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Wake Acceleration Academy - Biology
Note Guide Unit 4: Descriptive Genetics
Extra Resources Website: http://waa-science.weebly.com
Module 1: Sexual Reproduction
Vocabulary Term
Definition
(You may use an Internet search to help define terms)
Asexual
Reproduction
Sexual
Reproduction
Gamete
Zygote
Fertilization
(of gametes)
Somatic Cells
Diploid
Haploid
Key Questions:
1. Classify the following statements as either asexual or sexual reproduction
Statement
Asexual or Sexual Reproduction?
can reproduce by itself
requires a mate
produces an offspring that is not identical to the parent
produces an offspring that is identical to the parent
2. Male and female sex cells are called gametes. When two gametes are fused together they make a ________.
The process of fusing together two gametes is called fertilization.
3. What is the difference between external fertilization and internal fertilization?
4. Gametes are the sex cells in an organism. What is the name for the non-sex cells?
5. Which type of reproduction (asexual or sexual) is quicker? Why?
6. Which type of reproduction (asexual or sexual) provides more genetic diversity? Why?
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7. How many daughter cells are made in meiosis? How many are made in mitosis? Does meiosis or mitosis
produce identical daughter cells? [Help diagram at end
8. Are sperm haploid or diploid cells? Are ovule in females haploid or diploid cells?
9. How does random fertilization add to genetic variation?
Types of Asexual Reproduction (Use Slides 6-7)
Method
Fission
\
Fragmentation
Budding
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Description
Diagram
Spore
Formation
Vegetative
Propagation
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Module 2: Meiosis in Life Cycles
Vocabulary Term
Definition
(You may use an Internet search to help define terms)
Crossing Over
(in meiosis)
Tetrad Formation
(in meiosis)
Gametogenesis
Key Questions:
1. Which types of cells undergo meiosis? (Somatic or Germ cells?)
2. Which types of cells undergo mitosis? (Somatic or Germ cells?)
3. Review: Diploid cells reproduce by mitosis and haploid cells are a result
of meiosis. How does the diploid number of chromosomes compare to
the haploid number of chromosomes?
4. What is the difference between a tetrad and sister
chromatid?
5. Spermatogenesis occurs in males. How many haploid
sperm are produced from one germinal cell?
6. Oogenesis occurs in females. In Oogenesis, cytokinesis
is unequal, what is formed at the last stage?
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7. Name and the three mechanisms to genetic variation by completing the table below:
Method of Genetic Variation
Description
1.
2.
3.
Stages of Meiosis (Slide 8 of 20)
Stage
Meiosis I
A daughter cell can receive any combination of maternal and
paternal chromosomes
Takes place in prophase I of meiosis when homologous
chromosomes lie side by side and sister chromatids exchange
genetic material with each other to produce a new combination.
An ovum can fuse with any of the millions of sperm present at the
time of mating
Description
Interphase I
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I &
Cytokinesis
Stage
Meiosis II
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II &
Cytokinesis
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Description
Module 3: Mendelian Genetics
*View http://waa-science.weebly.com/biology.html for alternative options for the lesson activities
Vocabulary Term
Definition
(You may use an Internet search to help define terms)
Gregor Mendel
Allele
Phenotype
Principle of Unit
Characters
Punnett Square
Principle of
Dominance
Principle of
Segregation
Principle of
Independent
Assortment
Key Questions:
1. What is the significance of a capital letter on a Punnett square? What about a lower case letter?
2. What do the following abbreviations represent? P, F1, F2
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3. What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous parents?
4. What is the difference between a monohybrid and a dihybrid offspring?
5. At which stage does segregation of gene pairs take place?
Be able to express the results of a Punnett square in terms of probability (ex: 25%, 50%, ¼, ¾ etc.)
Practice Punnett Squares (Slides 7-8 of 19)
Example A
Practice #1
B
B
B
b
B
b
b
Example B
B
Practice #3
YR
RY
Ry
rY
ry
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Practice #2
yR
rY
ry
Module 4: Gene-Based Inheritance
Vocabulary Term
Definition
(You may use an Internet search to help define terms)
Genotype
Phenotype
Codominance
Incomplete
Dominance
Multiple Alleles
Pleiotrophy
Epistasis
Polygenic
Inheritance
Key Questions:
1. How is blood type a good example of codominance? (use an outside resource in addition to the tutorial
information). In your response explain how blood types are determined.
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2. How is the snapdragon a good example of incomplete dominance?
3. How is the coat color of mice a good example of multiple alleles?
4. How is sickle cell anemia an example of pleiotrohy?
5. How is the fur color in mice a good example for epistasis?
6. How is human skin color a good example of polygenic inheritance?
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Module 5: Chromosomal Inheritance
Vocabulary Term
Definition
(You may use an Internet search to help define terms)
Genetic
Recombinant
Hemophilia
Chromosomal
Mutations
Chromosomal
Nondisjunctions
Trisomy
Key Questions:
1. How is chromosome-based inheritance different from gene-based inheritance?
2. Describe the relationship between linked genes and chromosomes.
3. What is the effect of linkage on recombination?
4. What increases the frequency of crossovers?
5. The two sex chromosomes are X and Y. What pair of sex chromosomes do males have? Females have?
6. Who determines the sex of the child, the father or the mother? Why?
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7. Why are females less affected by X-linked disorders than males?
8. Why is hemophilia more commonly seen
in males? Can females carry the gene?
9. Chromosomal aberrations are genetic disorders caused when the number or structure of chromosomes
changes. There are two types: mutations and nondisjunctions. What are two examples of disorders caused
by chromosomal aberrations?
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