Download Unit 13 - Treatment of Psychological Disorders

UNIT 13
Psychosurgery
Psychiatrists
Magnetic
Impulses
Psychiatrist
Biomedical
Therapy
Drugs
Treatment
and
Therapies
Types of
Therapists
Clinical
Psychologists
Electroconvulsive
Therapy
Family and
Group
Therapy
Psychotherapy
Psychoanalysis
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Social
Workers
Counselors
Cognitive
Therapy
Behavioral
Therapy




The Psychological Therapies
Evaluating Psychotherapies
The Biomedical Therapies
Preventing Psychological
Disorders
Maltreatment of the insane throughout the ages
was the result of irrational views. Many patients
were subjected to strange, debilitating, and
downright dangerous treatments.
Philippe Pinel in France and Dorthea Dix in
America founded humane movements to care for
the mentally sick.
Philippe Pinel (1745-1826)
Dorthea Dix (1802-1887)
 About
15% of population in a given
year
 Most common: anxiety and
depression
 Women more willing than men
 Stigma surrounding mental health
Psychotherapy involves an emotionally charged,
confiding interaction between a trained therapist
and a mental patient.
Biomedical therapy uses drugs or other
procedures that act on the patient’s nervous
system, treating his or her psychological disorders.
An eclectic approach uses various forms of
healing techniques depending upon the client’s
unique problems.
Psychosurgery
Psychiatrists
Magnetic
Impulses
Psychiatrist
Biomedical
Therapy
Drugs
Treatment
and
Therapies
We are
here
Electroconvulsive
Therapy
Psychoanalysis
Humanistic
Cognitive
Therapy
Behavioral
Therapy
Types of
Therapists
Clinical
Psychologists
Family and
Group
Therapy
Psychotherapy
Psychodynamic
Social
Workers
Counselors
Psychosurgery
Psychiatrists
Magnetic
Impulses
Psychiatrist
Biomedical
Therapy
Drugs
Treatment
and
Therapies
Types of
Therapists
Clinical
Psychologists
Electroconvulsive
Therapy
We are
here
Family and
Group
Therapy
Psychotherapy
Psychoanalysis
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Social
Workers
Counselors
Cognitive
Therapy
Behavioral
Therapy
The first formal psychotherapy to emerge was
psychoanalysis, developed by Sigmund Freud.
Sigmund Freud's famous couch
Since psychological problems originate from
childhood repressed impulses and conflicts, the
aim of psychoanalysis is to bring repressed
feelings into conscious awareness where the
patient can deal with them.
When energy devoted to id-ego-superego conflicts
is released, the patient’s anxiety lessens.
Dissatisfied with
hypnosis, Freud
developed the method of
free association to
unravel the unconscious
mind and its conflicts.
The patient lies on a
couch and speaks about
whatever comes to his or
her mind.
During free association, the patient edits his
thoughts, resisting his or her feelings to express
emotions. Such resistance becomes important in
the analysis of conflict-driven anxiety.
Eventually the patient opens up and reveals his or
her innermost private thoughts, developing
positive or negative feelings (transference)
towards the therapist.
1.
2.
Psychoanalysis is hard to refute because it
cannot be proven or disproven.
Psychoanalysis takes a long time and is very
expensive.
 Psychodynamic therapy
 Influenced by Freud
 Similarities with psychoanalysis
▪ Focus on common themes in relationships
across life
 Differences with psychoanalysis
▪ Face to face
▪ Much shorter in duration – Interpersonal
psychotherapy

