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Road to War & WWII 1930-1945 1 (EQ): Essential Question What economic impact did the Treaty of Versailles have on global economies? 2 What fueled WWII? Great Depression decreased resources for peace. territorial conflicts over resources fed industrialization, which led to war. In the decades leading up to World War II, the United States and Japan protected their interests in Asia. Germany, Italy, and Japan threatened world peace. Many countries developed military resources, formed alliances, and had totalitarian regimes. Terms of the Treaty of Versailles 3 Treaty of Versailles The “Unhappy compromise” Signed June 28, 1919 in Versailles, France Germany was forced to: 1. pay reparations: compensation in money, payable by a defeated country to another for loss suffered during war 2. take full responsibility for conflict 3. return conquered land to France & Russia 4. give land for formation of new country of Poland 5. give colonies around world to various world powers 6. limit size of military 4 Economic crisis and World Wide Depression Stock Market Crash On Oct. 29,1929: US stock prices abruptly fell at the NY Stock exchange: “Black Tuesday” US did not have the funds to help its allies in Europe Decreased resources for peace Trade between nations dropped 5 Great Depression: worldwide long business slumps • High unemployment-millions of people worldwide lost their jobs & farms (Germany- worst) 6 Germany’s postwar economic problems Germany did not raise taxes during WWI so it printed new money which caused inflation Inflation: rise in prices combined with a decrease in buying power German currency “bottomed out”, it was worthless German economy bad after WWI because of reparations: payments paid by a losing country in a war to the winning country to pay for damages. Economic distress in Germany directly contributed to Hitler’s rise in power. 7 (EQ): Essential Question How did Totalitarian leadership threaten peace for Italy, The Soviet Union, and Germany prior to the start of WWII? 8 Totalitarianism all aspects of life are controlled by a dictator WWII totalitarian leaders: Italy: Mussolini Soviet Union: Stalin Germany: Hitler 9 Benito Mussolini Became Prime Minister of Italy in 1922 after an overthrew March on Rome: Mussolini’s takeover of power Allied himself with Hitler Rule based on fascism: political system in which the “state” or government is seen as more important than individuals 10 Mid 1930’s began working to expand territory Pact of Steel: (1939) Italy and Germany agree to a military & political alliance, giving birth to the Axis powers Both sides were fearful and distrustful of the other Called the Tripartite Pact upon Japan’s arrival 11 Joseph Stalin “Man of Steel” Leader of the Soviet Union upon the death of Lenin in 1922 Ruled until his death in 1953 Communist, ruthless leader Russia lacked weapons & skilled leadership Aug.1939 Signed a non-aggression pact with Hitler that shocked & appalled the world Had an uneasy alliance with US and Britain 12 Great Purge cleansing, political repression & persecution in the Soviet Union-13 million deaths Terrorized those he saw as political enemies, killing or imposing millions of Soviet citizens Suspected many, including those in his inner circle of being spies Many innocent people were jailed or executed 13 Adolf Hitler “Fuhrer” means the leader took advantage of public anger over effects of the Treaty of Versailles to gain power Rearmament: to build or rebuild a military, Hitler did this in violation of the Treaty of Versailles Member of the National Socialist Party (or Nazis) 14 Nov. 8, 1923, Beer Hall Putsch: Hitler & Nazi Party led a coalition beginning at Munich, Germany It was an attempt to overthrew (coup d’etat) the Weimar Government: new democratic government in Germany-unsuccessful Captured, sentenced to 5 yrs. for high treason, served only1 year. 15 1925-wrote a book in prison called Mein Kampf “My Struggle” master of portraying Germany as the victim 16 Germany’s hunger to expand Became chancellor in 1933 & seized all gov’t power Hitler violated the Treaty of Versailles by rebuilding the German military. 17 German Aggression 1936-Hitler violates the Treaty of Versailles by sending troops into the Rhineland: a demilitarized zone along the Rhine River in western Germany 18 Germany sparks a new War in Europe Non-Aggression Pact: (Aug. 1939) Germany & Soviet Union would not attack each other Agreement includes secret deal to split Poland Thus, if Germany went to war against the West (France & Great Britain) over Poland, the Soviets were guaranteeing that they would not enter the war; thus not open a second front for Germany. It was suppose to last for 10 years but only lasted 2. The Nazis and the Soviets kept the terms of the pact until Germany's surprise attack and invasion of the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941. 