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JOURNAL OF THE
WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY
Vol. 37, No. 4
December, 2006
Dietary Lysine Requirement as Basis to Estimate the Essential
Dietary Amino Acid Profile for Jundiá, Rhamdia quelen
PAMELA J. MONTES-GIRAO
AND
DÉBORA M. FRACALOSSI1
Laboratório de Biologia e Cultivo de Peixes de A´gua Doce, Departamento de Aqüicultura,
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Rodovia Admar Gonzaga, 1346, 88034-001
Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
Abstract
The present study was designed to determine the optimal dietary lysine requirement for jundiá,
Rhamdia quelen, fingerlings. Groups of 17 fish (1.4 6 0.1 g) were stocked in 120-L tanks and were fed
semipurified diets (33% crude protein [CP] and 3500 kcal metabolizable energy) containing increasing
concentrations of lysine (3.0, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, and 6.5% CP). After 119 d, fish weight gain (WG),
specific growth rate (SGR), feed intake and feed conversion (FC), apparent net protein utilization
(ANPU), body composition (CP, fat, and ash), and vertebral collagen were determined. WG and SGR
increased as dietary lysine concentration in protein increased up to 4.5%, reducing at 6.0 and 6.5%
lysine. Fish that were fed the lowest lysine concentration presented the worst feed conversion (FC),
which improved for fish fed with 4.5% or more lysine. Feed consumption followed the same trend as
FC. The highest ANPU was observed in fish fed with 4.5% lysine. Fish fed diets containing 4.5, 5.0, and
5.5% lysine accumulated more body protein (P , 0.05). Collagen vertebral concentration was
significantly higher in fish fed with the 4.5% lysine diet. Dietary requirement for lysine was 4.5 or
5.1% depending on the statistical model used for estimation: broken line or polynomial regression,
respectively. The requirements for the other essential amino acids were estimated on the basis of the
ideal protein concept and were similar to the requirements for other fish species, except for isoleucine,
leucine, treonine, and valine, which were higher for jundiá.
Jundiá, Rhamdia quelen, is a freshwater catfish native to Latin America, occurring from
Argentina to Southern Mexico (Silfvergrip
1996). This species displays fast growth even
during the cold months of the Southern Brazil
winter (Fracalossi et al. 2004). Also, it shows
good resistance to handling, absence of intramuscular bones, and ability to digest dry feed
at first feeding (Fracalossi et al. 2002). Such
desirable aquaculture features have attracted
the attention of Southern Brazil fish farmers.
However, very little is known about the nutritional requirements of this species, which could
be detrimental to its profitable farming. Knowledge about the dietary essential amino acid
requirement of jundiá will optimize dietary protein utilization thereby decreasing ammonia
excretion and release in culture effluents.
The ideal protein concept, first proposed for
terrestrial monogastric animals, assumes the
quantitative determination of a reference amino
acid requirement, usually the most limiting in
1
Corresponding author.
commercial feeds, using the conventional
dose–response method. The requirement for
the other essential amino acids as determined
by this method is estimated based on the fish
whole-body amino acid profile, which presents
a strong correlation with the dietary requirement
(Wilson 2002). Arai (1981) proposed the essential amino acid rate (A/E) calculation in fish
nutrition, which is defined as the ratio between
the amount of each body amino acid (A) and
the sum of the essential body amino acids,
including cystine and tyrosine (E). This author
observed best growth and feed efficiency for
salmon fingerlings that were fed diets formulated to have an amino acid profile similar to that
of salmon body composition (Arai 1981). Later,
Wilson and Poe (1985) used this method for
estimating the amino acid requirements of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. They demonstrated, for the first time in fish, the existence
of a strong correlation (r 5 0.96) between
body amino acid composition and dietary amino
acid requirement, determined based on a dose–
response feeding trial. Currently, most studies
Copyright by the World Aquaculture Society 2006
388
DIETARY LYSINE REQUIREMENT FOR RHAMDIA QUELEN
designed to estimate amino acid requirements in
fish adopt this methodology because of time
saving and cost effectiveness. Species that have
already had their amino acid requirement estimated by the ideal protein concept are the red
drum, Sciaenops ocelllatus (Moon and Gatlin
1991), striped bass, Morone saxatilis (Brown
1995), Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus
(Forster and Ogata 1998), black bass, Micropterus
salmoides (Portz and Cyrino 2003), and hybrid
striped bass, M. saxatilis 3 M. chrysops (Twibell
et al. 2003).
