group. Germany’s _Final Solution___ was the Nazi plan to exterminate all Jews. The Holocaust targeted __Jews__, __Slavs__, & the ___Polish___ Casualties – approximately six million Jews and many others were murdered at Nazi concentration camps such as Auschwitz. At the __Nuremberg_ Trials – Nazi leaders and others were convicted of war crimes. The Geneva Convention attempted to ensure the humane treatment of __POWs__ On the __Bataan__ Death March, US POWs suffered brutal treatment by Japanese The War at Home __Rationing__ was used to maintain supply of essential products. __War Bonds___ were sold to finance the war. The _draft__ or “selective service” was used to provide soldiers Anti-Japanese prejudice on the West Coast led to their ___internment__ in camps One of the largest camps for Japanese-Americans was __Manzanar___ ___Propaganda__ were ad campaigns used to increase public morale © Students of History - www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Students-Of-History The Cold War Iron Curtian Marshall Plan 38th Parallel Vietnamization Brinkmanship Korea Vietnam NATO Vietcong USA Soviet Union Douglas MacArthur United Nations Fidel Castro Truman Doctrine Containment Warsaw Pact Gulf of Tonkin Red Scare Hawks Doves HUAC Tet Offensive Watergate My Lai McCarthyism Berlin Wall John F. Kennedy Bay of Pigs Between the democratic __USA__ and communist _Soviet Union__ The _Iron Curtain_ described the division between Communism & Democracies The Soviets built the __Berlin Wall____ across Germany’s capitol to keep people in Partition of Germany – East Germany remained under Soviet domination; West Germany became democratic. U.S. began the _Marshall Plan to give aid to Western Europe and prevent communism. The _United Nations__ was created to prevent future global wars President Truman’s __Doctrine___ was to keep communism from spreading This is also known as the policy of _Containment___ The US and democracies form the __NATO_ alliance The Soviet Union and communist countries formed the _Warsaw Pact__ In the US, the __Red Scare___ was the fear of communism The hysteria & hunt for communists at any cost was known as _McCarthyism__ The _HUAC__ secretly searched for communists and others Korean & Vietnam War In 1953, containment brought the US to fight a war in__Korea__ The war ended in a stalemate at the __38th Parallel__ US forces were led by _Douglas MacArthur, who also oversaw the occupation of Japan In Vietnam, the US fought the communist army _Vietcong___ On surprise attack on a holiday became known as the __Tet Offensive___ The _Gulf of Tonkin__ Resolution gave President Johnson authority to escalate the war _Vietnamization___ was President Nixon’s plan for withdrawing of American troops The __My Lai___ massacre turned many Americans against the war During the war, supporters were called ___Hawks__, anti-war protesters: __Doves___ President Nixon forced from office by __Watergate__ scandal Cuba _Fidel Castro__ led the communist takeover in late 1950s. The _Bay of Pigs__ invasion of Cuba by Cuban exiles failed In 1962, the __Cuban Missile Crisis_ was when Soviets stationed nuclear missiles in Cuba President _Kennedy_ ordered the Soviets to remove missiles _Brinksmanship_ was the policy of going to the brink of war © Students of History - www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Students-Of-History The Cold War & Civil Rights Alger Hiss Civil Rights Act Virginia Desegregate Star Wars Thurgood Marshall Oliver Hill Voting Rights Act Rosenbergs Sandra Day O’Connor Brown Vs. Board of Ed. Kennedy March on Washington Sally Ride Reagan Glasnost Glass Ceiling NAACP I Have A Dream Perestroika Asian Latin American The Cold War at home & its End __Alger Hiss__ was convicted of spying for Soviets The _Rosenberg___ were convicted and executed for giving nuclear secrets to Soviets Due to heavy military expenditures, the economy of __Virginia__ benefited In President __Kennedy__’s inaugural address, he said, “The U.S. would pay any price, bear any burden … to the success of liberty.” And “Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.” Gorbachev’s policy of __glasnost____ promoted openness His __Perestroika__ policy called for economic restructuring in the Soviet Union President __Reagan__ challenged the Soviet Union to “tear down this wall.” He also increased military spending: __Star Wars__ to pressure the Soviet Union Civil Rights Movement The __Brown v. Board of Ed.___ case overturned the “separate but equal” doctrine Supreme Court decision forced schools to _____________ The __NAACP__ challenged segregation in US courts __Thurgood Marshall___ was the leader of Brown’s NAACP legal defense team _Oliver Hill____ led the NAACP defense team in Virginia In 1963, Martin Luther King led the _March on Washington__ Here, he gave the “I Have a Dream”___ speech In 1964, Pres. Johnson signed the __Civil Rights Act___ which prohibited discrimination The 1965 ___Voting Rights Act__ outlawed literacy tests in voting. ___Sandra Day O’Connor____ became the first woman to serve on U.S. Supreme Court __Sally Ride__ was the first female U.S. astronaut The __Glass Ceiling_____ represents how career advancement for women not equal to men Recently, more immigrants have come from _Asian___ & ___Latin American__ countries © Students of History - www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Students-Of-History