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Version: A
Earth Science Dept. S1 Final
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Mark your answer on your answer
document.
1. Scientific theories are often based on
a. dependent variables.
b. SI units.
c.
d.
scientific laws.
independent variables.
2. Which of the following is NOT part of scientific methods?
a. form a hypothesis
c. ask a question
b. draw conclusions
d. become a scientist
3. An idea that has been tested repeatedly and gains acceptance is called a
a. hypothesis.
c. theory.
b. law.
d. controlled experiment.
4. Earth scientists help us better understand the world around us by studying how
a. animals interact with humans.
b. natural forces shape our environment.
c. war impacts society.
d. genealogy and astrology impact society.
5. What are the four main branches of Earth science?
a. chemistry, physics, biology, zoology
b. geography, astrology, phrenology, psychology
c. geology, oceanography, astronomy, meteorology
d. sophistry, philosophy, anthropology, neurology
6. The solid, plastic layer of the mantle is called the
a. core.
c.
b. mesosphere.
d.
lithosphere.
asthenosphere.
7. The shape of Earth most closely resembles a(n)
a. perfect sphere.
c.
b. approximate oval.
d.
oblate spheroid.
perfect circle.
8. Anything that has mass and takes up space is known as
a. protons.
c. energy.
b. newtons.
d. matter.
1
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VERSION: A
9. Because Earth’s interior is warmer than its surface layers, hot materials move toward the surface in a process
called
a. energy balancing.
c. energy transfer.
b. convection.
d. rotation.
10. The age of an object in relation to the ages of other objects is
a. absolute age.
c. relative age.
b. comparative age.
d. relational age.
11. Index fossils found in rock layers in different areas of the world indicate that the rock layers
a. formed during the same period of time.
b. formed during different periods of time.
c. are still forming.
d. never fully formed.
12. Almost all fossils are discovered in
a. volcanic rock.
b. metamorphic rock.
c.
d.
igneous rock.
sedimentary rock.
13. Organisms that formed index fossils
a. lived during long spans of geologic time.
b. lived during short spans of geologic time.
c. were destroyed by igneous rocks.
d. were destroyed by sedimentary rocks.
14. Why is radioactive decay used to determine the absolute age of rocks?
a. Radioactive decay cannot be used to determine the age of a rock.
b. Radioactive decay happens very quickly.
c. Radioactive decay does not happen at a constant rate.
d. Radioactive decay happens at a relatively constant rate.
15. How is radioactive decay used to determine the absolute age of rocks?
a. Parent isotopes are compared to daughter isotopes.
b. Isotopes of different compounds are compared.
c. Radioactive substances are compared to non-radioactive substances.
d. Daughter isotopes are compared to sister isotopes.
16. About 99% of all matter contained in the solar nebula now exists in
a. planets.
c. asteroids.
b. space.
d. the sun.
17. When early Earth’s atmosphere formed, which of the following gases were lost because Earth’s gravity was too
weak?
a. oxygen and helium
c. helium and nitrogen
b. hydrogen and ozone
d. helium and hydrogen
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VERSION: A
18. Kepler’s first law states that planets orbit the sun in paths called
a. ellipses.
c. epicycles.
b. circles.
d. periods.
19. Young Earth formed a core, mantle, and crust in a process called
a. layering.
c. dispersion.
b. settling.
d. differentiation.
20. Early fresh water oceans became salty when
a. rainwater carried dissolved solid rock to the oceans.
b. coral reefs created a salty ocean bottom.
c. salt particles fell from the atmosphere into the oceans.
d. floods carried salty soil to the deltas and then into the oceans.
21. The two inner planets most alike in size, mass, and density are
a. Mercury and Venus.
c. Venus and Earth.
b. Earth and Mars.
d. Mars and Mercury.
22. Kepler’s third law describes the relationship between the average distance of a planet from the sun and the
planet’s
a. orbital period.
c. gravitational pull.
b. average temperature.
d. inertia.
23. Kepler’s second law states that equal areas are covered in equal amounts of time as an object
a. spins on its axis.
c. orbits the sun.
b. travels one light year.
d. completes an eclipse.
24. The early atmosphere developed when many volcanic eruptions released large amounts of gases in a process
called
a. lava flow.
c. combustion.
b. outgassing.
d. ozone.
25. A rotating cloud of gas and dust from which Earth’s solar system formed is called a(n)
a. solar nebula.
c. solar eclipse.
b. supernova.
d. astronomical explosion.
26. When the solar system formed, smaller bodies joined together through collision and the force of gravity to form
larger bodies called
a. moons.
c. planetesimals.
b. protoplanets.
d. planets.
27. Around the core of Earth is an iron- and magnesium-rich rock layer called the
a. atmosphere.
c. crust.
b. mantle.
d. magma.
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VERSION: A
28. Small bodies from which planets originated during the early formation of the solar system are called
a. comets.
c. asteroids.
b. planetesimals.
d. protoplanets.
29. The sun converts matter into energy in the
a. corona.
b. convective zone.
c.
d.
radiative zone.
core.
30. When hydrogen nuclei fuse into helium nuclei
a. the nuclei die.
c.
b. energy is released.
d.
particles collide.
particles neutralize.
31. Auroras are frequently seen
a. near the equator.
b. after solar flares.
c.
d.
before a sunspot cycle.
every 11 years.
32. Sunspots vary in a cycle that lasts about
a. 100,000 years.
b. 1,100 years.
c.
d.
110 years.
11 years.
33. Strong magnetic fields on regions of the sun lead to sunspots because
a. convection slows and energy decreases.
b. convection increases and energy increases.
c. radiation slows and energy decreases.
d. radiation increases and energy increases.
34. Energy produced in the sun’s core is the result of
a. nuclear division.
c.
b. nuclear fission.
d.
nuclear fusion.
nuclear fissure.
35. How do sunspots form?
a. Magnetic fields increase energy transfer in the convective zone.
b. Magnetic fields reduce energy transfer in the convective zone.
c. The radiative zone reduces energy transfer to the core.
d. The core shuts down and reduces energy transfer.
