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prepared by
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Atlantic Cape Community
College
CHAPTER
4
Tissue: The
Living Fabric:
Part B
© Annie Leibovitz/Contact Press Images
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cells in Tissues can be spaced differently
Epithelial tissue cells are packed close together, with only a
small amount of fluid between them.
Many connective tissue cells are spaced further apart, with a
gooey substance between them
Other connective tissue cells also have fibers within the gooey
substance.
CONNECTIVE TISSUES CELLS secrete gel and fibers
cell
protein fiber
INTRAcellular fluid
Ground substance:
A name for all extra
fluid, gel,or minerals
between cells
*Matrix = Ground Substance PLUS fibers
Many types of cell are found in CT
• Each CT has its own cell types with a particular function:
• Adipose CT has adipocytes store fat
• Blood CT has erythrocytes which carry oxygen
• Areolar CT has fibroblasts which make fibers
• Cartilage CT has chondroblasts which make fibers,
• NOTE:
• Cyte = mature cell
• Blast= cell that can still develop into a cyte, and
usually make fibers
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Around the cells are:
1. Ground substance: a sugary complex (hyaluronic acid
and proteoglycan) that traps water and nutrients near the
cells to keep them hydrated.
Around the cells are:
2. Protein fibers such as
-Collagen fibers (made of collagen)
• Strongest and most common fiber
-Elastic fibers (made of elastin)
• allow for stretch
-Reticular fibers (made of collagen)
• Short, fine, highly branched fibers
Let’s learn the specific connective tissues!
AREOLAR CT
ADIPOSE CT
BLOOD CT
DENSE REGULAR CT
DENSE IRREGULAR CT
ELASTIC CT
HYALINE CARTILAGE CT
ELASTIC CARTILAGE CT
FIBROCARTILAGE CT
OSSEOUS CT
COMPACT
SPONGY
RETICULAR CT
AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
(a) Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, areolar
Description: Gel-like matrix with all
three fiber types; cells: fibroblasts,
macrophages, mast cells, and some
white blood cells.
Elastic
fibers
Function: Wraps and cushions
organs; its macrophages phagocytize
bacteria; plays important role in
inflammation; holds and conveys
tissue fluid.
Collagen
fibers
Location: Widely distributed under
epithelia of body, e.g., forms lamina
propria of mucous membranes;
packages organs; surrounds
capillaries.
Fibroblast
nuclei
Epithelium
Lamina
propria
Photomicrograph: Areolar connective tissue, a
soft packaging tissue of the body (300x).
Figure 4.8a
Cell types Areolar CT cartoon
Macrophage
Extracellular
matrix
Ground substance
Fibers
• Collagen fiber
• Elastic fiber
• Reticular fiber
Fibroblast
Lymphocyte
Fat cell
Capillary
Mast cell
Neutrophil
Figure 4.7
• Location: surrounds blood vessels, nerves, and
muscles.
• Functions: cushions organs, and provides an
immune defense
• Cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, leukocytes,
plasma cells, mast cells, and adipocytes
• Matrix elastic fibers, collagen fibers, reticular fibers, and gel
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
ADIPOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
(b) Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, adipose
Description: Matrix as in areolar,
but very sparse; closely packed
adipocytes, or fat cells, have
nucleus pushed to the side by large
fat droplet.
Function: Provides reserve food
fuel; insulates against heat loss;
supports and protects organs.
Nucleus of
fat cell
Location: Under skin in the
hypodermis; around kidneys and
eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts.
Vacuole
containing
fat droplet
Adipose
tissue
Mammary
glands
Photomicrograph: Adipose tissue from the
subcutaneous layer under the skin (350x).
Figure 4.8b
• Location here: Hypodermis (below skin)
• Function: energy storage, insulation and
protective cushioning
• Cells: adipocytes
• No matrix.
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BLOOD CONNECTIVE TISSUE
(k) Others: blood
Description: Red and white
blood cells in a fluid matrix
(plasma).
Plasma
Function: Transport of
respiratory gases, nutrients,
wastes, and other substances.
Location: Contained within
blood vessels.