In general, lysine is the first limiting amino
acid in most grain by-products used to manufacture commercial feed. In addition to the importance of lysine as an essential amino acid, it also
affects collagen synthesis. Hydroxylysine and
hydroxyproline, products of lysine and proline
hydroxylation, respectively, are the main constituents of collagen (Sandell and Daniel
1988). According to Baker and Han (1994),
lysine should be used as the reference amino
acid for estimating other amino acid requirements because lysine is the only one that does
not present endogenous synthesis and, unlike
the sulfur amino acids, is exclusively required
for body protein deposition. Meyer and Fracalossi (2005) determined the muscle amino acid
composition of jundiá from the wild and from
a farm and estimated the dietary amino acid
requirement of jundiá. This study estimated
the lysine requirement to be 5.8% protein. However, this estimate was made only by comparing
the dietary requirement of some omnivorous
fish with the muscle amino acid composition
of jundiá. Until now, that estimate is the only
information available on the amino acid requirements for jundiá. Therefore, in the present study
we aimed to determine the dietary requirement
of lysine for jundiá and to estimate the other
essential amino acid requirements using the
ideal protein concept.
Materials and Methods
Twenty-one groups of 17 jundiá fingerlings
(initial weight and length of 1.5 6 0.1 g and
5.3 6 0.2 cm, respectively) were stocked in 21
tanks, connected to a closed water recirculation
389
system equipped with constant aeration and
mechanical and biological filtration. The water
flow was approximately 1.5 L/min/tank, and
the photoperiod was held constant at 14 h. Fish
were acclimated to the experimental conditions
for 7 d, during which they were fed a 34% crude
protein (CP) and 3500 kcal/kg estimated metabolizable energy (EM) (Meyer and Fracalossi
2004) with 3% lysine protein in a semipurified
basal diet. After acclimatization, fish were fed
the experimental diets to apparent satiation
twice a day (0800 and 1700 h) for 119 d. On
each feeding period, diets were offered twice
to all tanks to ensure satiation feeding. Feed
consumption was recorded daily for each tank.
Every 15 d, fish were group weighed, and at
the end of the experimental period, five fish from
each tank were euthanized by an overdose
(200 mg/L) of the anesthetic MS-222 and frozen ( 20 C) for later determination of body
composition. Fish handling procedures complied with the Committee for the Ethical Handling of Animals, Universidade Federal de
Santa Catarina. Water temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration were measured
daily at each feeding session, and total ammonia, nitrite, and pH concentrations were measured every 3 d. Average water temperature,
dissolved oxygen, and pH were 30.5 6 0.5 C
(6SD), 6.22 6 0.45 mg/L, and 7.0 6 0.1, respectively, while total ammonia and nitrite
did not exceed 0.25 mg/L. All water quality
parameters were adequate for jundiá growth
(Baldisserotto and Radünz-Neto 2004).
Experimental Diets
Seven isoproteic (34% CP) and isoenergetic
(3500 kcal EM) casein- and gelatin-based semipurified diets were formulated varying their
lysine concentration (3.0, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5,
6.0, and 6.5% protein), according to Table 1.
Casein and gelatin contributed to the minimum
dietary lysine concentration (3.0% protein),
while the other tested concentrations were obtained by the inclusion of synthetic-lysinesubstituting cellulose. An amino acid premix
was also added, formulated based on the
albumin amino acid profile, which is considered
390
MONTES-GIRAO AND FRACALOSSI
adequate for fish (Santiago and Lovell 1998;
Wilson 2002).
Diets were formulated to meet the amino acid
requirements for channel catfish (NRC 1993)
and were prepared by mixing the dry ingredients
in a ‘‘Y’’ mixer, then adding oils and water
(40%). The pH of all diets was adjusted to 7
by using a 6 N NaOH solution (Nose et al.
1974) to avoid possible differences in feed consumption caused by variation on diet palatability. This mixture was pelletized (die diameter
3 mm) and dried in an oven (60 C) for 6 h and
stored ( 20 C) until feeding.
Diet and Body Composition Analyses
The composition of experimental diets is presented in Table 1. All analyses followed the methodology described by the Association of Official
Analytical Chemists (AOAC 1999). Briefly,
moisture was obtained by drying samples at
105 C until constant weight; ash, by incineration
at 550 C for 5 h; fat, by ether extraction (after acid
hydrolysis); fiber, by acid detergent digestion; and
CP, by Kjeldahl method (N 3 6.25).