36. What elements make up most of the sun’s mass?
a. carbon and oxygen
c.
b. carbon and hydrogen
d.
helium and nitrogen
hydrogen and helium
37. During nuclear fusion in the sun, which of the following occurs?
a. Atomic nuclei split apart.
b. The aurora australis appears.
c. Hydrogen nuclei combine to produce a helium nucleus.
d. A solar eclipse results.
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VERSION: A
38. Einstein’s equation E = mc2 helps scientists understand the sun’s energy because the equation
a. describes nuclear fission.
b. explains how mass can be converted into huge amounts of energy.
c. describes solar flares.
d. explains a star’s specific wavelengths of light.
39. Scientists break up the sun’s light into a spectrum using a device called a
a. corona.
c. positron.
b. spectrograph.
d. chromograph.
40. What color are the coolest stars?
a. orange
b. blue
c.
d.
white
red
41. Stars appear to move in the sky because
a. the sky is rotating.
b. Earth is moving.
c.
d.
the universe is expanding.
galaxies are forming.
42. A star moving away from the Earth has a spectrum that is
a. losing its color.
c. shifted toward red.
b. shifted toward blue.
d. unchanged.
43. Scientists determine the composition and temperature of stars
a. by sampling matter on the surface of stars.
b. by analyzing the vibrations that stars emit.
c. through magnetic testing.
d. by analyzing the spectra of the light that stars emit.
44. A small, hot, extremely dense core left after a star collapses is a
a. red giant.
c. black dwarf.
b. pulsar.
d. white dwarf.
45. During the main sequence stage, how is energy generated in a star’s core?
a. Hydrogen fuses into helium.
c. Helium fuses into hydrogen.
b. Carbon fuses into hydrogen.
d. Carbon fuses into oxygen.
46. After its temperature rises to 10,000,000°C, a protostar becomes a star when
a. nuclear fusion ends.
c. nuclear fission begins.
b. nuclear fusion begins.
d. nuclear fission ends.
47. A large, bright star whose hot core has used most of its hydrogen is a
a. nova.
c. giant.
b. supernova.
d. pulsar.
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VERSION: A
48. What is a galaxy?
a. stars, dust, and gas bound together by gravity
b. debris, dirt, and trash bound together by gravity
c. air, gas, and rock in the universe
d. planets, moons, and stars bound together by magnetism
49. What type of galaxy is the Milky Way?
a. elliptical
b. spherical
c.
d.
irregular
spiral
50. What is a light-year?
a. the distance light travels in a year
b. the speed of light in a year
c.
d.
the time it takes to travel to a star
the distance to the sun
51. What color are the hottest stars?
a. red
b. yellow
c.
d.
white
blue
52. What makes up most of the universe?
a. known elements
b. black holes
c.
d.
dark energy and dark matter
the dark force
53. By analyzing the light that a star emits, astronomers can determine
a. the motion of a star.
b. the composition and temperature of a star.
c. the size and weight of a star.
d. the galaxy that the star belongs to.
54. What is important about Hubble’s discovery that there is a red shift in the spectra of galaxies?
a. It suggests that the universe is expanding.
b. It suggests that the universe is contracting.
c. It proves the big bang theory.
d. It suggests the existence of black holes.
55. What can parallax be used to calculate?
a. the composition off stars based on the spectra of their starlight
b. the temperature on the surface of a star within 1,000 light-years of Earth
c. the distance to a star within 1,000 light-years of Earth
d. the distance to stars that are extremely far away
56. The surface temperature of star is plotted against the star’s luminosity on the
a. Doppler effect.
c. cosmic background radiation map.
b. parallax graph.
d. H-R diagram.
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VERSION: A
57. What is an irregular galaxy?
a. a galaxy with no particular shape
b. a galaxy shaped like a stretched-out football
c. a galaxy that has vast areas without stars
d. a galaxy that has high mass and is rich in dust and gas
58. When the outward force due fusion and radiation balances with the inward force of gravity a star is said to be
experiencing
a. parallax.
c. a nova.
b. stasis.
d. equilibrium.
59. Astronomers believe that cosmic background radiation formed
a. about a billion years ago.
c. more that a trillion years ago.
b. shortly after the big bang.
d. shortly before the big bang.
60. The big bang occurred about
a. a billion years ago.
b. 14 million years ago.
c.
d.
5 billion years ago.
14 billion years ago.
Essay
1. How did the land, atmosphere, and oceans of Earth form?
2. Write a short essay about the current theory of the composition of the universe.
3. Why might an old main-sequence star have a greater percentage of helium than a younger main-sequence star?
7
ID: A
Earth Science Dept. S1 Final
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
C
D
C
B
C
D
C
D
B
C
A
D
B
D
A
D
D
A
D
A
C
A
C
B
A
B
B
B
D
B
B
D
A
C
B
D
C
B
1
ID: A
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
B
D
B
C
D
D
A
B
C
A
D
A
D
C
B
A
D
D
A
D
B
D
ESSAY
1. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Land formed through differentiation, when denser layers sank to the center
core of Earth and lighter areas formed the surface crust. The mantle formed between the core and crust. Earth’s
atmosphere formed when volcanic eruptions released large amounts of gases in a process called outgassing.
Oceans formed when Earth cooled enough for water vapor to condense and form rain. The liquid water collected
to form oceans.
2. Answers may vary. Sample answer: The matter that humans, the planets, and the stars are made up of makes up
only 4% of the universe. About 23% of the universe is composed of dark matter that gives off no light. About
three quarters of the universe is made up of dark energy, which scientists theorize acts in opposition to gravity and
may be accelerating the expansion of the universe.
3. Answers may vary. Sample answer: During the main sequence stage, stars generate energy by nuclear fusion in the
core, using hydrogen as the source and producing helium in the process. Over time, a main sequence star would
use up its hydrogen and build up a greater percentage of helium. The older star will be farther along in this process
than a younger star.
2
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS TEST
Version: B
Earth Science Dept. S1 Final
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Mark your answer on your answer
document.