Type of
leukocyte
Erythrocytes
Type of
leukocyte
Photomicrograph: Smear of human blood (1860x); two
white blood cells (neutrophil in upper left and lymphocyte
in lower right) are seen surrounded by red blood cells.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4.8k
• Location: inside blood vessels
• Cells: erythrocytes, leukocytes
• Function: carries fluid, gas, nutrients, wastes
and hormones
• Matrix: plasma and fibrin (does not form fibers
unless exposed to air)
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Bloody Case Study
•
Daryl is a 2 year old male who recently
moved with his family from Florida to
Wisconsin. Playing in the snow for his first
time he becomes increasingly cranky and
will not stop crying. He seems to have pain,
fever, and rapid heart rate. His parents tell
the ER nurse they think he may be
developing the flu.
Your job: compare his blood work (below)
with normal blood work (above). Write
down BOTH similarities and difference in
what you see.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
(d) Connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, dense regular
Description: Primarily parallel
collagen fibers; a few elastic fibers;
major cell type is the fibroblast.
Collagen
fibers
Function: Attaches muscles to
bones or to muscles; attaches bones
to bones; withstands great tensile
stress when pulling force is applied
in one direction.
Location: Tendons, most
ligaments, aponeuroses.
Nuclei of
fibroblasts
Shoulder
joint
Ligament
Photomicrograph: Dense regular connective
tissue from a tendon (500x).
Tendon
Figure 4.8d
• Location: tendons and ligaments
• Function: strong rope connects muscle to
bone, or bone to bone
• Cells: Fibroblasts
• Matrix: collagen fibers and gel
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DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
(e) Connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, dense irregular
Description: Primarily
irregularly arranged collagen
fibers; some elastic fibers;
major cell type is the fibroblast.
Nuclei of
fibroblasts
Function: Able to withstand
tension exerted in many
directions; provides structural
strength.
Location: Fibrous capsules of
organs and of joints; dermis of
the skin; submucosa of
digestive tract.
Fibrous
joint
capsule
Collagen
fibers
Photomicrograph: Dense irregular
connective tissue from the dermis of the
skin (400x).
Figure 4.8e
• Location: dermis of skin, around organs.
• Function: Strong net “covering” for organs
• Cells: Fibroblasts
• Matrix: collagen fibers and gel
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
The major difference between Dense
Regular and Dense Irregular CT is:
A. The type of protein
fibers in each
B. The cell types in
each
C. The orientation of
the fibers
D. The color it stains
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
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(f) Connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, elastic
Description: Dense regular
connective tissue containing a high
proportion of elastic fibers.
Function: Allows recoil of tissue
following stretching; maintains
pulsatile flow of blood through
arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs
following inspiration.
Elastic fibers
Location: Walls of large arteries;
within certain ligaments associated
with the vertebral column; within the
walls of the bronchial tubes.
Aorta
Heart
Photomicrograph: Elastic connective tissue in
the wall of the aorta (250x).
Figure 4.8f
• Location: Within artery walls
• Function: provides elasticity within arteries
• Cells: Fibroblasts
• Matrix: elastic fibers and gel
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This is elastic tissue in the aorta. What is happening in Marfan syndrome?
Which of the following is a possibly fatal
complication for patients with Marfan’s
Syndrome?
A. Fibrotic tumors
B. Aortic aneurisms
C. Auto immune
disease
D. Dwarfism
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
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(g) Cartilage: hyaline
Description: Amorphous but firm
matrix; collagen fibers form an
imperceptible network; chondroblasts
produce the matrix and when mature
(chondrocytes) lie in lacunae.
Function: Supports and reinforces;
has resilient cushioning properties;
resists compressive stress.
Location: Forms most of the
embryonic skeleton; covers the ends
of long bones in joint cavities; forms
costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages
of the nose, trachea, and larynx.
Chondrocyte
in lacuna
Matrix
Costal
cartilages
Photomicrograph: Hyaline cartilage from the
trachea (750x).
Figure 4.8g
• Location: ends of some bones, trachea, ribs, and nose
• Function: protects bone ends and airway
• Cells: chondroblasts, and chondrocytes
• Matrix: Collagen fibers and gel
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ELASTIC CARTILAGE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
(h) Cartilage: elastic
Description: Similar to hyaline
cartilage, but more elastic fibers
in matrix.
Function: Maintains the shape
of a structure while allowing
great flexibility.
Chondrocyte
in lacuna
Location: Supports the external
ear (pinna); epiglottis.
