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Vocabulary for Test: Nervous and Endocrine Systems Autonomic Nervous System - a division of the peripheral nervous system consisting of motor fibers from the brain and spinal cord that serve the internal organs of the body, not under voluntary control Central Nervous System - the division of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal Cord Cerebrum - the largest part of the human brain; functions include senses, initiating voluntary movement, memory, learning, language, and thinking Cerebellum - a part of the human brain below the rear part of the cerebrum; coordinates voluntary movements Corpus Luteum - a progesterone-secreting yellow body in the ovary, formed when lutenizing hormone causes a ruptured follicle to fill with cells Diabetes - a condition caused by insufficient concentration of insulin in the blood or a desensitivity to the action of insulin Effectors - structures that carry out responses to stimuli; muscles and glands Endocrine Gland - the ductless glands that make and release hormones into the blood Estrogen - a hormone secreted by the ovaries that promotes development of female secondary sexual characteristics and regulates the reproductive cycle Feedback Mechanism - a response within a system (molecule, cell, organism, or population) that influences the continued activity or productivity of that system; the control of a biological reaction by the end products of that reaction. Follicles - the structures in the ovaries in which the mature eggs develop FSH - Follicle Stimulating Hormone; hormone produced by the pituitary which stimulates the de3velopment of egg cells in the ovaries of females; in males it controls the production of sperm cells in the testes Glucagon - a hormone secreted by the pancreas that increases the blood-glucose level Growth Hormone - hormone produced by the pituitary which stimulates the elongation of bones and cell division Homeostasis - the maintenance of a stable internal environment in an organism Hormones - molecules secreted by the endocrine glands into the blood; evoke specific responses in target cells of the body Hypothalamus - a part of the brain below the thalamus; controls body temperature, blood pressure, and emotions Impulse - messages carried by the nerve cells of a nervous system; regions of electrical and chemical changes that pass along the cell membrane of a neuron Insulin - a hormone secreted by the pancreas that increases the blood-glucose level Interneuron - relay impulses between sensory and motor neurons or between other interneurons Involuntary Action - something done without conscious thought LH - leutenizing hormone; hormone produced by the pituitary which stimulates the release of an egg from an ovary; controls the production of sex hormones in males and females Medulla - the part of the brain below the cerebellum and continuous with the spinal cord; controls involuntary activities Meninges - 3 membranes forming a protective sheath around brain and spinal cord Menstrual Cycle - 28 day hormone controlled cycle in which a human egg develops, is released from the ovary, and the uterus prepares to receive an embryo Motor Neuron - transmit impulses from the spinal cord to the effectors Negative feedback - when the concentration of a product reaches a certain level, the product will inhibit its own synthesis Nerve - a bundle of neurons or the axons and/or dendrites of neurons covered with connective tissue Neuron – a nerve cell; the basic unit of the nervous system Neurotransmitter – chemicals that transmit impulses across a synapse Ovary – female organ that produces eggs and estrogen Oviduct - tube that leads egg from the ovary to the uterus Ovulation - the release of an egg from an ovary Peripheral Nervous System - the division of the nervous system that includes all the neurons and nerve fibers outside the brain and spinal cord Pituitary Gland the endocrine gland attached to the hypothalamus that controls the activities of many other endocrine glands in the body Progesterone - a hormone secreted by the ovaries that helps to regulate the menstrual cycle and maintain the uterine lining during pregnancy Receptors - structures specialized to detect stimuli Reflex - an inborn, involuntary, and automatic response to a specific stimulus Reflex Arc - pathway over which impulses travel in a reflex Regulation - the coordination and control of all the life activities Secretion - a process by which substances are produced and released from a cell, gland, or organ for a particular function in the organism Sensory Neuron - transmit impulses from the receptors to the spinal cord and brain Somatic Nervous System - the division of the peripheral nervous system that contains sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to skeletal muscles, skin, and sense organs Spinal Cord - a bundle of nervous tissue in vertebrates that extends down from the brain, running through the vertebrae of the spinal column; relays impulses between the brain and the rest of the nervous system; coordinates simple reflexes Stimulus a change in the internal or external environment that causes a response in an organism Synapse - the space between two nerve cells Target cell (tissue, organ) - a cell, tissue or organ that is affected by a specific hormone Testosterone - a male sex hormone secreted by the testes; stimulates development of the male reproductive system and promotes male secondary sexual characteristics Thyroid - the endocrine gland located in front of the trachea; secretes thyroxin (thyroid hormone) and calcitonin Thyroxine - (thyroid hormone) an iodine-containing hormone that is secreted by the thyroid and that regulates the rate of metabolism in the body Uterus – muscular female organ in which the embryo develops Vagina - the structure leading from the uterus to the outside of the body in mammalian females; the birth canal Voluntary Action - something done with conscious thought