1. Organisms that formed index fossils
a. were destroyed by igneous rocks.
b. lived during short spans of geologic time.
c. lived during long spans of geologic time.
d. were destroyed by sedimentary rocks.
2. Strong magnetic fields on regions of the sun lead to sunspots because
a. radiation slows and energy decreases.
b. convection increases and energy increases.
c. radiation increases and energy increases.
d. convection slows and energy decreases.
3. When the solar system formed, smaller bodies joined together through collision and the force of gravity to form
larger bodies called
a. planets.
c. protoplanets.
b. planetesimals.
d. moons.
4. How do sunspots form?
a. Magnetic fields reduce energy transfer in the convective zone.
b. The radiative zone reduces energy transfer to the core.
c. Magnetic fields increase energy transfer in the convective zone.
d. The core shuts down and reduces energy transfer.
5. When the outward force due fusion and radiation balances with the inward force of gravity a star is said to be
experiencing
a. a nova.
c. equilibrium.
b. parallax.
d. stasis.
6. Astronomers believe that cosmic background radiation formed
a. shortly after the big bang.
c. shortly before the big bang.
b. about a billion years ago.
d. more that a trillion years ago.
7. Kepler’s second law states that equal areas are covered in equal amounts of time as an object
a. travels one light year.
c. orbits the sun.
b. completes an eclipse.
d. spins on its axis.
1
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS TEST
VERSION: B
8. Earth scientists help us better understand the world around us by studying how
a. natural forces shape our environment.
b. war impacts society.
c. animals interact with humans.
d. genealogy and astrology impact society.
9. How is radioactive decay used to determine the absolute age of rocks?
a. Parent isotopes are compared to daughter isotopes.
b. Daughter isotopes are compared to sister isotopes.
c. Radioactive substances are compared to non-radioactive substances.
d. Isotopes of different compounds are compared.
10. Kepler’s third law describes the relationship between the average distance of a planet from the sun and the
planet’s
a. gravitational pull.
c. orbital period.
b. average temperature.
d. inertia.
11. By analyzing the light that a star emits, astronomers can determine
a. the composition and temperature of a star.
b. the size and weight of a star.
c. the motion of a star.
d. the galaxy that the star belongs to.
12. Anything that has mass and takes up space is known as
a. energy.
c. newtons.
b. protons.
d. matter.
13. Sunspots vary in a cycle that lasts about
a. 110 years.
b. 11 years.
c.
d.
100,000 years.
1,100 years.
14. What is an irregular galaxy?
a. a galaxy that has vast areas without stars
b. a galaxy shaped like a stretched-out football
c. a galaxy with no particular shape
d. a galaxy that has high mass and is rich in dust and gas
15. When hydrogen nuclei fuse into helium nuclei
a. particles collide.
c.
b. the nuclei die.
d.
energy is released.
particles neutralize.
16. Why is radioactive decay used to determine the absolute age of rocks?
a. Radioactive decay happens very quickly.
b. Radioactive decay does not happen at a constant rate.
c. Radioactive decay happens at a relatively constant rate.
d. Radioactive decay cannot be used to determine the age of a rock.
2
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS TEST
VERSION: B
17. The two inner planets most alike in size, mass, and density are
a. Mercury and Venus.
c. Venus and Earth.
b. Earth and Mars.
d. Mars and Mercury.
18. What elements make up most of the sun’s mass?
a. carbon and hydrogen
c.
b. helium and nitrogen
d.
carbon and oxygen
hydrogen and helium
19. What are the four main branches of Earth science?
a. chemistry, physics, biology, zoology
b. geography, astrology, phrenology, psychology
c. sophistry, philosophy, anthropology, neurology
d. geology, oceanography, astronomy, meteorology
20. What type of galaxy is the Milky Way?
a. spiral
b. elliptical
c.
d.
spherical
irregular
21. An idea that has been tested repeatedly and gains acceptance is called a
a. hypothesis.
c. controlled experiment.
b. theory.
d. law.
22. Stars appear to move in the sky because
a. the sky is rotating.
b. galaxies are forming.
c.
d.
the universe is expanding.
Earth is moving.
23. Auroras are frequently seen
a. after solar flares.
b. every 11 years.
c.
d.
near the equator.
before a sunspot cycle.
24. A star moving away from the Earth has a spectrum that is
a. unchanged.
c. shifted toward red.
b. losing its color.
d. shifted toward blue.
25. Index fossils found in rock layers in different areas of the world indicate that the rock layers
a. never fully formed.
b. are still forming.
c. formed during different periods of time.
d. formed during the same period of time.
26. The solid, plastic layer of the mantle is called the
a. core.
c.
b. mesosphere.
d.
asthenosphere.
lithosphere.
3
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS TEST
VERSION: B
27. Because Earth’s interior is warmer than its surface layers, hot materials move toward the surface in a process
called
a. energy transfer.
c. rotation.
b. convection.
d. energy balancing.
28. The big bang occurred about
a. 5 billion years ago.
b. a billion years ago.
c.
d.
14 million years ago.
14 billion years ago.
29. What color are the hottest stars?
a. white
b. red
c.
d.
yellow
blue
30. Kepler’s first law states that planets orbit the sun in paths called
a. circles.
c. ellipses.
b. epicycles.
d. periods.
31. The age of an object in relation to the ages of other objects is
a. relative age.
c. comparative age.
b. relational age.
d. absolute age.
32. What is important about Hubble’s discovery that there is a red shift in the spectra of galaxies?
a. It suggests the existence of black holes.
b. It suggests that the universe is expanding.
c. It suggests that the universe is contracting.
d. It proves the big bang theory.
33. Scientists determine the composition and temperature of stars
a. by analyzing the vibrations that stars emit.
b. through magnetic testing.
c. by sampling matter on the surface of stars.
d. by analyzing the spectra of the light that stars emit.
34. After its temperature rises to 10,000,000°C, a protostar becomes a star when
a. nuclear fusion ends.
c. nuclear fission ends.
b. nuclear fusion begins.
d. nuclear fission begins.