Dietary amino acids were determined after
acid and basic digestion by high-performance
liquid chromatography, using ionic change
detection (Portz and Cyrino 2003). Acid digestion (6 N HCl for 24 h) was performed in sealed
glass tubes under nitrogen (110 C). Cystine and
methionine were determined by acid hydrolysis
after oxidation with performic acid (Moore
1963). After hydrolysis, solutions were vacuum
filtered, diluted to 0.25 M with 0.02 N HCl for
adjustment to pH 8.5, and filtered in Millipore
membrane (0.45 mm). Tryptophan was analyzed after sample alkaline hydroxylation with
lithium hydroxide.
TABLE 1. Composition of experimental diets (dry matter basis).
Ingredients
Amount (%)
Casein
Gelatin
Dextrin
Cellulose
Cod liver oil
Canola oil
Carboxymethylcellulose
Vitamin and micromineral premixa
Macromineral premixb
Amino acid premixc
L-lysined
13.12
2.78
37.14
11.37
3.38
3.38
2.00
3.00
5.73
18.10
Variable
Concentrations of lysine (% protein)
Proximate composition (%)
3.0
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
Dry matter
Crude protein
Crude fat
Fiber
Ash
Analyzed lysine
87.90
33.35
4.65
8.13
6.76
2.93
92.57
32.80
5.33
7.71
7.20
3.85
90.95
32.94
5.40
8.05
8.03
4.48
91.57
32.95
4.37
7.86
8.17
4.38
92.53
33.07
5.43
7.67
7.76
5.44
91.93
32.89
5.39
8.47
7.82
5.85
90.65
33.06
5.11
8.68
7.70
6.33
a Composition (kg of premix): folic acid 250 mg, pantothenic acid 5000 mg, biotin 125 mg, cobalt 25 mg, copper
2000 mg, choline 25,000 mg, iron 13,820 mg, iodine 100 mg, manganese 3750 mg, niacin 5000 mg, selenium 75 mg,
vitamin A 1,000,000 IU, vitamin B1 1250 mg, vitamin B2 2500 mg, vitamin B6 1875 mg, vitamin B12 3750 mg, vitamin C
42,000 mg, vitamin D3 500,000 IU, vitamin E 20,000 IU, vitamin K3 500 mg, and zinc 17,500 mg.
b Composition (%): 45.4 dicalcium phosphate, 29.7 potassium phosphate, 17.4 sodium chloride, and 7.5 magnesium sulfate.
c Ajinomoto Interamericana Indústria e Comércio Ltd (Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil). Composition based on albumin
amino acid profile (%): lysine 0, arginine 6.46, histidine 2.55, treonine 5.18, valine 6.57, leucine 9.21, isoleucine 5.88,
methionine 3.36, cystine 2.50, phenilalanine 5.73, tyrosine 4.40, tryptophan 1.31, aspartic acid 10.83, glutamic acid 14.09,
serine 7.20, alanine 6.00, glycine 3.63, and proline 5.11.
d Ajinomoto Interamericana Indústria e Comércio Ltd (Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil). Amino acid inclusion (% crude
protein): 0.0, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, and 3.5, replacing cellulose.
391
DIETARY LYSINE REQUIREMENT FOR RHAMDIA QUELEN
At the end of the experimental period, wholebody samples from five fish from each experimental unit were pooled, minced, and
homogenized to determine final body composition. The same procedure was adopted for 20
fish (average initial weight 4.2 6 0.9 g) to estimate initial body composition. Body amino acid
profile was analyzed in a pooled sample from 17
jundiá (16.6 6 4.8 g body weight) obtained
from a commercial fish farmer, following the
same methodology adopted for dietary amino
acid composition analyses.
The vertebral column collagen composition
was measured in two samples of one or two
fish per dietary treatment at the end of the
experimental period, following the methodology described by Mustin and Lovell (1992).
A modification was introduced to facilitate
vertebral column removal, which consisted
of boiling fish for 10 min before vertebrae
removal, following a suggestion proposed by
Fracalossi et al. (1998).
Performance Parameters
Performance parameters were calculated
using feed consumption data (g/fish) and body
and diet composition analyses and were as
follows: weight gain (WG) 5 weightfinal
weightinitial; feed conversion (FC) 5 feed intake
corrected to 10% moisture/WG; daily feed
intake (%) 5 feed intake/([fish weightfinal +
fish weightinitial]/2)/d 3 100; specific growth
rate (SGR) 5 100 3 (lnfish weightfinal lnfish
weightinitial)/d; and apparent net protein utiliza-
tion (ANPU) 5 100 3 (final body protein
initial body protein)/protein consumption.