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QV6DpJKW6a0
Psychosurgery
Psychiatrists
Magnetic
Impulses
Psychiatrist
Biomedical
Therapy
Drugs
Treatment
and
Therapies
Types of
Therapists
Clinical
Psychologists
Electroconvulsive
Therapy
Psychoanalysis
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Social
Workers
Counselors
Family and
Group
Therapy
Psychotherapy
We are
here
Cognitive
Therapy
Behavioral
Therapy
 Insight
therapies focus more on:
 the present rather than the past
 conscious rather than the unconscious
 taking immediate responsibility
 promoting growth instead of curing
 Client-centered
therapy – Carl Rogers
 Nondirective therapy
 Genuineness, acceptance, and empathy
 Active listening
▪ Paraphrase
▪ Invite clarification
▪ Reflect feelings
 Unconditional positive regard
 Active listening
 Paraphrase
▪ Summarize in own words
 Invite clarification
▪ “What might be an example of this?”
 Reflect feelings
▪ What you’re sensing from speaker’s body
language and intensity
 Unconditional positive regard
In stark contrast to psychoanalysis, humanistic
therapists assume that people are generally good
and healthy, but can be negatively affected by
pressure from oneself and society.
Humanistic therapists accomplish treatment
through genuineness, empathy, and
unconditional regard and acceptance for their
clients.
Psychosurgery
Psychiatrists
Magnetic
Impulses
Psychiatrist
Biomedical
Therapy
Drugs
Treatment
and
Therapies
Types of
Therapists
Clinical
Psychologists
Electroconvulsive
Therapy
Psychotherapy
Psychoanalysis
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Social
Workers
Counselors
We are
here
Cognitive
Therapy
Behavioral
Therapy
Family and
Group
Therapy
Therapy that applies learning principles to the
elimination of unwanted behaviors.
To treat phobias or sexual disorders, behavior
therapists do not delve deeply below the surface
looking for inner causes.
The behaviors are the problem, so we must
change the behaviors!
Counterconditioning is a procedure that
conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger
unwanted behaviors.
It is based on classical conditioning and includes
exposure therapy and aversive conditioning.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t9Av2l4t0U4 - Sheldon
The Far Side © 1986 FARWORKS. Reprinted with Permission. All Rights Reserved.
Expose patients to
things they fear and
avoid. Through
repeated exposures,
anxiety lessens
because they habituate
to the things feared.
A type of exposure
therapy that
associates a pleasant,
relaxed state with
gradually increasing
anxiety-triggering
stimuli commonly
used to treat phobias.
Extreme form:
Flooding
A type of
counterconditioning
that associates an
unpleasant state with
an unwanted behavior.
With this technique,
temporary conditioned
aversion to alcohol has
been reported.
BEHAVIOR THERAPIES:
AVERSION THERAPY
BEHAVIOR THERAPIES:
AVERSION THERAPY
BEHAVIOR THERAPIES:
AVERSION THERAPY
Operant conditioning procedures enable
therapists to use behavior modification, in which
desired behaviors are rewarded and undesired
behaviors are either unrewarded or punished.
A number of withdrawn, uncommunicative
3-year-old autistic children have been successfully
trained by giving and withdrawing reinforcements
for desired and undesired behaviors.
In institutional settings, therapists may create a
token economy in which patients exchange a
token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the
desired behavior, for various privileges or treats.



How durable are the behaviors?
Will people become dependent upon
extrinsic rewards?
Is it right for one human to control
another’s behavior?
Psychosurgery
Psychiatrists
Magnetic
Impulses
Psychiatrist
Biomedical
Therapy
Drugs
Treatment
and
Therapies
Types of
Therapists
Clinical
Psychologists
Electroconvulsive
Therapy
Family and
Group
Therapy
Psychotherapy
Psychoanalysis
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Social
Workers
Counselors
Cognitive
Therapy
Behavioral
Therapy
We are
here
Teaches people adaptive ways of thinking and acting
based on the assumption that thoughts intervene
between events and our emotional reactions.
Aaron Beck (1979) suggests that depressed
patients believe that they can never be happy
(thinking) and thus associate minor failings (e.g.
failing a test [event]) in life as major causes for
their depression.
Beck believes that
cognitions such as
“I can never be happy”
need to change in
order for depressed
patients to recover. This
change is brought
about by gently
questioning patients.

GOAL IS TO
REVERSE
CATASTROPHIZING
BELIEFS

Stress inoculation
training
Cognitive therapists often combine the reversal of
self-defeated thinking with efforts to modify
behavior.
Cognitive-behavior therapy aims to alter the way
people act (behavior therapy) and alter the way
they think (cognitive therapy).
Psychosurgery
Psychiatrists
Magnetic
Impulses
Psychiatrist
Biomedical
Therapy
Drugs
Treatment
and
Therapies
Types of
Therapists
Clinical
Psychologists
Electroconvulsive
Therapy
Family and
Group
Therapy
Psychotherapy
Psychoanalysis
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Social
Workers
Counselors
Cognitive
Therapy
Behavioral
Therapy
We are
here
Group therapy normally consists of 6-9 people
attending a 90-minute session that can help
more people and costs less. Clients benefit from
knowing others have similar problems.
Family therapy treats the family as a system.
Therapy guides family members toward positive
relationships and improved communication.
COMPARISION OF
PSYCHOTHERAPIES
 Regression toward the mean
 Client’s perceptions
 Clinician’s perceptions
 Outcome research
 Meta-analysis
 Placebo
treatments

