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Section 1: From Appeasement to War
Scenario

What would you do…….
 If you are a parent, you have a thousand
things to do during the day and all your child
keeps asking for is a cookie. You say no the
first time. You go back to doing your chores
and your child keeps asking for the
cookie…he/she throws a temper tantrum for
the cookie. Would you give the child the
cookie?? Why or why not???
Objective:

Define appeasement and explain how it
lead Europe into WW2.
Setting the Stage

After the horror of WWI, Western
democracies try to preserve peace during the
1930s, but ignored the signs of aggression by
Germany, Italy and Japan
Start @30:40
Aggression Goes Unchecked

Dictators took
aggressive action, but
were met with verbal
protest, pleas for
peace, and slaps on
the wrist
 League of Nations
couldn’t do anything due
to lack of military
 Mussolini, Hitler, and
Tojo thought peace
meant weakness.
○ Use it to continue
aggression
Japan Overruns Manchuria and
Eastern China
First “technical” act of WWII= Japan
invading Manchuria
 Japan believed they deserved an empire as
large as Western Powers.
 What did League of Nations do?

 Condemned Japan SO Japan left League
 1937: Japan overran much of eastern China
○ Again League does nothing
 NOTE: USA sends aide to China-angers Japan (important
for later)
Spain
Spain/Franco stay out of WWII because
Britain/Churchill pay them $100 million
to stay out of the war
 Franco accepts!

Italy Takes Ethiopia (Africa)


Mussolini wants to build
up Italy
1st Target: Ethiopia
 Bitter from loss during Age of
Imperialism (Menelik II)
 Italy took Ethiopia (modern
warfare)
 League of Nations issued
sanctions (penalties)
○ no power to enforce
sanctions
 “It is us today, it will be
you tomorrow” –Ethiopian
Leader

Next target: Albania
(Balkans in Eastern
Europe)
Hitler Goes Against the Treaty of
Versailles

1933: Hitler took
Germany out of
League of Nations
and started rebuilding
military

1936: Hitler sent
troops into Rhineland
 Leaves France &
Belgium open to attack
 Gains Hitler popularity
at home b/c of German
hatred to Treaty
League of Nations Response:
Appeasement: giving into
demands of aggressor in
order to keep peace
Keeping the Peace:
Reasons for
Appeasement





France: political
instability
Great Britain: no desire
to confront Hitler
Great Britain and
France: believed fascism
better than communism
Main Focus= Great
Depression
Faith in diplomacy &
compromise




Pacifism: opposition to all
war!! Didn’t want
destruction like WW1
Fear of new modern
technology
Believed Hitler’s actions
were justified by harsh
treatment of Treaty of
Versailles
Misreading Hitler’s
intentions
What did the US do?

Neutrality Acts (mid1930s): a series of acts
passed by the US
Congress from 1935-1939
that aimed to keep US
from becoming involved in
WW2.
1.
2.
3.
Can’t sell arms to any
nation at war.
Outlawed loans to warring
nations and prohibited
Americans from traveling on
ships of warring powers.
ISOLATIONISM: avoid
involvement in European
War
Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis


Alliance= RomeBerlin-Tokyo Axis
(Axis Powers)
Agreement:
 fight Soviet
communism
 Not to interfere with
one another’s plans
for territorial
expansion
German Aggression Continues:



Hitler’s Goal: bring all
German-speaking
people into the Third
Reich
Gain more living
space for German
people-Labenschraum
Eastern Europe:
Because Germans are
superior, Germany
had the right to
conquer the Slavs in
the East


“I have the right to remove
millions of an inferior race
that breeds like vermin.”
Economic Purpose to
combat the Great
Depression:
 production of military
equipment would benefit
German industry.
 Gain new raw materials and
markets in the east
Austria Annexed:

Anschluss: union of
Austria (Hitler’s
homeland) and
Germany
1. Austria refused
2. Hitler sent German
Army to “preserve
order”
Treaty of Versailles
violation


League Response:
NOTHING!!!
The Czech Crisis:

Sudetenland:
region of western
Czechoslovakia to
Germany
The people of Hainspach in Czech
Sudetenland welcome the German
troops with a banner which reads 'Wir
Danken Unserem Fuhrer!' ('We Thank
Our Leader'),
Munich Conference:




1938
Great Britain and
France met with
Germany in
response to Hitler’s
demand
Both countries
agreed to give in to
Hitler’s demands to
avoid war
Demanded Czechs
surrender to Hitler

MUNICH PACT:
 Hitler promised GB
and France he would
not take over rest of
Czechoslovakia
“Peace for Our Time:”

Neville Chamberlain
(PM of GB) came back
to GB and said he
created “Peace for our
time!”
 To Parliament: “The
Munich Pact saved
Czechoslovakia from
destruction & Europe
from Armageddon”
In France….cheering
crowds were told they
were fools
 Winston Churchill:
British politician- said
the leaders “had to
choose between war
and dishonor. They
chose dishonor; they will
have war.”