The results of WG, SGR, FC, DFI, ANPU,
body composition, and vertebral collagen were
submitted to ANOVA, and differences among
treatment means were determined by Tukey’s
test at 5% significance level. The lysine requirement was estimated based on WG and ANPU
data using two statistical methods: polynomial
regression (Shearer 2000) and broken line (Portz
et al. 2000; Shiau 2001).
Results
Fish Performance and Estimation of Dietary
Lysine Requirement
Fingerlings performance data are summarized in Table 2. There was an increase of WG
when dietary lysine concentration increased
from 3.0 to 4.5%. However, increasing dietary
lysine concentration above 4.5% did not
improve WG and a decrease was observed at
lysine concentrations of 6.0 and 6.5%. Fish fed
with the basal diet presented the worst FC,
which improved with dietary inclusion of lysine
up to 4.5% protein. Feed intake followed the
same tendency as FC. After 53 d on the experimental diets, clinical signs of lysine deficiency
(lordosis and scoliosis) were evident in some
fish feeding diets containing 3.0 and 4.0%
lysine. At the end of the experimental period
(119 d), three fish (17.65%) fed with 3% dietary
lysine and two fish (11.76%) fed with 4% lysine
presented scoliosis, lordosis, or both.
TABLE 2. Jundiá fingerling performance when fed diets containing different lysine concentrations for 119 d.
Diets
(% lysine protein)
Weight
gaina (g)
Specific growth
rate (%)
Feed
conversion
Daily feed intake
(% body weight)
Apparent net
protein utilization (%)
3.0 (basal)
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
ANOVA (P value)
SEM
5.83y
8.00xy
9.88x
8.21xy
9.89x
7.60xy
7.86xy
0.020
0.53
1.48y
1.70xy
1.92x
1.76xy
1.92x
1.70xy
1.73xy
0.015
0.06
6.39x
3.98xy
2.96y
3.74y
3.35y
3.87y
3.84y
0.004
0.42
8.09x
5.40xy
4.26y
5.19y
4.85y
5.30y
5.22y
0.004
0.46
19.98y
36.43xy
50.30x
45.81xy
49.55x
46.43xy
40.95xy
0.013
4.00
Means (n 5 3) in each column followed by different letters are significantly different (P , 0.05).
a Average initial weight is 1.5 6 0.1 g (6SD).
392
MONTES-GIRAO AND FRACALOSSI
Based on WG and ANPU data, jundiá dietary
lysine requirement was estimated to be 4.5% by
the broken line method and 5.1% by polynomial
regression (Fig. 1).
were observed on fish feeding the lower concentrations of dietary lysine (3.0 and 4.0%) and the
highest on fish feeding 4.5% lysine.
Body Composition and Vertebral Collagen
Calculation of A/E and Estimative of
Essential Amino Acid Requirements
The effect of increasing levels of dietary
lysine on jundiá body composition is summarized in Table 3. Fish consuming diets containing 4.5% protein lysine had more body protein
deposition. Body fat was greatest on fingerlings
feeding the diets containing the lowest (3.0 and
4.0%) or highest (6.0 and 6.5%) lysine concentrations. The lowest concentrations of collagen
The whole-body essential amino acid profile
of jundiá was used to calculate the A/E, which
is defined as the content of each essential amino
acid divided by the sum of all essential amino
acids, including cystine and tyrosine, multiplied
by 1000 (Arai 1981). The estimated requirement
for each of the other essential amino acids,
besides lysine, was calculated by the following
FIGURE 1. Estimative of lysine dietary requirement for jundiá fingerlings considering weight gain (WG) and apparent net
protein utilization (ANPU). Estimative was calculated using the broken line and polynomial regression mathematical
models.
393
DIETARY LYSINE REQUIREMENT FOR RHAMDIA QUELEN
formula: amino acid requirement 5 lysine
requirement 3 (A/E/100) (Fagbenro 2000).
The estimated values are presented in Table 4,
along with the requirements of other cultivated
fish species.
