Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
French colonization of the Americas wikipedia , lookup
Conquistador wikipedia , lookup
Voyages of Christopher Columbus wikipedia , lookup
Pedro Álvares Cabral wikipedia , lookup
Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest wikipedia , lookup
European maritime exploration of Australia wikipedia , lookup
Portuguese discoveries wikipedia , lookup
Timeline of Colonization Exploration by Vikings, 986 • • • • • • Bjarni Herjolfsson Erik the Red was a Viking. He was banished from Iceland for killing another Viking in a fight. He moved to a much larger island west of Iceland and called it Greenland. Eric the Red had a son named Leif Eriksson. He grew up hearing stories about a land to the west of Greenland. When he went exploring to look for the land told in stories, he retraced Bjarni's Herjolfsson's route. Erik the Red had four children. His second son Leif Eriksson was born around 970. His death is given at approx. 1020. He was probably the first European to step on North American soil. There are reports that unknown Icelanders had already reached North America by 985. Also, the Greenland saga credits Bjarni Herjolfsson as discoverer of the American continent. He intended to sail from Iceland to Greenland but storms blew him off course, supposedly in 986. Bjarni Herlufsson is said to have observed flat shores with small hills and endless forests without ice and glaciers. Timeline of Colonization Exploration by China, 1421 • • • • • • • Admiral Zheng Their mission was 'to proceed all the way to the end of the earth to collect tribute from the barbarians beyond the seas' and unite the whole world in Confucian harmony. • It was the year 1421, The Year a Chinese Eunuch Admiral Discovered America, Australia and it seems the rest of the World The map used by Columbus was obtained by the Portuguese from the Chinese. During his 28 year naval career, Admiral Zheng visited 37 countries, traveled around the tip of Africa into the Atlantic Ocean and commanded a single fleet whose numbers surpassed the combined fleets of all Europe. Between 1405 and 1433, at least 317 ships and 37,000 men were under his command. The flagship of the fleet was a nine-masted vessel measuring 440 feet, nearly 1.5 times the length of a football fields. Traveling with him was Sanbao who created a set of 24maps praised for their accuracy. Zheng's journeys also stimulated a number of important maritime inventions, including central rudders, watertight compartments and various new types of sails. Perhaps more importantly, his voyages demonstrated the power of the Chinese civilization and yielded many important liasons between China and other nations. Timeline of Colonization Exploration by Spain 1492-1504 • • • • Christopher Columbus was born in 1451 in Genoa, Italy. He went to sea as a young boy, and spent most of his life at sea. Columbus knew the world was round. He believed that by sailing west, instead of current route east around the coast of Africa, he would the East and the Spice Islands. He moved to Portugal trying to get money to support his journey. He eventually got support from Ferdinand and Isabella, the king and queen of Spain. In 1492 Columbus set sail from Palos, Spain with three ships: the Nina, the Pinta and the Santa Maria. Christopher Columbus The European powers were trading heavily with the West Indies (Pacific). At the time of Columbus' first voyage all trade was overland through the Middle East with intermediaries between the Europeans and the sources of the merchandise they sought. That made trade very slow, unpredictable, and expensive. If they could reach the source of the things they sought by sea, and not trade through intermediaries, they could buy exactly what they wanted, when they wanted it, and not pay the markup incurred by using traders as intermediaries. They were not looking for new lands, in fact they had no idea all that land existed. They were trying to improve an already existing business. The country that could find a direct route to the far east would have an advantage over all the other countries trading with the East. That is what Spain was looking for, an advantage over all the others. They got lucky and found a lot more. In fact, a direct route to the West Indies wasn't found until 4 years after Columbus first voyage Timeline of Colonization Portugal Exploration 1500 • • • • • • Pedro Alvares Cabral Explorer Purpose of exploration: for conquest and colonization and to find a shorter trade route. Many stories of gold were being told, so they were also seeking wealth in gold and territory. Portugal was the leading country in the European