Europe Plunges Toward War:



March 1939: Hitler
brakes Munich Pact
and took over the rest
of Czechoslovakia
Democracies
realized
Appeasement failed
The Democracies
promised to help
Poland (Hitler’s next
target!)
Nazi-Soviet Pact (Non-Aggression Pact)

August 1939: Hitler and
Stalin signed the NonAggression Pact

 Bound Hitler and Stalin to

peaceful relations.
 Secretly agreed not to fight
one another if one went to
war.
 Divide up Poland and
other parts of Eastern
Europe
Based on mutual
need
Hitler:
 Hitler wanted Poland
 Did not want to fight 2-
front war

Stalin:
 Trying to protect Soviet
Union from war
 Gain land
"The scum of the earth, I believe?". To
which Stalin replies, "The bloody
assassin of the workers, I presume?"
Invasion of Poland





September 1, 1939: one week after NonAggression Pact; Hitler and Soviet Union invade
Poland
Soviet Union from East
Hitler from West
2 days later- Britain and France declare war on
Germany
WWII Begins
EXIT SLIP
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Why did Germany, Italy & Japan want
empires?
How did re-armament affect Germany? (3
Reasons)
Why did Hitler feel justified in taking over
Austria & the Sudetenland?
What convinced Britain & France to end
the policy of appeasement?
What provoked the start of WWII in
Europe?
The Axis Attacks

Sept. 1, 1939: Hitler
invades Poland from the
West using blitzkrieg
“lightning war”
1. Luftwaffe (German air
force) bombs airfield,
factories, towns, and
cities. Dive bombers go
after civilians and troops
2. Fast moving tanks and
troops push their way
into defending Polish
army
3. Encircle troops from all
sides, forcing surrender
Stalin invades Poland from East
 Britain & France declare war on Germany

 No help to Poland since invasion was so fast
Poland fell to Germany & Soviet Union within
1 month
 Stalin also seized Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia,
& Finland for military bases and access to
ocean
 Hitler then uses blitzkrieg on Norway &
Denmark

Germany Heads to France

May 1940:
Germany
invades France
through
Ardennes Forest
in Belgium (the
“invasion proof”
area not
protected by
Maginot Line)
“Miracle of Dunkirk”, but France Falls

Germans backed Britain & France troops to
English Channel at the town of Dunkirk
 British rescued 300,000 French & British troops to
Britain



Germany invades from north through Belgium
Italy invades from south
France surrenders in same place Germany
signed armistice in WWI
 Germany occupied North
 Set up puppet state from South: Vichy
*NOTE: Germany did not give land to Italy
Operation Sea Lion

Hitler’s Plan to invade Britain
 use Luftwaffe
 Bomb Britain daily on military
bases
RAF (Royal Air Force)
battles back
 Luftwaffe turns to London &
other major cities, attacking
civilians
 London: Keep Calm and
Carry On
 After almost 1 year of
continuous bombing,
Operation Sea Lion = FAIL

Italy’s Role

North Africa
 Tried for Egypt, but stopped by British
 Hitler forced to help, opening up another
front
○ Send Rommel- “Desert Fox”=very successful
in North Africa
Another Mussolini Failure

The Balkans
 Greece
○ Mussolini’s forces
couldn’t handle
Greek resistance
○ Hitler had to bail
Mussolini out
again-now has 3
fronts
○ Axis controlled
Greece &
Yugoslavia, but
were constantly
menaced by
guerillas
 Bulgaria & Hungary
joined Axis
○ By 1941, Axis
controlled most of
Europe
Checkpoint ?