35. What is a light-year?
a. the speed of light in a year
b. the distance light travels in a year
c.
d.
the time it takes to travel to a star
the distance to the sun
36. When early Earth’s atmosphere formed, which of the following gases were lost because Earth’s gravity was too
weak?
a. oxygen and helium
c. hydrogen and ozone
b. helium and nitrogen
d. helium and hydrogen
4
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS TEST
VERSION: B
37. Einstein’s equation E = mc2 helps scientists understand the sun’s energy because the equation
a. describes nuclear fission.
b. describes solar flares.
c. explains how mass can be converted into huge amounts of energy.
d. explains a star’s specific wavelengths of light.
38. A small, hot, extremely dense core left after a star collapses is a
a. pulsar.
c. white dwarf.
b. black dwarf.
d. red giant.
39. Which of the following is NOT part of scientific methods?
a. draw conclusions
c. ask a question
b. form a hypothesis
d. become a scientist
40. Scientific theories are often based on
a. independent variables.
b. SI units.
c.
d.
dependent variables.
scientific laws.
41. Scientists break up the sun’s light into a spectrum using a device called a
a. corona.
c. spectrograph.
b. positron.
d. chromograph.
42. The surface temperature of star is plotted against the star’s luminosity on the
a. Doppler effect.
c. parallax graph.
b. H-R diagram.
d. cosmic background radiation map.
43. The shape of Earth most closely resembles a(n)
a. perfect circle.
c.
b. perfect sphere.
d.
approximate oval.
oblate spheroid.
44. Around the core of Earth is an iron- and magnesium-rich rock layer called the
a. magma.
c. crust.
b. mantle.
d. atmosphere.
45. What makes up most of the universe?
a. known elements
b. black holes
c.
d.
dark energy and dark matter
the dark force
46. About 99% of all matter contained in the solar nebula now exists in
a. the sun.
c. asteroids.
b. planets.
d. space.
47. Young Earth formed a core, mantle, and crust in a process called
a. dispersion.
c. layering.
b. differentiation.
d. settling.
5
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS TEST
48. Almost all fossils are discovered in
a. sedimentary rock.
b. volcanic rock.
VERSION: B
c.
d.
igneous rock.
metamorphic rock.
49. A rotating cloud of gas and dust from which Earth’s solar system formed is called a(n)
a. supernova.
c. astronomical explosion.
b. solar nebula.
d. solar eclipse.
50. Early fresh water oceans became salty when
a. floods carried salty soil to the deltas and then into the oceans.
b. rainwater carried dissolved solid rock to the oceans.
c. salt particles fell from the atmosphere into the oceans.
d. coral reefs created a salty ocean bottom.
51. What color are the coolest stars?
a. blue
b. orange
c.
d.
white
red
52. What is a galaxy?
a. debris, dirt, and trash bound together by gravity
b. stars, dust, and gas bound together by gravity
c. air, gas, and rock in the universe
d. planets, moons, and stars bound together by magnetism
53. During the main sequence stage, how is energy generated in a star’s core?
a. Carbon fuses into oxygen.
c. Helium fuses into hydrogen.
b. Carbon fuses into hydrogen.
d. Hydrogen fuses into helium.
54. Energy produced in the sun’s core is the result of
a. nuclear fissure.
c.
b. nuclear fission.
d.
nuclear fusion.
nuclear division.
55. The sun converts matter into energy in the
a. radiative zone.
b. corona.
core.
convective zone.
c.
d.
56. Small bodies from which planets originated during the early formation of the solar system are called
a. protoplanets.
c. comets.
b. asteroids.
d. planetesimals.
57. What can parallax be used to calculate?
a. the distance to stars that are extremely far away
b. the distance to a star within 1,000 light-years of Earth
c. the temperature on the surface of a star within 1,000 light-years of Earth
d. the composition off stars based on the spectra of their starlight
6
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS TEST
VERSION: B
58. The early atmosphere developed when many volcanic eruptions released large amounts of gases in a process
called
a. lava flow.
c. ozone.
b. outgassing.
d. combustion.
59. A large, bright star whose hot core has used most of its hydrogen is a
a. giant.
c. nova.
b. pulsar.
d. supernova.
60. During nuclear fusion in the sun, which of the following occurs?
a. The aurora australis appears.
b. A solar eclipse results.
c. Atomic nuclei split apart.
d. Hydrogen nuclei combine to produce a helium nucleus.
Essay
1. How did the land, atmosphere, and oceans of Earth form?
2. Why might an old main-sequence star have a greater percentage of helium than a younger main-sequence star?
3. Write a short essay about the current theory of the composition of the universe.
7
ID: B
Earth Science Dept. S1 Final
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
B
D
C
A
C
A
C
A
A
C
A
D
B
C
C
C
C
D
D
A
B
D
A
C
D
C
B
D
D
C
A
B
D
B
B
D
C
C
1
ID: B
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
D
D
C
B
D
B
C
A
B
A
B
B
D
B
D
C
C
D
A
B
A
D
ESSAY
1. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Land formed through differentiation, when denser layers sank to the center
core of Earth and lighter areas formed the surface crust. The mantle formed between the core and crust. Earth’s
atmosphere formed when volcanic eruptions released large amounts of gases in a process called outgassing.
Oceans formed when Earth cooled enough for water vapor to condense and form rain. The liquid water collected
to form oceans.
2. Answers may vary. Sample answer: During the main sequence stage, stars generate energy by nuclear fusion in the
core, using hydrogen as the source and producing helium in the process. Over time, a main sequence star would
use up its hydrogen and build up a greater percentage of helium. The older star will be farther along in this process
than a younger star.
3. Answers may vary. Sample answer: The matter that humans, the planets, and the stars are made up of makes up
only 4% of the universe. About 23% of the universe is composed of dark matter that gives off no light. About
three quarters of the universe is made up of dark energy, which scientists theorize acts in opposition to gravity and
may be accelerating the expansion of the universe.
2
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS TEST
Version: C
Earth Science Dept. S1 Final
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Mark your answer on your answer
document.
