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EGYPT an Introduction The Land The Kingdoms The Classes Advances Special Unit Topics: Architecture, Religion, Daily Life, Leadership Egyptian Empire ~ 1450 BCE Geography of the Ancient Nile Valley “Egypt is wholly the gift of the Nile.” >Herodotus Settled & established farming villages along Nile. Egyptians depended on annual floods to soak the land & deposit a layer of silt or rich soil. Egyptians had to cooperate to control the Nile, building dikes, reservoirs and irrigation ditches. Rulers used Nile to link/unite Upper/Lower Egypt. Nile served as trade route connecting Egypt to Africa, the Middle East and Mediterranean world. Egypt & Nubia For centuries, Egypt traded or fought with Nubia. During the New Kingdom, Egypt conquered Nubia. o Nubians served in Egyptian armies & influenced Egyptian culture o Egyptian art from this period shows Nubian soldiers, musicians or prisoners When Egypt declined, Nubia conquered Egypt o Nubians did not see themselves as conquerors o They respected Egyptian traditions Actual borders of Nubia shifted over time Peoples of Nubia formed several kingdoms and civilizations Today, Nubia is defined as the Nile area between Aswan of Egypt and Khartoum (capital of Sudan), bordered by: oRed Sea in the east oLibyan desert in the west Northern border of Nubia @ 1st cataract at Aswan -- known as “Wawat” Southern end at 2nd cataract oNow inundated by Lake Nasser oWas referred to as: “Cush” by Egyptians, and as “Ethiopia” by ancient Greeks. “Nubia” either comes from: oNubian word “Nob” <gold>, or o“Nugur” / “Nub” <meaning black> Both are plausible Nubia was, in ancient times: oGreat producer of gold, and <mainly for the Egyptian market> oInhabited by African Blacks Early Dynastic (2920-2575 B.C.E.) Unification of Upper & Lower Egypt into single Kingdom: Pharaoh Narmer Old Kingdom (2575-2134 B.C.E.) Despotic Dynasties of Pharaohs. Construction of Pyramids. 1st Intermediate- (2134-2040 B.C.E.) Chaos & Disunity Middle Kingdom (2040-1640 B.C.E.) Reestablishment of Kingdom. Thebes as political center. Beginning of powerful cult of Amun 2nd Intermediate (1640-1530 B.C.E.) Hyksos Invasion New Kingdom (1530-1070 B.C.E.) Imperial period (Valley of the Kings) Late Period (1070-332 B.C.E.) Decline. Conquest by Alexander-the-Great OLD KINGDOM Pharaohs organized a strong central state, were absolute rulers, and were considered gods. Egyptians built pyramids at Giza. Power struggles, crop failures, and cost of pyramids contributed to the collapse of the Old Kingdom. MIDDLE KINGDOM Large drainage project created arable farmland. Traders had contacts with Middle East and Crete. Corruption and rebellions were common. Hyksos invaded & occupied the delta region. NEW KINGDOM Powerful pharaohs created a large empire that reached the Euphrates River. Hatshepsut encouraged trade. Ramses II expanded Egyptian rule to Syria. Egyptian power declined. Class System in Ancient Egypt PHARAOH Earthly leader; considered a god HIGH PRIESTS & PRIESTESSES Served gods and goddesses NOBLES Fought pharaoh’s wars MERCHANTS, SCRIBES & ARTISANS Made furniture, jewelry & fabrics for pharaohs & nobles, & provided for other needs PEASANT FARMERS & SLAVES Worked in the fields and served the pharaoh Advances in Learning Developed a form of picture writing called hieroglyphics. Doctors diagnosed & cured illnesses, performed surgery, developed medicines still used today. Advances in the Arts Statues, paintings & writings tell us about ancient Egyptian values & attitudes. Developed painting style that remained unchanged for thousands of years. Developed 12-month calendar on which modern calendar is based. Wrote hymns and prayers to the gods, proverbs, love poems, Astronomers mapped stories of victory in battle & folk constellations, charted tales. movement of planets. Built pyramids & other great Developed practical geometry. buildings, such as temple of Skilled in design & engineering. Ramses II. Overview of religion in Ancient Egypt Belief that many gods and goddesses ruled the world and the afterlife: Polytheism Pharaoh was believed to be a god as well as a monarch: Divine Rule Belief in eternal life after death. Relied on the Book of the Dead to help them through the afterworld: Eschatology Practiced mummification, the preservation of the body for use in the next life. More to follow…