* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Class Examples Habitat Management Prescription
Survey
Document related concepts
Extinction debt wikipedia , lookup
Conservation movement wikipedia , lookup
Wildlife crossing wikipedia , lookup
Restoration ecology wikipedia , lookup
Ecological succession wikipedia , lookup
Wildlife corridor wikipedia , lookup
Biodiversity action plan wikipedia , lookup
Source–sink dynamics wikipedia , lookup
Reconciliation ecology wikipedia , lookup
Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project wikipedia , lookup
Mission blue butterfly habitat conservation wikipedia , lookup
Habitat destruction wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Habitat Management • What is wildlife habitat management? • What is succession? • How do wildlife habitat requirements & succession relate? Habitat Management • Habitat management & restoration, what’s the difference? • How do landscape factors affect habitat management? • What effects do exotic species & climate change have on habitat management? Habitat Management • What is Wildlife Habitat Management? The deliberate act of manipulating wildlife habitat for the benefit of wildlife and people. (Yarrow & Yarrow 1999) Credit:stpaulcareers.umn.edu Habitat Management • What is Wildlife Habitat Management? The manipulation of the successional stage and physical structure of vegetation to benefit particular species, or assemblages of species, considered to be of high conservation priority, or other intrinsic value. (Ausden 2007) Habitat Management • What is Wildlife Habitat Management? – Habitat management also includes: • • • • • • • Manipulations to increase prey Provision of nest sites Control of unwanted plants Minimizing effects of damage by humans Herbivore control Other artificial improvements Conditions & the physical environment (Ausden 2007) Credit: naturalsciences.org Habitat Management • Wildlife Habitat Management – Succession Process by which assemblages of plants and animals change over time in the absence of disturbance (Ausden 2007) Habitat Management • Succession – Progressive development/change of a biotic community • • • • Replacement of species Modification of the physical environment Advances through a series of seres Terminates in a climax community Predictions possible Habitat Management • Succession – Types of succession • Primary • Secondary Credit: discovermagazine.com Credit: forestryimages.com Habitat Management • Succession (City University of New York, 2008) Habitat Management • Succession – Occurs in terrestrial & aquatic systems • Xerarch - on land; towards a wetter state • Hydrarch – in aquatic habitats; towards a drier state – Oligotrophic & eutrophic Credit: fed.fs.us Credit: erie-county-ohio.net Habitat Management • Succession – Retrogression • Opposite of succession • Replacement towards earlier conditions – Acceleration Habitat Management • Succession – Factors affecting succession & seral stages • • • • • • • Current vegetation Surrounding vegetation Past vegetation Resource levels Conditions Disturbance levels Stochastic factors Habitat Management • Rate & Direction of Succession – Vegetation & soil* • Removal & disturbance – Herbivores (and Omnivores) Credit: wildlifemanagementpro.com Habitat Management • Rate & Direction of Succession – Vegetation removal & disturbance • Physical disturbance events • Periodic large scale herbivory by insects • Outbreaks of disease in plants – Habitat management can mimic natural processes Habitat Management • Succession – Mimicking natural processes • • • • Prescribed burning Grazing Application of chemicals Mechanical treatments Credit: forestryimages.org Credit: eih.uh.edu Credit: E. Willcox Credit: E. Willcox Habitat Management • Succession – Wildlife habitat requirements & succession (Yarrow & Yarrow 1999) Habitat Management • Succession – Classifying wildlife based on habitat requirements & succession Class Examples Habitat Management Prescription I: Climax-adapted species Spruce grouse Snowshoe hare Pileated woodpecker Protection II: Species adapted to developmental stages of succession Bobwhite quail Cottontail rabbit Grasshopper sparrow Disturbance: logging, fire, mechanical treatments etc. III: Species requiring a mixture of successional stages Ruffed grouse White-tailed deer Mule deer Protect or disturb to increase limiting habitat type (Adapted from Bailey 1984) Habitat Management • Succession – Class I: Climax-adapted wildlife species • • • • • More specialized in habitat requirements Less adaptable to habitat change Many rare and endangered Hindered or extirpated by disturbance Habitat management emphasizes protection Habitat Management • Succession – Class II: Species of developmental stages • Require temporary vegetation • More generalized in habitat requirements • Adaptable to habitat change Credit: audubon.org Credit: claycountyquail.com Credit: uoguelph.ca Habitat Management • Succession – Class III: Species using a mix of successional stages • Most species in this class • Require habitat disturbance & protection Credit: forestryimages.org Credit: forestryimages.org Habitat Management • Wildlife Habitat Management – Habitat Management v. Restoration Habitat Management • Other habitat management considerations – Landscape factors (space & scale) • • • • Area of habitat Fragmentation Edge effects Surrounding habitats Habitat Management • Landscape Factors – Area of habitat • Area sensitivity • Minimum requirements Species Habitat Area Needed to Reach 50% Incidence (Ha) Upland Sandpiper 200 Grasshopper Sparrow 100 Savannah Sparrow 10 (Vickery et al. 1994) • Cost to manage Habitat Management • Landscape Factors – Fragmentation The disruption of extensive habitats into isolated and small patches (Meffe et al. 1994) Credit: uwrf.edu Credit: fs.fed.us Habitat Management • Landscape Factors – Fragmentation types • Perforation - making holes in a habitat • Dissection - sub-dividing with lines • Fragmentation - breaking up into smaller parts Habitat Management • Landscape Factors – Fragmentation type cont. • Shrinkage - decrease of size of patches • Attrition - loss of existing patches (apc.tamu.edu 2008) Habitat Management • Landscape Factors – Fragmentation • Spatial effects Increase Decrease Patch density Connectivity Inter-patch distance Interior to edge ratios Boundary length Core size Total interior area Habitat Management • Landscape Factors – Fragmentation • Species effects Increase Decrease Isolation Dispersal of interior specialists No. of generalists Large home range species No. of multi-habitat species Richness of interior species Exotics Nest predation Habitat Management • Landscape Features – Fragmentation • Importance of connectivity • Ability of species to disperse • Use of habitat corridors Metapopulations Habitat Management • Landscape Factors – Edge effects • Occur at margins of habitat patches – – – – – – Invasion of exotics Disease spread Increased predation Increased parasitism Change in water levels & humidity (conditions) Pesticide drift & fertilizer runoff Habitat Management • Landscape Factors – Surrounding habitat • Interchange of individuals • Predation & parasitism • Proximity of other suitable habitats Credit: mo.gov Credit: forestryimages.org Credit: fws.org Habitat Management • Other considerations – Exotic species – Climate change Habitat Management • Exotic Species (plants & animals) – Compete with native vegetation & wildlife – Reduce habitat quality • Benefits & costs of control – Spread – Replacement – Re-colonization Habitat Management • Climate Change – Effects on wildlife • • • • • Changes in climatic conditions at sites Alterations to habitat requirements Changes in the timing of biological events Effects of adverse weather during migration Loss of coastal habitats due to sea-level rise Habitat Management • Climate Change – Mitigation & compensation Habitat Management • Climate Change – Mitigation & Compensation • Facilitate wildlife spread to future climate envelopes – Linking habitats – Translocation • Changes in management practices Credit: ia.nrcs.usda.gov Habitat Management • Habitat Management – Management of succession & other • Meet wildlife habitat requirements – Compared to restoration – Effects of landscape factors – Effects of exotic species & climate change Philosophy • For what degree of naturalness should we manage habitat? • Habitat management approaches • To what extent should habitat management be integrated with other interests and values? • What consideration should be given to the cost of habitat management? Philosophy • What Degree of Naturalness? – What is possible? Increasing Human Influence Original Natural State Cultural Habitats Absolutely Artificial State Philosophy “We might, if we chose to spend the money, release each year millions of artificially reared birds, and thus “maintain” a supply of game in the quantitative sense. But would we thus maintain value? I think not.” Aldo Leopold Philosophy “How shall we conserve wild life without evicting ourselves” Aldo Leopold Philosophy • What Degree of Naturalness? – Depends on goals • Effects on species present – – – – Increases Decreases Colonization's Extirpations Credit: briansmallphoto.com Philosophy • Habitat Management Approaches – Featured (single) species management – Multiple species management – Biodiversity management – Ecosystem management • Intervention & naturalness Philosophy • Habitat Management Approaches – Featured (single) species management Credit: wordpress.com Credit: ebird.com Credit: action.earthpress.com Philosophy • Habitat Management Approaches – Multiple species management Philosophy • Featured & multiple species management – Level of Intervention & naturalness • E.g., Increasing food supply for wintering waterfowl Greater level of intervention – – – – Artificially manipulate water levels Sow favored foods within wetlands Plant food plots on adjacent arable lands Feed with grain Philosophy • Habitat Management Approaches – Biodiversity management • Level of Intervention & naturalness • Same as Ecosystem Management? Philosophy • Habitat Management Approaches – Ecosystem management • Level of Intervention & naturalness • Preservation – E.g., Sandhill Philosophy • Habitat Management Approaches – Ecosystem management Resource management systems designed to produce essential commodities and other values to meet human needs and desires, and to maintain and enhance soil productivity, gene conservation, biodiversity, landscape patterns, and the array of ecological processes common to healthy ecosystems (UF SFRC 2009) Philosophy • Habitat Management Approaches – Ecosystem management Any land-management system that seeks to protect viable populations of all native species, perpetuate natural disturbance regimes on the regional scale, adopt a planning timeline of centuries, and allow human use at levels that do not result in long-term ecological degradation (MSU 2009) Philosophy • Habitat Management Approaches – Ecosystem management Integrates scientific knowledge of ecological relationships within a complex sociopolitical and values framework toward the general goal of protecting native ecosystem integrity over the long term (Grumbine 1994) Philosophy • Habitat Management Approaches – Ecosystem management • • • • • Maintain viable populations of native species Represent all native ecosystem types Maintain evolutionary & ecological processes* Maintain evolutionary potential Accommodate human use* Philosophy • Habitat Management Approaches – Ecosystem management • Ecological integrity – Restore or maintain key natural processes » Encourage keystone species - Human dimensions issues Credit: animals.nationalgeographic.com Credit: maxwaugh.com Credit: fs.fed.us Credit: animals.nationalgeographic.com Philosophy • Habitat Management Approaches – Ecosystem management • Ecological Integrity Credit: travelblog.com – Restore or maintain key natural processes » Disturbances (e.g., fire, herbivory, disease, etc.) - Natural vs. artificial (mimic) - Human dimensions issues » Level of control over grazing regimes - Discrete periods - Naturalistic - Rewilded Credit:dreamsofafricsafaris.co.ke Philosophy • Habitat Management Approaches – Ecosystem management • Ecological integrity – Restore or maintain key natural processes » Systems dissimilar to natural state – is it possbile? - Land-use history & change Credit: dnrc.mt.gov Credit: tour.com.au Philosophy • Integrating Habitat Management with Other Interests – Recreation – Education & research – Landscape & aesthetic considerations – Cultural history – Resource use – Wider environmental benefits Philosophy • Cost of Management – Level of intervention & degree of naturalness Philosophy • Habitat Management – Degree of naturalness – Habitat management approaches – Extent of integration – Consideration of cost