Discussion
The inclusion of optimal concentrations of
essential amino acids is an indispensable
requirement to obtain a well-balanced and
cost-effective diet. Our findings indicated that
4.5% lysine is the requirement for maximum
WG and ANPU by jundiá fingerlings, when
the broken line analysis was used to estimate
the requirement. However, despite being widely
used in numerous requirement studies, this
method can underestimate the real nutrient dietary requirement (Shearer 2000; Encarnacxão
et al. 2004). When polynomial regression was
used, the estimated lysine requirement increased
to 5.1% lysine. WG and ANPU decreased in the
lower (3.0 and 4.0% protein) and upper (6.0 and
6.5% protein) dietary lysine concentrations,
which could indicate an antagonism between
arginine and lysine absorption, as suggested by
Lovell (1998).
The discrepancy between formulated and
analyzed lysine values (5 and 4.38%, Table 1)
can only be explained by a mistake while preparing that diet because repeated analyses provided similar lysine values. This discrepancy,
however, could explain the decrease in WG
and ANPU in fingerlings fed with this diet when
compared to fingerlings fed with diets containing 4.5% lysine (Fig. 1). If the real analyzed
concentration had been equal to the formulated,
that is 5%, the estimated requirement could be
higher than 4.5%, when using the broken line
analysis.
The dietary lysine requirement of 4.5% found
for jundiá is similar to the value estimated by the
broken line method for the carnivorous Asian
sea bass, Lates calcarifer (Murillo-Gurrea
et al. 1999), and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus
mykiss (Encarnacxão et al. 2004). Nevertheless,
the requirement increased to 5.7% when calculated by the polynomial regression method, in
the last study, as pointed out by the authors.
Generally, studies with carnivorous species that
used WG as the parameter to calculate the
requirement by the broken line method found
a dietary lysine requirement very close to the
value determined for jundiá in the present study
(Akiyama et al. 1985; Tibaldi and Lanari 1991;
Forster and Ogata 1998; Small and Soares 2000).
Recent ingredient digestibility studies carried
out in our laboratory showed that jundiá utilizes
protein sources better than other omnivorous
species like Nile tilapia or pacu, Piaractus
mesopotamicus (Oliveira-Filho and Fracalossi,
2006). This could indicate that jundiá is an
omnivore with carnivorous tendencies. Indeed,
the jundiá digestive tract is simple, without
pyloric ceca or gizzard, with short and wellspaced gill rakes and short intestine, similar to
a carnivorous fish.
The best ANPU was shown by jundiá fed with
the 4.5% lysine diet (Table 3). Considering
lysine as the only amino acid simply used
for body protein deposition (Baker and Han
TABLE 3. Jundiá fingerling body composition (wet matter basis) after 119 d of feeding different lysine concentrations.
Diets (% lysine protein)
3.0 (basal)
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
Initial composition
ANOVA (P value)
SEM
Dry matter (%)
Crude protein (%)
Crude fat (%)
Ash (%)
Collagen (%)
24.46
24.17
24.49
23.85
23.36
23.90
23.31
24.10
ns
0.16
12.04y
12.60y
13.64x
13.41x
13.57x
13.38x
13.29x
13.40
,0.001
0.22
5.61
5.54
5.17
5.10
5.11
5.52
5.67
5.82
ns
0.01
13.52
11.65
11.83
12.85
12.78
11.95
11.97
10.69
ns
0.26
11.29z
11.66z
24.86x
21.97y
21.89y
21.50y
21.27y
—
,0.001
2.04
Means (n 5 3) in each column followed by different letters are significantly different (P , 0.05).
394
MONTES-GIRAO AND FRACALOSSI
TABLE 4. Whole-body amino acid profile, amino acid essential rate, estimative of dietary amino acid requirement of
jundiá, and amino acid requirement for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, and
rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss.
Estimated requirements
Amino
acids
Whole-body
amino acid
profilea
A/Eb
BL
Arginine
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Met + Cys
Phe + Tyr
Threonine
Tryptophan
Valine
4.9
1.8
4.9
8.2
7.8
3.9
5.6
4.5
0.9
4.8
103.6
38.0
103.6
173.3
100.0
82.4
118.3
95.1
19.0
101.4
4.7
1.7
4.7
7.8
4.5g
3.7
5.3
4.3
0.9
4.6
Nile tilapiad
Channel
catfishe
Rainbow
troutf
PR
BL
BL
BL
5.5
2.0
5.5
9.2
5.1g
4.3
6.2
5.0
1.0
5.3
4.2
1.7
3.1
3.4
5.1
3.2
5.5
3.8
1.0
2.8
4.3
1.5
2.6
3.5
5.1
2.3
5.0
2.2
0.5
3.0
3.5
1.6
2.4
4.4
5.3
2.7
5.2
3.4
0.5
3.1
Jundiác
Seventeen fish (average initial weight 16.6 6 4.8 g) from a fish farm.