Matrix
Photomicrograph: Elastic cartilage from
the human ear pinna; forms the flexible
skeleton of the ear (800x).
Figure 4.8h
• Location: outer ear, epiglottis, auditory canal
• Function: flexible strong mesh
• Cells: chondroblasts, chondrocytes
• Matrix: elastic fibers and gel
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
FIBROCARTILAGE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
(i) Cartilage: fibrocartilage
Description: Matrix similar to
but less firm than that in hyaline
cartilage; thick collagen fibers
predominate.
Function: Tensile strength
with the ability to absorb
compressive shock.
Location: Intervertebral discs;
pubic symphysis; discs of knee
joint.
Chondrocytes
in lacunae
Intervertebral
discs
Collagen
fiber
Photomicrograph: Fibrocartilage of an
intervertebral disc (125x). Special staining
produced the blue color seen.
Figure 4.8i
• Location: intervetebral discs, pubic
symphysis, meniscus pad in knee joint
• Function: cushions shock to bones
• Cells: chondroblasts, chondrocytes
• Matrix: collagen fibers and gel
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is NOT true
concerning cartilage connective tissue
A. Hyaline cartilage contains
collagen fibers
B. Elastic cartilage contains
elastic fibers
C. Fibrocartilage contains
collagen fibers
D. All of the above are true
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
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COMPACT OSSEOUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
(j) Others: bone (osseous tissue)
Description: Hard, calcified
matrix containing many collagen
fibers; osteocytes lie in lacunae.
Very well vascularized.
Function: Bone supports and
protects (by enclosing);
provides levers for the muscles
to act on; stores calcium and
other minerals and fat; marrow
inside bones is the site for blood
cell formation (hematopoiesis).
Location: Bones
Central
canal
Lacunae
Lamella
Photomicrograph: Cross-sectional view
of bone (125x).
Figure 4.8j
• Location: outer hard portion of bones.
• Cells: osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts,
• Function: Strong structures
• Matrix: collagen fibers, calcium and
phosphate mineral
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SPONGY OSSEOUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
osteocyte
Blood cells
osteoblasts
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• Location: softer bony structure inside the heads of the
long bones
• Function: ability to compress, lightweight
• Cells: osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
• Matrix: collagen fibers, calcium and phosphate minerals
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Which of the following is true about
osseous connective tissue?
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A. Osteoblasts reside in
lacunae
B. Osteocytes make the
bone tissue
C. Osteoclasts destroy
bone tissue
D. All of the above are
true
E. None of the above
are true
RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
(c) Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, reticular
Description: Network of reticular
fibers in a typical loose ground
substance; reticular cells lie on the
network.
Function: Fibers form a soft internal
skeleton (stroma) that supports other
cell types including white blood cells,
mast cells, and macrophages.
Location: Lymphoid organs (lymph
nodes, bone marrow, and spleen).
White blood
cell
(lymphocyte)
Reticular
fibers
Spleen
Photomicrograph: Dark-staining network of reticular
connective tissue fibers forming the internal skeleton
of the spleen (350x).
Figure 4.8c
• Location: lymph nodes and spleen
• Cells: fibroblasts, leukocytes
• Function: forms weak structure of lymph
nodes, spleen, bone marrow
• Matrix: reticular fibers and gel
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Let’s look at the list of connective tissues again.
Why are they arranged in this order?
AREOLAR CT
ADIPOSE CT
BLOOD CT
DENSE REGULAR CT
DENSE IRREGULAR CT
ELASTIC CT
HYALINE CARTILAGE CT
ELASTIC CARTILAGE CT
FIBROCARTILAGE CT
OSSEOUS CT
COMPACT
SPONGY
RETICULAR CT
Now that you know all the connective tissues…
Can you identify this structure?
Trick question!
It is a chocolate chip sea cucumber!
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
NERVOUS TISSUE
Nervous tissue
Description: Neurons are
branching cells; cell processes
that may be quite long extend from
the nucleus-containing cell body;
also contributing to nervous tissue
are nonirritable supporting cells
(not illustrated).
Nuclei of
supporting
cells
Neuron processes Cell body
Axon
Dendrites
Cell body
of a neuron
Function: Transmit electrical
signals from sensory receptors
and to effectors (muscles and
glands) which control their activity.