1. Kepler’s first law states that planets orbit the sun in paths called
a. epicycles.
c. ellipses.
b. circles.
d. periods.
2. Scientists break up the sun’s light into a spectrum using a device called a
a. spectrograph.
c. positron.
b. chromograph.
d. corona.
3. The age of an object in relation to the ages of other objects is
a. comparative age.
c. relational age.
b. absolute age.
d. relative age.
4. What is a light-year?
a. the distance to the sun
b. the time it takes to travel to a star
c.
d.
5. What elements make up most of the sun’s mass?
a. carbon and oxygen
c.
b. hydrogen and helium
d.
the distance light travels in a year
the speed of light in a year
carbon and hydrogen
helium and nitrogen
6. Small bodies from which planets originated during the early formation of the solar system are called
a. asteroids.
c. comets.
b. planetesimals.
d. protoplanets.
7. The sun converts matter into energy in the
a. convective zone.
b. core.
c.
d.
corona.
radiative zone.
8. Energy produced in the sun’s core is the result of
a. nuclear fissure.
c.
b. nuclear division.
d.
nuclear fusion.
nuclear fission.
9. The two inner planets most alike in size, mass, and density are
a. Mars and Mercury.
c. Venus and Earth.
b. Mercury and Venus.
d. Earth and Mars.
10. Which of the following is NOT part of scientific methods?
a. form a hypothesis
c. become a scientist
b. draw conclusions
d. ask a question
1
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS TEST
VERSION: C
11. What is important about Hubble’s discovery that there is a red shift in the spectra of galaxies?
a. It suggests that the universe is expanding.
b. It suggests that the universe is contracting.
c. It proves the big bang theory.
d. It suggests the existence of black holes.
12. During nuclear fusion in the sun, which of the following occurs?
a. Atomic nuclei split apart.
b. The aurora australis appears.
c. Hydrogen nuclei combine to produce a helium nucleus.
d. A solar eclipse results.
13. When early Earth’s atmosphere formed, which of the following gases were lost because Earth’s gravity was too
weak?
a. hydrogen and ozone
c. helium and nitrogen
b. helium and hydrogen
d. oxygen and helium
14. Anything that has mass and takes up space is known as
a. matter.
c. energy.
b. newtons.
d. protons.
15. What are the four main branches of Earth science?
a. geology, oceanography, astronomy, meteorology
b. geography, astrology, phrenology, psychology
c. chemistry, physics, biology, zoology
d. sophistry, philosophy, anthropology, neurology
16. What color are the hottest stars?
a. blue
b. yellow
c.
d.
white
red
17. Index fossils found in rock layers in different areas of the world indicate that the rock layers
a. never fully formed.
b. formed during the same period of time.
c. formed during different periods of time.
d. are still forming.
18. When the outward force due fusion and radiation balances with the inward force of gravity a star is said to be
experiencing
a. parallax.
c. a nova.
b. stasis.
d. equilibrium.
2
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS TEST
VERSION: C
19. Why is radioactive decay used to determine the absolute age of rocks?
a. Radioactive decay does not happen at a constant rate.
b. Radioactive decay happens very quickly.
c. Radioactive decay happens at a relatively constant rate.
d. Radioactive decay cannot be used to determine the age of a rock.
20. Early fresh water oceans became salty when
a. rainwater carried dissolved solid rock to the oceans.
b. salt particles fell from the atmosphere into the oceans.
c. coral reefs created a salty ocean bottom.
d. floods carried salty soil to the deltas and then into the oceans.
21. Strong magnetic fields on regions of the sun lead to sunspots because
a. convection slows and energy decreases.
b. radiation increases and energy increases.
c. convection increases and energy increases.
d. radiation slows and energy decreases.
22. Earth scientists help us better understand the world around us by studying how
a. natural forces shape our environment.
b. animals interact with humans.
c. war impacts society.
d. genealogy and astrology impact society.
23. Young Earth formed a core, mantle, and crust in a process called
a. settling.
c. dispersion.
b. layering.
d. differentiation.
24. A star moving away from the Earth has a spectrum that is
a. losing its color.
c. unchanged.
b. shifted toward red.
d. shifted toward blue.
25. Organisms that formed index fossils
a. lived during long spans of geologic time.
b. lived during short spans of geologic time.
c. were destroyed by igneous rocks.
d. were destroyed by sedimentary rocks.
26. Kepler’s second law states that equal areas are covered in equal amounts of time as an object
a. completes an eclipse.
c. spins on its axis.
b. travels one light year.
d. orbits the sun.
3
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS TEST
VERSION: C
27. Einstein’s equation E = mc2 helps scientists understand the sun’s energy because the equation
a. explains a star’s specific wavelengths of light.
b. describes nuclear fission.
c. explains how mass can be converted into huge amounts of energy.
d. describes solar flares.
28. What color are the coolest stars?
a. white
b. orange
c.
d.
blue
red
29. Scientific theories are often based on
a. scientific laws.
b. SI units.
c.
d.
independent variables.
dependent variables.
30. The shape of Earth most closely resembles a(n)
a. perfect sphere.
c.
b. perfect circle.
d.
oblate spheroid.
approximate oval.
31. Around the core of Earth is an iron- and magnesium-rich rock layer called the
a. mantle.
c. atmosphere.
b. magma.
d. crust.
32. When hydrogen nuclei fuse into helium nuclei
a. particles neutralize.
c.
b. the nuclei die.
d.
energy is released.
particles collide.
33. The early atmosphere developed when many volcanic eruptions released large amounts of gases in a process
called
a. ozone.
c. lava flow.
b. outgassing.
d. combustion.
34. The surface temperature of star is plotted against the star’s luminosity on the
a. cosmic background radiation map.
c. H-R diagram.
b. parallax graph.
d. Doppler effect.
35. Sunspots vary in a cycle that lasts about
a. 11 years.
b. 100,000 years.
c.
d.
110 years.
1,100 years.
