Download Chapter 22: Principles of Development

Chapter 22: Principles of Development
Text Vocabulary:
Embryo
Stem Cell
Meristem
Differentiation
Gastrulation
Programmed Cell Death
Apoptosis
Genetic Equivalence
Clone
Regulatory Transcription
Factors
Anterior
Posterior
Dorsal
Ventral
Pattern Formation
Morphogen
In situ Hybridization
Segments
Segmentation Genes
Hox Genes
Homeotic Mutations
Homeobox
Homologous
Tool-kit Genes
Evo-devo
Lecture 29 “Principles of Development” Review
1.) What are the five essential developmental processes we discussed?
2.) What were the steps in cloning?
3.) With the cloning procedure that we discussed, would the offspring have identical genetic
information as the embryo donor or the mammary cell donor or neither?
4.) Be familiar with the anatomical terminology for this test:
5.) Eukaryotic cells control gene expression at several different levels: chromatin remodeling and
modification, transcriptional regulation, alternative splicing of mRNAs, selective destruction of
mRNAs, translation rate, and activation and deactivation of proteins after they’re translated. All
occur during development, but which is the most important in differentiation? Why?
6.) How was pattern formation defined in lecture?
7.) What is a morphogen? When we discussed embryos expressing the bicoid protein, what
determined the anterior and posterior axes? Bicoid’s interaction with DNA classifies it as what
type of protein?
8.) Aside from “maternal-effect genes” like bicoid that control formation of large segments like the
ANT/POST axes, what are the other 3 types of segmentation genes? What segments are being
defined by each?
9.) In what order would each of the segmentation genes be expressed?
10.) What are homeotic genes? What is the homeotic gene discussed in class?
11.) What is genetic equivalence? What is differential gene expression? How are cell types
influenced by differential gene expression?
12.) What do HOX genes encode? What is the sequence that distinguishes hox genes? What type of
external factors disturb the regulation of HOX genes?
Lecture 30 “Evolutionary Developmental Biology” Review of Material in Chapter 22:
1.) What is the focus of evo-devo biologists? What example was discussed in class?
2.) Chick Embryo slide: What gene(s) must be expressed for the forelimb to form? What gene(s)
must be expressed for the ribs to form? Using this, why are there no forelimbs in snakes?
3.) Still considering the snake example, what would cause them to “lose” their hindlimbs? When
this is functioning “normally”, what is its immediate function?
4.) Through what type of cell communication pathway does SHH function? What are PTCH and
SMO? What is GLI?
5.) Based on the diagram given, propose the basic steps that occur in the SHH pathway.
6.) What is a tool-kit gene? For the whale example, what caused the loss of hind limbs?
**Material covered for Chapter 23 during Lecture 30 will be on next question doc