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Wake Acceleration Academy - Biology Note Guide Unit 4: Descriptive Genetics Extra Resources Website: http://waa-science.weebly.com Module 1: Sexual Reproduction Vocabulary Term Definition (You may use an Internet search to help define terms) Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction Gamete Zygote Fertilization (of gametes) Somatic Cells Diploid Haploid Key Questions: 1. Classify the following statements as either asexual or sexual reproduction Statement Asexual or Sexual Reproduction? can reproduce by itself requires a mate produces an offspring that is not identical to the parent produces an offspring that is identical to the parent 2. Male and female sex cells are called gametes. When two gametes are fused together they make a ________. The process of fusing together two gametes is called fertilization. 3. What is the difference between external fertilization and internal fertilization? 4. Gametes are the sex cells in an organism. What is the name for the non-sex cells? 5. Which type of reproduction (asexual or sexual) is quicker? Why? 6. Which type of reproduction (asexual or sexual) provides more genetic diversity? Why? 1 7. How many daughter cells are made in meiosis? How many are made in mitosis? Does meiosis or mitosis produce identical daughter cells? [Help diagram at end 8. Are sperm haploid or diploid cells? Are ovule in females haploid or diploid cells? 9. How does random fertilization add to genetic variation? Types of Asexual Reproduction (Use Slides 6-7) Method Fission \ Fragmentation Budding 2 Description Diagram Spore Formation Vegetative Propagation 3 Module 2: Meiosis in Life Cycles Vocabulary Term Definition (You may use an Internet search to help define terms) Crossing Over (in meiosis) Tetrad Formation (in meiosis) Gametogenesis Key Questions: 1. Which types of cells undergo meiosis? (Somatic or Germ cells?) 2. Which types of cells undergo mitosis? (Somatic or Germ cells?) 3. Review: Diploid cells reproduce by mitosis and haploid cells are a result of meiosis. How does the diploid number of chromosomes compare to the haploid number of chromosomes? 4. What is the difference between a tetrad and sister chromatid? 5. Spermatogenesis occurs in males. How many haploid sperm are produced from one germinal cell? 6. Oogenesis occurs in females. In Oogenesis, cytokinesis is unequal, what is formed at the last stage? 4 7. Name and the three mechanisms to genetic variation by completing the table below: Method of Genetic Variation Description 1. 2. 3. Stages of Meiosis (Slide 8 of 20) Stage Meiosis I A daughter cell can receive any combination of maternal and paternal chromosomes Takes place in prophase I of meiosis when homologous chromosomes lie side by side and sister chromatids exchange genetic material with each other to produce a new combination. An ovum can fuse with any of the millions of sperm present at the time of mating Description Interphase I Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I & Cytokinesis Stage Meiosis II Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II & Cytokinesis 5 Description Module 3: Mendelian Genetics *View http://waa-science.weebly.com/biology.html for alternative options for the lesson activities Vocabulary Term Definition (You may use an Internet search to help define terms) Gregor Mendel Allele Phenotype Principle of Unit Characters Punnett Square Principle of Dominance Principle of Segregation Principle of Independent Assortment Key Questions: 1. What is the significance of a capital letter on a Punnett square? What about a lower case letter? 2. What do the following abbreviations represent? P, F1, F2 6 3. What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous parents? 4. What is the difference between a monohybrid and a dihybrid offspring? 5. At which stage does segregation of gene pairs take place? Be able to express the results of a Punnett square in terms of probability (ex: 25%, 50%, ¼, ¾ etc.) Practice Punnett Squares (Slides 7-8 of 19) Example A Practice #1 B B B b B b b Example B B Practice #3 YR RY Ry rY ry 7 Practice #2 yR rY ry Module 4: Gene-Based Inheritance Vocabulary Term Definition (You may use an Internet search to help define terms) Genotype Phenotype Codominance Incomplete Dominance Multiple Alleles Pleiotrophy Epistasis Polygenic Inheritance Key Questions: 1. How is blood type a good example of codominance? (use an outside resource in addition to the tutorial information). In your response explain how blood types are determined. 8 2. How is the snapdragon a good example of incomplete dominance? 3. How is the coat color of mice a good example of multiple alleles? 4. How is sickle cell anemia an example of pleiotrohy? 5. How is the fur color in mice a good example for epistasis? 6. How is human skin color a good example of polygenic inheritance? 9 Module 5: Chromosomal Inheritance Vocabulary Term Definition (You may use an Internet search to help define terms) Genetic Recombinant Hemophilia Chromosomal Mutations Chromosomal Nondisjunctions Trisomy Key Questions: 1. How is chromosome-based inheritance different from gene-based inheritance? 2. Describe the relationship between linked genes and chromosomes. 3. What is the effect of linkage on recombination? 4. What increases the frequency of crossovers? 5. The two sex chromosomes are X and Y. What pair of sex chromosomes do males have? Females have? 6. Who determines the sex of the child, the father or the mother? Why? 10 7. Why are females less affected by X-linked disorders than males? 8. Why is hemophilia more commonly seen in males? Can females carry the gene? 9. Chromosomal aberrations are genetic disorders caused when the number or structure of chromosomes changes. There are two types: mutations and nondisjunctions. What are two examples of disorders caused by chromosomal aberrations? 11