36. What type of galaxy is the Milky Way?
a. elliptical
b. irregular
c.
d.
spiral
spherical
37. Stars appear to move in the sky because
a. galaxies are forming.
b. Earth is moving.
c.
d.
the sky is rotating.
the universe is expanding.
4
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS TEST
VERSION: C
38. When the solar system formed, smaller bodies joined together through collision and the force of gravity to form
larger bodies called
a. protoplanets.
c. planetesimals.
b. planets.
d. moons.
39. A large, bright star whose hot core has used most of its hydrogen is a
a. giant.
c. pulsar.
b. supernova.
d. nova.
40. What is an irregular galaxy?
a. a galaxy that has high mass and is rich in dust and gas
b. a galaxy shaped like a stretched-out football
c. a galaxy that has vast areas without stars
d. a galaxy with no particular shape
41. About 99% of all matter contained in the solar nebula now exists in
a. planets.
c. space.
b. asteroids.
d. the sun.
42. Because Earth’s interior is warmer than its surface layers, hot materials move toward the surface in a process
called
a. convection.
c. energy transfer.
b. energy balancing.
d. rotation.
43. What is a galaxy?
a. debris, dirt, and trash bound together by gravity
b. stars, dust, and gas bound together by gravity
c. air, gas, and rock in the universe
d. planets, moons, and stars bound together by magnetism
44. What can parallax be used to calculate?
a. the temperature on the surface of a star within 1,000 light-years of Earth
b. the composition off stars based on the spectra of their starlight
c. the distance to stars that are extremely far away
d. the distance to a star within 1,000 light-years of Earth
45. Scientists determine the composition and temperature of stars
a. by analyzing the spectra of the light that stars emit.
b. by sampling matter on the surface of stars.
c. through magnetic testing.
d. by analyzing the vibrations that stars emit.
46. Kepler’s third law describes the relationship between the average distance of a planet from the sun and the
planet’s
a. gravitational pull.
c. orbital period.
b. inertia.
d. average temperature.
5
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS TEST
VERSION: C
47. How do sunspots form?
a. The radiative zone reduces energy transfer to the core.
b. The core shuts down and reduces energy transfer.
c. Magnetic fields reduce energy transfer in the convective zone.
d. Magnetic fields increase energy transfer in the convective zone.
48. After its temperature rises to 10,000,000°C, a protostar becomes a star when
a. nuclear fusion ends.
c. nuclear fusion begins.
b. nuclear fission ends.
d. nuclear fission begins.
49. Astronomers believe that cosmic background radiation formed
a. shortly before the big bang.
c. more that a trillion years ago.
b. about a billion years ago.
d. shortly after the big bang.
50. Auroras are frequently seen
a. after solar flares.
b. before a sunspot cycle.
c.
d.
near the equator.
every 11 years.
51. How is radioactive decay used to determine the absolute age of rocks?
a. Parent isotopes are compared to daughter isotopes.
b. Isotopes of different compounds are compared.
c. Daughter isotopes are compared to sister isotopes.
d. Radioactive substances are compared to non-radioactive substances.
52. A rotating cloud of gas and dust from which Earth’s solar system formed is called a(n)
a. supernova.
c. solar nebula.
b. solar eclipse.
d. astronomical explosion.
53. A small, hot, extremely dense core left after a star collapses is a
a. white dwarf.
c. red giant.
b. black dwarf.
d. pulsar.
54. Almost all fossils are discovered in
a. metamorphic rock.
b. sedimentary rock.
c.
d.
volcanic rock.
igneous rock.
55. The big bang occurred about
a. 14 billion years ago.
b. 5 billion years ago.
c.
d.
a billion years ago.
14 million years ago.
56. By analyzing the light that a star emits, astronomers can determine
a. the motion of a star.
b. the composition and temperature of a star.
c. the size and weight of a star.
d. the galaxy that the star belongs to.
6
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS TEST
VERSION: C
57. During the main sequence stage, how is energy generated in a star’s core?
a. Carbon fuses into oxygen.
c. Carbon fuses into hydrogen.
b. Helium fuses into hydrogen.
d. Hydrogen fuses into helium.
58. An idea that has been tested repeatedly and gains acceptance is called a
a. hypothesis.
c. controlled experiment.
b. theory.
d. law.
59. What makes up most of the universe?
a. the dark force
b. black holes
c.
d.
60. The solid, plastic layer of the mantle is called the
a. core.
c.
b. lithosphere.
d.
known elements
dark energy and dark matter
asthenosphere.
mesosphere.
Essay
1. How did the land, atmosphere, and oceans of Earth form?
2. Why might an old main-sequence star have a greater percentage of helium than a younger main-sequence star?
3. Write a short essay about the current theory of the composition of the universe.
7
ID: C
Earth Science Dept. S1 Final
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
C
A
D
C
B
B
B
C
C
C
A
C
B
A
A
A
B
D
C
A
A
A
D
B
B
D
C
D
A
C
A
C
B
C
A
C
B
A
1
ID: C
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
A
D
D
A
B
C
A
C
C
C
D
A
A
C
A
B
A
B
D
B
D
C
ESSAY
1. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Land formed through differentiation, when denser layers sank to the center
core of Earth and lighter areas formed the surface crust. The mantle formed between the core and crust. Earth’s
atmosphere formed when volcanic eruptions released large amounts of gases in a process called outgassing.
Oceans formed when Earth cooled enough for water vapor to condense and form rain. The liquid water collected
to form oceans.
2. Answers may vary. Sample answer: During the main sequence stage, stars generate energy by nuclear fusion in the
core, using hydrogen as the source and producing helium in the process. Over time, a main sequence star would
use up its hydrogen and build up a greater percentage of helium. The older star will be farther along in this process
than a younger star.
3. Answers may vary. Sample answer: The matter that humans, the planets, and the stars are made up of makes up
only 4% of the universe. About 23% of the universe is composed of dark matter that gives off no light. About
three quarters of the universe is made up of dark energy, which scientists theorize acts in opposition to gravity and
may be accelerating the expansion of the universe.