exploration of the world in the 15th century. The Treaty of Tordesillas divided the Earth, outside Europe, in 1494 into Spanish (Castilian) and Portuguese global territorial hemispheres for exclusive conquest and colonization. Portugal colonized parts of South America (mostly Brazil), but also some failed attempts to colonize North America in present day Canada. Pedro Cabral’s fleet was one of the largest fleets that had ever sailed the Atlantic. It set sail for India in 1500 on what turned out to be the longest voyage in history up to that time, and one of the greatest and most influential voyages of discovery ever made. After passing Cape Verde Islands, Pedro Cabral’s fleet took a south westerly course, which led to them inadvertently becoming the first ships to sail across the South Atlantic. On shore they encountered strange people with bodies painted and tattooed, and decorated with coverings of brilliant feathers. They were otherwise completely naked. Their odd appearance and customs were entirely unlike any that the Portuguese had seen before. Pedro Cabral had discovered Brazil, writing the first page in its history, and had opened up South America to further discoveries. Timeline of Colonization Exploration by England 1497, 1577, and 1609. Sir Francis Drake John Cabot • • In 1497 John Cabot and his men explored the shores of Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Labrador and gave fishing rights to the English. England claimed the whole east coast of North America because they claimed that Cabot was the first to reach the North American mainland. •It was English admiral Sir Francis Drake who set out in 1577 to explore the Strait of Magellan. • Henry Hudson • He did so, investigating the coast of South America (he and his crew plundered coastal Chile and Peru in the process), before continuing into • the South Pacific and heading northward. • He eventually reached the coast of present-day California, which he named New Albion (a name that did not stick), and claimed it for Queen Elizabeth I. • In 1580, he was the first Englishman to travel around the world. He was knighted by the queen one year later. • Henry Hudson wanted to find a passage across the continent of North America. He was unable to find the Northeast or the Northwest Passage he sought. He did however add to Europe's knowledge of the Arctic and North America. He discovered the Hudson Bay in 1610. Timeline of Colonization English Colonization 1607 • Captain John Smith was an English adventurer and soldier, and one of the founders of the Jamestown, Virginia, settlement. Smith also led expeditions exploring Chesapeake Bay and the New England coast. • Smith was one of 105 settlers who sailed from England on December 19, 1606, and landed in Virginia on April 26, 1607. When they reached North America, the group opened sealed instructions and found that Smith was chosen as one of the seven leaders of the new colony. This was controversial since Smith had been accused of mutiny on the voyage. • The settlers established Jamestown on May 24, 1607; it became the first permanent English settlement in North America. Jamestown was located on an John Smith Founder of Jamestown "Here every man may be master and owner of his owne labour and land...If he have nothing but his hands, he may...by industrie quickly grow rich.” ! ! ! JOHN SMITH island in the James River in what is now Virginia. Smith was the colony's leader and also led hunting and exploration expeditions around the area. He traveled as far as what is now Richmond, Virginia (1607). On another trip later that year, Smith was taken captive by the Chief of the Powhatan Indians and was condemned to death. Pocahontas (1595-1617), daughter of the Indian chief, saved Smith's life. (Pocahontas eventually married the English settler John Rolfe and later died of smallpox.) Timeline of Colonization French Exploration 1524 • • Giovanni da Verrazzano Explorer The French first came to the New World as explorers, seeking a route to the Pacific ocean and wealth. • The French colonization of the Americas began in the 16th century, and continued in the following centuries as France established a colonial empire in theWestern Hemisphere. France founded colonies in much of eastern North America, on a number of Caribbean islands, and in South America. Most colonies were developed to export products such as fish, sugar, and furs. As they colonized the New World, the French established forts and settlements that would become such cities as Quebec and Montreal in Canada; Detroit,Green Bay, St. Louis, Mobile, Biloxi, Baton Rouge andNew Orleans in the United States; and Port-au-Princeand Cap-Haïtien in Haiti.