A/E (amino acid essential rate) 5 (amount of each amino acid in whole-body/total essential amino acids, including
cystine and tyrosine) 3 1000.
c Estimated essential amino acid requirements, except for lysine. BL 5 lysine requirement estimated by broken line;
PR 5 lysine requirement estimated by polynomial regression. Essential amino acid requirement 5 lysine requirement 3
([A/E]/100) (Fagbenro 2000).
d Santiago and Lovell (1988).
e Wilson and Poe (1985).
f Ogino (1980).
g Data estimated by dose–response feeding trial.
a
b
1994), the highest ANPU found in fingerlings
fed with the 4.5% lysine diet could be an explanation for the higher body protein content found
in fish fed with this dietary concentration
(Table 4). Similarly, studies performed with
channel catfish demonstrated that when
a lysine-deficient diet was supplemented with
this amino acid, there was an increase in body
protein and a decrease in body fat (Robinson
1991; Munsiri and Lovell 1993; Zarate and
Lovell 1997). Therefore, it is speculated that
the protein synthesis in jundiá increased as dietary lysine concentration increased up to 4.5%.
However, Bai and Gatlin (1994) reported that diets with different concentrations of lysine did
not affect body composition of channel catfish.
An estimate of the other essential amino acid
requirements for jundiá based on the body
amino acid profile and lysine dose–response
requirement is presented in Table 4, which also
contains the amino acid requirements of other
cultivated species. The requirements for jundiá
were comparable to those presented by other
species, except for isoleucine, leucine, treonine,
and valine, which were higher as a result of its
higher concentration in jundiá body protein.
The WG and SGR observed in the present study
were lower than those presented by jundiá fingerlings fed with semipurified diets containing the
same protein and energy concentrations (Meyer
and Fracalossi 2004). Such differences could be
explained by the addition of single amino acids
in the present study, which could have decreased
amino acid digestibility and consequently protein
synthesis (Lovell 1998). Indeed, daily feed consumption in our study was higher than that
reported by Meyer and Fracalossi (2004), probably to compensate for the lower single amino acid
digestibility. Additionally, the highest feed consumption was observed in the lowest lysine concentration diets (3.0 and 4.0%), although some
studies indicate that essential amino acid deficient
diets can decrease feed consumption (Ketola
1982; Yamamoto et al. 2001).
Vertebral collagen concentration presented
the same tendency as ANPU and WG. Higher
DIETARY LYSINE REQUIREMENT FOR RHAMDIA QUELEN
vertebral collagen formation was observed in
fish fed with the 4.5% lysine diet, confirming
the need for lysine as a precursor to hydroxylysine for connective tissue and bone matrix
formation (Sandell and Daniel 1988). Fish fed
with the basal diet (3% lysine) and the 4% lysine
diet presented the lower concentrations of vertebral collagen (P , 0.05) and were the only ones
to present clinical signs (scoliosis and lordosis)
of poor bone formation. On the other hand, fish
fed with the 4.5% lysine diet presented the highest collagen content, suggesting that this dietary
concentration is also ideal for collagen formation in jundiá.
Conclusions
The lysine requirement for jundiá fingerlings
is between 4.5 and 5.1% dietary protein, depending on the statistical method applied to estimate the requirement: broken line or polynomial
regression, respectively. Other essential amino
acid requirements were estimated based on the
lysine requirement and the essential amino acid
rate obtained by analyzing the jundiá wholebody amino acid profile. The amino acid requirements for jundiá were similar to those for
other cultivated fish species, except for isoleucine, leucine, treonine, and valine, which were
higher as a result of its higher concentration in
the jundiá body.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank Ajinomoto Interamericana Indústria e Comércio Ltd. (São Paulo,
São Paulo, Brazil) for providing the amino acids
to formulate the experimental diets. This study
was funded by a grant (474338/04-5) from
CNPq – Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientı́fico e Tecnológico (Brası́lia, DF,
Brazil). A Master’s scholarship was also granted
to the first author by CAPES – Coordenacxão de
Aperfeic
xoamento de Pessoal de Nı́vel Superior,
Brası́lia, DF, Brazil.
Literature Cited
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