2
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS TEST
Version: D
Earth Science Dept. S1 Final
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Mark your answer on your answer
document.
1. How is radioactive decay used to determine the absolute age of rocks?
a. Radioactive substances are compared to non-radioactive substances.
b. Parent isotopes are compared to daughter isotopes.
c. Daughter isotopes are compared to sister isotopes.
d. Isotopes of different compounds are compared.
2. A large, bright star whose hot core has used most of its hydrogen is a
a. giant.
c. nova.
b. pulsar.
d. supernova.
3. Energy produced in the sun’s core is the result of
a. nuclear fissure.
c.
b. nuclear fission.
d.
nuclear division.
nuclear fusion.
4. Strong magnetic fields on regions of the sun lead to sunspots because
a. convection slows and energy decreases.
b. radiation increases and energy increases.
c. convection increases and energy increases.
d. radiation slows and energy decreases.
5. About 99% of all matter contained in the solar nebula now exists in
a. asteroids.
c. the sun.
b. planets.
d. space.
6. Kepler’s second law states that equal areas are covered in equal amounts of time as an object
a. travels one light year.
c. completes an eclipse.
b. orbits the sun.
d. spins on its axis.
7. What is a light-year?
a. the time it takes to travel to a star
b. the distance light travels in a year
c.
d.
the distance to the sun
the speed of light in a year
8. A small, hot, extremely dense core left after a star collapses is a
a. pulsar.
c. white dwarf.
b. red giant.
d. black dwarf.
9. The surface temperature of star is plotted against the star’s luminosity on the
a. H-R diagram.
c. cosmic background radiation map.
b. parallax graph.
d. Doppler effect.
1
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS TEST
10. Scientific theories are often based on
a. scientific laws.
b. dependent variables.
VERSION: D
c.
d.
11. The shape of Earth most closely resembles a(n)
a. perfect sphere.
c.
b. perfect circle.
d.
SI units.
independent variables.
approximate oval.
oblate spheroid.
12. Organisms that formed index fossils
a. were destroyed by igneous rocks.
b. lived during long spans of geologic time.
c. lived during short spans of geologic time.
d. were destroyed by sedimentary rocks.
13. Which of the following is NOT part of scientific methods?
a. draw conclusions
c. become a scientist
b. ask a question
d. form a hypothesis
14. What are the four main branches of Earth science?
a. chemistry, physics, biology, zoology
b. sophistry, philosophy, anthropology, neurology
c. geography, astrology, phrenology, psychology
d. geology, oceanography, astronomy, meteorology
15. During the main sequence stage, how is energy generated in a star’s core?
a. Hydrogen fuses into helium.
c. Carbon fuses into oxygen.
b. Carbon fuses into hydrogen.
d. Helium fuses into hydrogen.
16. What is important about Hubble’s discovery that there is a red shift in the spectra of galaxies?
a. It suggests the existence of black holes.
b. It suggests that the universe is contracting.
c. It proves the big bang theory.
d. It suggests that the universe is expanding.
17. What can parallax be used to calculate?
a. the temperature on the surface of a star within 1,000 light-years of Earth
b. the distance to stars that are extremely far away
c. the composition off stars based on the spectra of their starlight
d. the distance to a star within 1,000 light-years of Earth
18. How do sunspots form?
a. Magnetic fields increase energy transfer in the convective zone.
b. The core shuts down and reduces energy transfer.
c. The radiative zone reduces energy transfer to the core.
d. Magnetic fields reduce energy transfer in the convective zone.
2
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS TEST
VERSION: D
19. When the solar system formed, smaller bodies joined together through collision and the force of gravity to form
larger bodies called
a. protoplanets.
c. planets.
b. planetesimals.
d. moons.
20. Early fresh water oceans became salty when
a. rainwater carried dissolved solid rock to the oceans.
b. floods carried salty soil to the deltas and then into the oceans.
c. coral reefs created a salty ocean bottom.
d. salt particles fell from the atmosphere into the oceans.
21. The two inner planets most alike in size, mass, and density are
a. Earth and Mars.
c. Mars and Mercury.
b. Venus and Earth.
d. Mercury and Venus.
22. What color are the coolest stars?
a. blue
b. white
c.
d.
red
orange
23. Almost all fossils are discovered in
a. metamorphic rock.
b. volcanic rock.
c.
d.
igneous rock.
sedimentary rock.
24. What color are the hottest stars?
a. white
b. yellow
c.
d.
red
blue
25. What elements make up most of the sun’s mass?
a. helium and nitrogen
c.
b. hydrogen and helium
d.
carbon and oxygen
carbon and hydrogen
26. Why is radioactive decay used to determine the absolute age of rocks?
a. Radioactive decay does not happen at a constant rate.
b. Radioactive decay happens very quickly.
c. Radioactive decay cannot be used to determine the age of a rock.
d. Radioactive decay happens at a relatively constant rate.
27. Einstein’s equation E = mc2 helps scientists understand the sun’s energy because the equation
a. explains a star’s specific wavelengths of light.
b. explains how mass can be converted into huge amounts of energy.
c. describes solar flares.
d. describes nuclear fission.
28. Small bodies from which planets originated during the early formation of the solar system are called
a. asteroids.
c. planetesimals.
b. protoplanets.
d. comets.
3
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS TEST
29. Sunspots vary in a cycle that lasts about
a. 110 years.
b. 1,100 years.
VERSION: D
c.
d.
11 years.
100,000 years.
30. By analyzing the light that a star emits, astronomers can determine
a. the composition and temperature of a star.
b. the galaxy that the star belongs to.
c. the motion of a star.
d. the size and weight of a star.
31. Auroras are frequently seen
a. after solar flares.
b. before a sunspot cycle.
c.
d.
near the equator.
every 11 years.
32. Stars appear to move in the sky because
a. the universe is expanding.
b. Earth is moving.
c.
d.
the sky is rotating.
galaxies are forming.
33. Kepler’s third law describes the relationship between the average distance of a planet from the sun and the
planet’s
a. gravitational pull.
c. orbital period.
b. inertia.
d. average temperature.