Which Regions fell under Axis Rule by
1941? Name 2
Germany Invades Soviet Union

With Failure in
Britain, Hitler
turned to Soviet
Union
 Nullifies Nazi-Soviet
Pact
 Hitler’s biggest
mistake!!!
Operation Barbarossa

Why invade
Soviet Union?
 Ural Mountains:




raw materials
Siberia: forests
Ukraine: Wheat
Access to Middle
East: oil
End communism
3 million Germans Invade &
Stalin is not prepared




During Great Purge,
Stalin had “cleaned out”
majority of officers, so
military lacked leadership
Russia lost 2.5 million
men right away
Russians used scorchedearth policy w/crops &
destroyed factories
Germans quickly
reached outside of
Moscow & Leningrad
(present day St.
Petersburg)
Leningrad

Germans sat & waited outside
Leningrad until winter set in
 Germans not prepared-many froze to death

2 ½ year battle for Leningrad
 > 1 million Russians died but kept Germany
from gaining the city
Checkpoint ? :
What caused Hitler’s invasion of the Soviet
Union to stall?
Life Under Nazi Occupation

Unless Aryan, pushed
aside to provide “living
space” for Germans
 Shot, tortured,
concentration camps
○ Concentration camps:
detention centers for
civilians who were
“enemies of the state”
 Labor camps & death camps
 Enemies included Jews,
Poles, Slavs, Gypsies,
homosexuals, disabled,
political & religious
opposition, P.O.Ws
 Conquered countries were
plundered for all resources
Holocaust
Upon invasion of the Soviet Union, Hitler
implemented “Final Solution”-organized
murder of European Jews
 Rounded up and sent to live in ghettosconfined parts within cities for Jews

 GOAL: die of disease & starvation
Extermination
Mass Shootings
 Mass Graves
 Death Camps

 Speed up
process
 6 special death
camps in Poland
○ Auschwitz,
Birkenau,
Treblinka,
Dachau
Arbeit Macht
Frei: Labor
Makes You
Free
Death Camps



Valuables taken
Heads Shaved
Separated men, women, &
children
 Young, elderly, sick killed
immediately
Gassed, starved or worked
to death, used for medical
experiments
 Cremated to cover up
evidence & mass graves
took up too much room

Cost

6 million Jews died
 = 2/3 of all European
Jews
6 million others died
Some families totally
wiped out
 Others just learning or
still searching for
answers as to what
happened to loved
ones


Refuge in Other Countries?

Friends, neighbors, strangers protected Jews
& others

Italy: despite being Axis power, did not deport or
take part in extermination
 Denmark & Bulgaria saved almost whole Jewish
population
 Allies helped and ignored
○
Strict immigration policies kept Jews from
emigrating

Hitler encouraged emigration


France accepted 40,000
Britain = 80,000, but refused anymore
people after that
 USA = 100,000
Mainly persons of “exceptional merit” due to
fear of strain on the economy, spies, & own
Anti-Semitism
○ St. Louis-ship-from Europe to USA no
allowed to unload in USA & forced to return
to Europe
○

Occupants all died in concentration camps
Checkpoint ? :
Despite Neutrality, USA looked
for ways to help Allies
Lend-Lease Act

USA to sell or lend
war materials to “any
country whose
defense the President
deems vital to the
defense of the USA”
 Warships & aid to
Britain
 Aid to China

“arsenal of
democracy” supplying
arms to those fighting
for freedom
Atlantic Charter
Secret Meeting
between FDR &
Churchill
 “final destruction of
the Nazi tyranny”
 “support right of all
peoples to choose
the form of
government under
which they live”
 “permanent system
of general security”

Hitler’s Response to Lend-Lease
Orders U-Boats to attack all supply
convoys from any country, including
USA
 FDR allows navy to attack German Uboats in self-defense

 Later becomes shoot on site
Checkpoint ?
Does the USA sound neutral?
 Where have we seen these steps the
USA is taking with the Allies before?
 Do you think Hitler has a right to attack
supply ships, including ships belonging
to the USA?