Location: Brain, spinal
cord, and nerves.
Neuron
processes
Photomicrograph: Neurons (350x)
Figure 4.9
• Location: spinal cord, brain, organs, skin
• Function: sensation, receive info and send out
info
• Cells: neurons, glial cells
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The Discovery of Alzheimer’s disease
• In 1901, Alois Alzheimer met
a confused and anxious
patient whose memory was
failing. It was not until she
died 5 years later that he
examined her brain tissue,
discovering that the neurons
had unusual fibrils inside
them, and there were
unusual substances, or
plaques, between the cells.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE
(a) Skeletal muscle
Description: Long, cylindrical,
multinucleate cells; obvious
striations.
Striations
Function: Voluntary movement;
locomotion; manipulation of the
environment; facial expression;
voluntary control.
Location: In skeletal muscles
attached to bones or
occasionally to skin.
Nuclei
Part of
muscle
fiber (cell)
Photomicrograph: Skeletal muscle (approx. 460x).
Notice the obvious banding pattern and the
fact that these large cells are multinucleate.
Figure 4.10a
• Location: connecting to bones, or in
sphincters
• Function: voluntary contraction, to pull on
bones and close sphincters (contract anus,
squint eyes)
• Cells: skeletal muscle cells
• Nuclei: hundreds in a single cell
• Striations (stripes): yes
• Shape: cylindrical
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CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE
(b) Cardiac muscle
Description: Branching,
striated, generally uninucleate
cells that interdigitate at
specialized junctions
(intercalated discs).
Striations
Intercalated
discs
Function: As it contracts, it
propels blood into the
circulation; involuntary control.
Location: The walls of the
heart.
Nucleus
Photomicrograph: Cardiac muscle (500X);
notice the striations, branching of cells, and
the intercalated discs.
Figure 4.10b
• Location: heart
• Function: mainly involuntary contraction, to
pump blood
• Cells: cardiac muscle cells
• Nuclei: one centrally located nucleus in each cell
• Striations: yes
• Shape: branched cells shape (like a “Y”)
• Special junctions: intercalated discs
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Chagas disease
• Trypanosomiasis is an
often fatal disease is
caused the protozoan T.
cruzi, infecting heart
cells.
• transmitted through the
bite of a “kissing bug”.
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SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE
(c) Smooth muscle
Description: Spindle-shaped
cells with central nuclei; no
striations; cells arranged
closely to form sheets.
Function: Propels substances
or objects (foodstuffs, urine,
a baby) along internal passageways; involuntary control.
Location: Mostly in the walls
of hollow organs.
Smooth
muscle
cell
Nuclei
Photomicrograph: Sheet of smooth muscle (200x).
Figure 4.10c
• Location: around hollow organs (intestine,bladder)
• Function: involuntary contraction, to move food, fluid
through tubes
• Cells: smooth muscle cells
• Special characteristics
• Nuclei: one centrally located nucleus per cell
• Striations: no
• Shape: cylindrical, squashed on both ends
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Muscle cell characteristics
Location
Function
Voluntary?
Cell
shape?
One or
many
nuclei?
Smooth
Muscle
cells
Cardiac
Muscle
cells
Skeletal
Muscle
cells
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Striated?
Intercalated
discs?
Membranes
• A membrane is one or more thin layers of
tissue, (like putting down three flat sheets on
a bed.)
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Cutaneous
membrane
(skin)
(a) CUTANEOUS MEMBRANES (the skin)
structure: ET, CT, MT layers
! Function: protects your organs
Figure 4.11a
Mucosa of
nasal cavity
Mucosa of
mouth
Esophagus
lining
Mucosa of
lung bronchi
(b) MUCOUS MEMBRANES
Structure: ET and CT layers
Function: line body cavities that open to the outside of the body
MAY secrete mucous (as in nose and trachea)
or may NOT (mouth/lungs)
Figure 4.11b
(c) SEROUS MEMEBRANES
Structure: ET and CT, secrete slippery serous fluid
Function: line body cavities closed to the exterior (lungs)
Parietal
peritoneum
Parietal
pleura
Visceral
pleura
Visceral
peritoneum
Parietal
pericardium
Visceral
pericardium
Figure 4.11c
Why don’t we call these be membranes?
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