34. Around the core of Earth is an iron- and magnesium-rich rock layer called the
a. mantle.
c. atmosphere.
b. crust.
d. magma.
35. When the outward force due fusion and radiation balances with the inward force of gravity a star is said to be
experiencing
a. stasis.
c. a nova.
b. equilibrium.
d. parallax.
36. The early atmosphere developed when many volcanic eruptions released large amounts of gases in a process
called
a. outgassing.
c. ozone.
b. lava flow.
d. combustion.
37. What is a galaxy?
a. planets, moons, and stars bound together by magnetism
b. air, gas, and rock in the universe
c. debris, dirt, and trash bound together by gravity
d. stars, dust, and gas bound together by gravity
4
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS TEST
VERSION: D
38. Earth scientists help us better understand the world around us by studying how
a. war impacts society.
b. natural forces shape our environment.
c. animals interact with humans.
d. genealogy and astrology impact society.
39. What is an irregular galaxy?
a. a galaxy that has high mass and is rich in dust and gas
b. a galaxy shaped like a stretched-out football
c. a galaxy with no particular shape
d. a galaxy that has vast areas without stars
40. Index fossils found in rock layers in different areas of the world indicate that the rock layers
a. never fully formed.
b. formed during different periods of time.
c. formed during the same period of time.
d. are still forming.
41. Astronomers believe that cosmic background radiation formed
a. shortly before the big bang.
c. shortly after the big bang.
b. more that a trillion years ago.
d. about a billion years ago.
42. A rotating cloud of gas and dust from which Earth’s solar system formed is called a(n)
a. solar eclipse.
c. astronomical explosion.
b. supernova.
d. solar nebula.
43. A star moving away from the Earth has a spectrum that is
a. shifted toward blue.
c. losing its color.
b. shifted toward red.
d. unchanged.
44. During nuclear fusion in the sun, which of the following occurs?
a. Atomic nuclei split apart.
b. The aurora australis appears.
c. A solar eclipse results.
d. Hydrogen nuclei combine to produce a helium nucleus.
45. What makes up most of the universe?
a. the dark force
b. black holes
c.
d.
dark energy and dark matter
known elements
46. What type of galaxy is the Milky Way?
a. spherical
b. irregular
c.
d.
spiral
elliptical
5
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS TEST
VERSION: D
47. Scientists determine the composition and temperature of stars
a. by sampling matter on the surface of stars.
b. by analyzing the vibrations that stars emit.
c. through magnetic testing.
d. by analyzing the spectra of the light that stars emit.
48. After its temperature rises to 10,000,000°C, a protostar becomes a star when
a. nuclear fusion begins.
c. nuclear fusion ends.
b. nuclear fission begins.
d. nuclear fission ends.
49. The age of an object in relation to the ages of other objects is
a. absolute age.
c. relative age.
b. comparative age.
d. relational age.
50. An idea that has been tested repeatedly and gains acceptance is called a
a. law.
c. controlled experiment.
b. theory.
d. hypothesis.
51. The big bang occurred about
a. 14 million years ago.
b. 5 billion years ago.
c.
d.
52. The solid, plastic layer of the mantle is called the
a. mesosphere.
c.
b. asthenosphere.
d.
a billion years ago.
14 billion years ago.
lithosphere.
core.
53. Young Earth formed a core, mantle, and crust in a process called
a. differentiation.
c. layering.
b. settling.
d. dispersion.
54. Because Earth’s interior is warmer than its surface layers, hot materials move toward the surface in a process
called
a. energy balancing.
c. convection.
b. rotation.
d. energy transfer.
55. When hydrogen nuclei fuse into helium nuclei
a. the nuclei die.
c.
b. energy is released.
d.
particles neutralize.
particles collide.
56. Scientists break up the sun’s light into a spectrum using a device called a
a. chromograph.
c. spectrograph.
b. positron.
d. corona.
57. Kepler’s first law states that planets orbit the sun in paths called
a. epicycles.
c. periods.
b. ellipses.
d. circles.
6
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS TEST
58. The sun converts matter into energy in the
a. corona.
b. convective zone.
VERSION: D
c.
d.
core.
radiative zone.
59. When early Earth’s atmosphere formed, which of the following gases were lost because Earth’s gravity was too
weak?
a. helium and nitrogen
c. hydrogen and ozone
b. helium and hydrogen
d. oxygen and helium
60. Anything that has mass and takes up space is known as
a. matter.
c. energy.
b. protons.
d. newtons.
Essay
1. Write a short essay about the current theory of the composition of the universe.
2. Why might an old main-sequence star have a greater percentage of helium than a younger main-sequence star?
3. How did the land, atmosphere, and oceans of Earth form?
7
ID: D
Earth Science Dept. S1 Final
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
B
A
D
A
C
B
B
C
A
A
D
C
C
D
A
D
B
D
A
A
B
C
D
D
B
D
B
C
C
A
A
B
C
A
B
A
D
B
1
ID: D
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
C
C
C
D
B
D
C
C
D
A
C
B
D
B
A
C
B
C
B
C
B
A
ESSAY
1. Answers may vary. Sample answer: The matter that humans, the planets, and the stars are made up of makes up
only 4% of the universe. About 23% of the universe is composed of dark matter that gives off no light. About
three quarters of the universe is made up of dark energy, which scientists theorize acts in opposition to gravity and
may be accelerating the expansion of the universe.
2. Answers may vary. Sample answer: During the main sequence stage, stars generate energy by nuclear fusion in the
core, using hydrogen as the source and producing helium in the process. Over time, a main sequence star would
use up its hydrogen and build up a greater percentage of helium. The older star will be farther along in this process
than a younger star.
3. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Land formed through differentiation, when denser layers sank to the center
core of Earth and lighter areas formed the surface crust. The mantle formed between the core and crust. Earth’s
atmosphere formed when volcanic eruptions released large amounts of gases in a process called outgassing.
Oceans formed when Earth cooled enough for water vapor to condense and form rain. The liquid water collected
to form oceans.
2