MISSION: Help Asians escape
Western colonial rule
GOAL: Japanese Empire
TREATMENT OF OTHER
ASIANS:
• Brutality
• Killing
• Torture
• Seized food
• Destroyed cities
• Enslaved people
Why is Japan Angry with the USA?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Gentlemen’s Agreement
US territories in Asia & Pacific
US gives Aid to China after Japanese
invasion & rape of Nanking
Cut sale of war materials, especially oil
after Japan increased aggression in Asia
in 1940
Views US as threat to their economy and
goal in creating an empire
USA is not truly neutral
Bottomline
Tojo wants to expand
 USA getting in his way

After USA cuts sale of materials to Japan,
enter peace talks with Japan to avoid war
-Japan envoy told to reject all proposals by
the USA
Why?
“The date which will live in
infamy…”
DECEMBER 7, 1941:
“The United States was suddenly
and deliberately attacked by naval
and air forces of the empire of
Japan” –FDR
 Tojo launched surprise attack by
bombing Pearl Harbor in Hawaii
 2400 died & majority of US Pacific
fleet & air force destroyed
1:03.252:06
Memorial at USS Arizona
Declaration of
War
December 8, 1941:
USA declares official
war with Japan
December 11:
Germany & Italy
declare war on USA
*bombing of Pearl
Harbor as big of
mistake for Japan as
invasion of Soviet
Union by Germany
The Allies Turn the Tide
Beginning in 1942, Germany was severely
bombing Britain & moving deeper into
the Soviet Union.
Japan had taken over most of the
Pacific.
BUT the USA is just now entering the
war
Allies Use Total War


Total War: devote all of
nations resources to the
war effort
Democratic governments
took more power
 Order factories to make
planes, tanks, guns & ammo,
instead of daily necessities
 Rationed food
 Issued war bonds: people
lend money to government to
be paid back with interest
after the war


Helped end depression &
decreased unemployment
Used propaganda
Japanese Internment
in USA


After Pearl Harbor,
Japanese citizens
lost jobs, property
& civil rights
FDR orders
Japanese citizens
in western USA to
internment camps
due to possible
security risk
 1988: USA offers
reparations to
families for improper
internment during
WWII
1942-1943 Turning Points

Allies begin to take control on all 4
fronts:
 Pacific
 North Africa
 Soviet Union
 France
The Big 3
F.D. Roosevelt – USA
 Winston Churchill – Britain
 Joseph Stalin – Soviet Union
 Form Alliance based on need, not trust

 Democracy vs communism

Agreed upon strategy
 Victory in Europe 1st
 Then victory in Pacific
Pacific Theater

USA wins battle of Coral Sea
 Handicaps Japanese Navy & Air Force

Battle of Midway
 USA wins
 Takes out major portions of Japan’s navy
and air force to the point Japan will never
launch another offensive attack the rest of
the war
North Africa & Italy

Battle of El Alamein
 Allies win led by General Dwight D.
Eisenhower
 Force Rommel & Germany to
surrender in 1943 in Africa

Italy
 Defeat southern Italy within 1
month
 Italian people overthrow Mussolini
& sign armistice
 Hitler sends in reinforcements and
controls northern Italy until the end
of the war
○ Forced Hitler to fight on another
front

Soviet Union
After being stalled at
Leningrad, Hitler changed
plans to hit oil fields in
southern Soviet Union near
Stalingrad
 Germany surrounded & fought
street by street
 Stalin battles back and forces the
German surrender in 1943
 With victory in Stalingrad, Red
Army continued to push Germans
out of the Soviet Union
 By 1944, Red Army advanced into
eastern Europe
France


Under Eisenhower,
Allies planned
massive invasion
from Britain into
France
Began with
bombers flying over
Germany
 Destroying factories,
aircraft, railroads &
bridges in both
France & Germany

June 5, 1944: Allies
dropped
paratroopers behind
enemy lines
D-Day: June 6, 1944

D-Day: Day of attack for Operation
Overlord
 156,000 Allied troops stormed the
beaches of Normandy, France
Liberating Paris/France Freed
By August 1944, led by General George S.
Patton, armored divisions rolled toward
Paris
 Allied forces moved in from south from Italy
 French citizens led resistance from within
 By August 25-France was freed from
German control

Western Front

For 2 years,
Germany dealt with
constant bombing of
military bases,
factories, railroads,
oil depots & cities
 GOAL: cripple
German industry &
destroy morale

Battle of Bulge:
Belgium
 1 month offensive by
Germans-last
offensive
 Allies won
Allies advanced to
Berlin from west,
Soviet Union from
east
 Hitler losing support
& defeat was coming

Yalta Conference-Feb. 1945
Meeting of Big 3 in Yalta, Soviet
Union
 Decided:

 Soviet Union would enter war vs
Japan within 3 months of German
defeat
 In return, Soviet Union would gain
land in Asia, including area in Korea
 Germany divided into 4 zones:
USA, France, Britain, Soviet Union
 Stalin also promises free elections
in Eastern Europe
Nazis Defeated

