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Chapter 22: Principles of Development Text Vocabulary: Embryo Stem Cell Meristem Differentiation Gastrulation Programmed Cell Death Apoptosis Genetic Equivalence Clone Regulatory Transcription Factors Anterior Posterior Dorsal Ventral Pattern Formation Morphogen In situ Hybridization Segments Segmentation Genes Hox Genes Homeotic Mutations Homeobox Homologous Tool-kit Genes Evo-devo Lecture 29 “Principles of Development” Review 1.) What are the five essential developmental processes we discussed? 2.) What were the steps in cloning? 3.) With the cloning procedure that we discussed, would the offspring have identical genetic information as the embryo donor or the mammary cell donor or neither? 4.) Be familiar with the anatomical terminology for this test: 5.) Eukaryotic cells control gene expression at several different levels: chromatin remodeling and modification, transcriptional regulation, alternative splicing of mRNAs, selective destruction of mRNAs, translation rate, and activation and deactivation of proteins after they’re translated. All occur during development, but which is the most important in differentiation? Why? 6.) How was pattern formation defined in lecture? 7.) What is a morphogen? When we discussed embryos expressing the bicoid protein, what determined the anterior and posterior axes? Bicoid’s interaction with DNA classifies it as what type of protein? 8.) Aside from “maternal-effect genes” like bicoid that control formation of large segments like the ANT/POST axes, what are the other 3 types of segmentation genes? What segments are being defined by each? 9.) In what order would each of the segmentation genes be expressed? 10.) What are homeotic genes? What is the homeotic gene discussed in class? 11.) What is genetic equivalence? What is differential gene expression? How are cell types influenced by differential gene expression? 12.) What do HOX genes encode? What is the sequence that distinguishes hox genes? What type of external factors disturb the regulation of HOX genes? Lecture 30 “Evolutionary Developmental Biology” Review of Material in Chapter 22: 1.) What is the focus of evo-devo biologists? What example was discussed in class? 2.) Chick Embryo slide: What gene(s) must be expressed for the forelimb to form? What gene(s) must be expressed for the ribs to form? Using this, why are there no forelimbs in snakes? 3.) Still considering the snake example, what would cause them to “lose” their hindlimbs? When this is functioning “normally”, what is its immediate function? 4.) Through what type of cell communication pathway does SHH function? What are PTCH and SMO? What is GLI? 5.) Based on the diagram given, propose the basic steps that occur in the SHH pathway. 6.) What is a tool-kit gene? For the whale example, what caused the loss of hind limbs? **Material covered for Chapter 23 during Lecture 30 will be on next question doc