Evidence-based practice
 Eye
movement desensitization and
reprocessing (EMDR)
 Light exposure therapy
 Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
 Hope for demoralized people
 A new perspective
 An empathic, trusting, caring
relationship
 Similarities between cultures
 Differences between cultures
Psychosurgery
Psychiatrists
Magnetic
Impulses
Psychiatrist
Biomedical
Therapy
Drugs
Treatment
and
Therapies
We are
here
Family and
Group
Therapy
Psychotherapy
Psychoanalysis
Humanistic
Types of
Therapists
Clinical
Psychologists
Electroconvulsive
Therapy
Psychodynamic
Social
Workers
Counselors
Cognitive
Therapy
Behavioral
Therapy
TYPES OF THERAPISTS
TYPES OF THERAPISTS
TYPES OF THERAPISTS
TYPES OF THERAPISTS
TYPES OF THERAPISTS
Psychosurgery
Psychiatrists
Magnetic
Impulses
Psychiatrist
Biomedical
Therapy
Drugs
Treatment
We are
and
here
Therapies
Types of
Therapists
Clinical
Psychologists
Electroconvulsive
Therapy
Family and
Group
Therapy
Psychotherapy
Psychoanalysis
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Social
Workers
Counselors
Cognitive
Therapy
Behavioral
Therapy
 Biomedical
therapy
 Drugs - psychopharmacology
 Electroconvulsive therapy – shock
treatment
 Magnetic impulses - rTMS
 Psychosurgery - lobotomy
 Psychiatrists
Psychosurgery
Psychiatrists
Magnetic
Impulses
Psychiatrist
Biomedical
Therapy
Drugs
Treatment
and
Therapies
Types of
Therapists
We are
here Electroconvulsive
Clinical
Psychologists
Therapy
Family and
Group
Therapy
Psychotherapy
Psychoanalysis
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Social
Workers
Counselors
Cognitive
Therapy
Behavioral
Therapy
 Psychopharmacology
 Factors to consider with
drug
therapy
 Normal recovery rate of untreated
patients
 Placebo effect
▪ Double blind procedure
DRUG THERAPIES
 Antipsychotic
drugs
 Psychoses
 Chlorpromazine
(Thorazine)
 Dopamine
 Tardive dyskinesia
 Atypical antipsychotics (Clozaril)
▪ Positive and negative symptoms
 Antianxiety
drugs
 Xanax, Ativan, D-cycloserine
 Physiological dependence
 Antidepressant
drugs
 Use with mood and anxiety disorders
 Fluoxetine (Prozac), Paxil
▪ Selective-serotonin-reuptake inhibitors
(SSRIs)
▪ Neurogenesis
 Side effects of
antidepressants
DRUG THERAPIES:
ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUGS
DRUG THERAPIES:
ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUGS
DRUG THERAPIES:
ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUGS
 Mood-stabilizing
 Lithium
 Depakote
medications
Psychosurgery
Psychiatrists
Magnetic
Impulses
Psychiatrist
Biomedical
Therapy
Drugs
Treatment
and
We areTherapies
here
Types of
Therapists
Clinical
Psychologists
Electroconvulsive
Therapy
Family and
Group
Therapy
Psychotherapy
Psychoanalysis
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Social
Workers
Counselors
Cognitive
Therapy
Behavioral
Therapy
 Electroconvulsive
therapy
 Procedure
 Severe depression
 Problems/side effects
We are
here
Psychosurgery
Magnetic
Impulses
Psychiatrist
Biomedical
Therapy
Drugs
Psychiatrists
Treatment
and
Therapies
Types of
Therapists
Clinical
Psychologists
Electroconvulsive
Therapy
Family and
Group
Therapy
Psychotherapy
Psychoanalysis
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Social
Workers
Counselors
Cognitive
Therapy
Behavioral
Therapy
 Magnetic
Stimulation
 Repetitive transcranial magnetic
stimulations (rTMS)
 Deep-Brain
Stimulation
BRAIN STIMULATION:
ALTERNATIVE NEUROSTIMULATION THERPAIES
Psychosurgery
We are
here
Psychiatrist
Biomedical
Therapy
Drugs
Psychiatrists
Magnetic
Impulses
Treatment
and
Therapies
Types of
Therapists
Clinical
Psychologists
Electroconvulsive
Therapy
Family and
Group
Therapy
Psychotherapy
Psychoanalysis
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Social
Workers
Counselors
Cognitive
Therapy
Behavioral
Therapy
 Psychosurgery
 Lobotomy
▪ History
▪ Procedure
▪ Side effects
▪ Use today
 Resilience
 Preventing
psychological disorders
 Integrated biopsychosocial system
 Therapeutic life-style change
 Aerobic exercise
 Adequate sleep
 Light exposure
 Social connection
 Anti-rumination
 Nutritional supplements