April 1945: Soviets take Berlin
 Hitler commits suicide
 May 7, 1945 Germany surrenders
In Italy, Italians execute Mussolini
 V-E Day: Victory in Europe

 May 8, 1945
How did Allies Win in Europe?
Location of Axis Powers-forced to fight
multiple fronts at the same time
2. Poor decisions by Hitler-failed to realize
Soviet Unions abilities
3. USA entered war-industry overpowered
all Axis powers combined
4. Allied bombing disabled German
industry-oil so scarce that Luftwaffe
was grounded at D-Day
1.
The Pacific

May 1942- Japan controlled
SE Asia & Pacific Islands
 Philippines: Bataan Death
March
○ 400-500 American & 10,000
Filipinos died from starvation,
thirst, murder, torture
USA Take Offensive in Pacific
After Midway & Coral Sea, USA
takes offensive
 Guadalcanal: Allies win
 “Island-hopping” campaign begins

 GOAL: recapture some islands, by-
pass others
○ Captured islands=stepping stones to
next objective = Japan

Americans led by Douglas
MacArthur
 Admiral Nimitz blockaded Japan
 Bombers launched attacks on industry,
military bases & cities
Japan will fight to the Death



Mid-1954: Japan lost
most of navy & air
force, but still had a
standing army of 2
million
Iwo Jima: Critical as
base from which planes
could reach Japan
Okinawa:
 Only 200 Japanese
soldiers survive
 Japanese use
Kamikaze: pilot who’d fly
suicide missions to
destroy plans into ships
??Invade Japan or
THE BOMB??

Manhattan Project
 Creating & using effective atomic bomb
 Led by Oppenheimer
 American scientists understood that by
splitting the atom, an explosion more
powerful than the world had ever seen
Oppenheimer
Harry Truman took office when FDR
died
 Weighed the loss of American life
with an invasion of Japan vs using
the bomb

Fat Boy & Little Man
Potsdam & Hiroshima



@ Potsdam Conference,
Truman issued warning to
Japan
“surrender or face complete
destruction and utter
devastation”
Japan did not respond
August 6, 1945: USA dropped
the atomic bomb on Hiroshimamajor military center
 Destroyed 4 square miles &
instantly killed > 70,000 people
 More were killed later due to
radiation sickness

Japan doesn’t surrender
Nagasaki & Surrender

Aug. 8, 1945: Soviet
Union declared war on
Japan & invaded
Manchuria
 Japan still doesn’t surrender

Aug. 9: USA drops 2nd
bomb on Nagasaki
 Killing> 40,000 people

Aug. 10: Emperor Hirohito
intervenes (action not
usually taken by emperor)
 Surrenders
What will the USA do with Japan?
Sept 1945: Formal peace treaty
signed with Japan
 Gen. MacArthur commands US
Forces in Japan to reshape
government & economy

 Democracy with constitution
 Emperor = figurehead

1951: US leaves Japan and
alliance set up between USA &
Japan
The End

Death Toll: 50 million
 30 million in Europe
○ Over ½ = civilians

Total war destroyed countries
to point of being
unrecognizable
 Cities, factories, harbors,
bridges, railroads, farms &
homes
 Refugees, hunger, disease,
mental illness
Nuremberg Trials

Horrors of Holocaust
 Allies put Nazi criminals on trial
for “crimes against humanity”
 Nuremburg, Germany- symbolic
since Hitler staged some of his
first rallies to gain power there
 200 tried & most found guilty
○ Speer, Hess, Goering
○ Some received death penalty
 Many fled and were never
found-some still being arrested,
tried and convicted (Nazi
Hunters)
 Showed political & military
leaders could be held
accountable-people responsible
for actions during war

Similar trials were held in
Japan
United Nations Formed

50 Nations create United Nations
 Each nation = 1 vote in General
Assembly
 Security Council = 5 permanent
members
○ USA, Soviet Union (now Russia), Britain,
France, China
○ Have to right to veto General Assembly
vote
○ GOAL: ensure peace
 Apply economic sanctions
 Send peace-keeping military force to resolve
disputes
World Problems UN Resolves
Prevent outbreak of disease
 Improve education
 Protect refugees
 Help nations develop economies
 Includes Agencies:

 World Health Organization
 Food & Agriculture Organization
Checkpoint ?

What are some major differences
between League of Nations & the United
Nations?