19 (EQ): Essential Question Summarize the chain of events that set WWII into motion. 20 WWII officially begins Sept. 1, 1939-Germany invades Poland Great Britain & France declare war on Germany in defense of Poland Poland fell before they could help 1940-Germany conquers Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Norway & Denmark June 20, 1941-France surrenders to Germany but French resistance continues June 22, 1941 Germany (Hitler) invades Russia (Stalin)-broke the non aggression pact 21 “Blitzkrieg: German military strategy of sudden mass attacks to overwhelm the enemy In German it means “lightning war” 22 Winston Churchill Winston Churchill—Becomes British prime minister in 1940 Only country resisting Germans vows no surrender-made him popular to lead England Hitler thought that he would make peace 23 Battle of Britain, 1940-1941 Luftwaffe-”air weapon”, German Air Force, begin attacking British planes & airfields bomb British cities-largest aerial bombing campaign Royal Air Force (British) fought back destroyed 2300 German planes. Britain won due to their new technology of radar devices. Stunned by British resistance, Hitler calls off attacks 24 US Aids Its Allies Most Americans want to avoid war. 1940-Roosevelt promised to keep America out of WWII Roosevelt hoped to strengthen allies so they could resist Germany Lend-Lease Act: (1941) allows the US to lend or lease war supplies to any nation deemed “vital to the defense of the US” Roosevelt and Churchill meet & issue statement: Atlantic Charter—supports free trade, nations had the right to choose their government 25 (EQ): Essential Question How did Hitler carry out his desire to racially purify Europe ? Describe the cause, main events and outcome of the Holocaust in Europe. 26 Holocaust Begins Hitler & Nazi say Aryans: Hitler’s master race are the ideal race They launch the Holocaust: systematic murder of Jews & others Anti-Semitism: hatred of Jewish people Nuremberg laws: deprive Jews of their rights of citizenship, giving the status of “subjects” of Hitler’s Reich (1935) 27 Kristallnacht “Night of the Broken Glass” Nov. 9, 1938, anti-Semitic purge in Germany & Austria Jewish homes, businesses, synagogues attacked, 100 Jews murdered Fearing more violence, many German Jews flee to other countries Hitler favors emigration but other countries limit Jewish refugees 28 Isolating the Jews Hitler has all Jews moved to designated cities They are forced to live in ghetto: separate Jewish areas Hitler hopes that Jews in ghettos will die of disease, starvation Despite bad conditions, Jews survive in these areas 29 30 Final Solution Hitler’s final plan for treatment of Jews Chooses genocide: systematic killing of entire people Create killing squads-shoot men, women and children in mass executions Other Jews sent to work at concentration camps or death camps 31 32 33 34 Final Stage By 1942, Nazis building huge, efficient extermination camps Camps separate strong from weak people Weak (mostly women, children, elderly, sick) killed immediately Nazi kill about 6 million European Jews during the war Fewer than 4 million survive 35 (EQ): Essential Question What events influenced or motivated Japan to attack the United States at Pearl Harbor? 36 Japan Hideki Tojo • General in the Japanese army • responsible for bombing of Pearl Harbor • tried as a war criminal and executed in 1948 Admiral Yamamoto • Japan’s greatest naval strategist • called for the attack on the US fleet in Hawaii Emperor Hirohito • 62 year reign (1926-1989) 37 Japanese Aggression Japan was aggressive in gaining natural resources (oil, coal, iron) to build its economy. Aggression: to move quickly with no regard to innocent people Imperialism: type of relationship between countries in which one nation directly or indirectly controls gov’t/economy of another nation 38 Japan has no natural resources Sought natural resources (oil, coal, iron) by aggressively invading Manchuria (Northeast China) & Korea to rebuild its economy killing hundreds of thousands (1931) Attacks China gains ports & natural resources (1936) 39 Japan’s Pacific Campaign Japan built up its military: rearmament Japan develops plan for attacks on European colonies & US bases The US was uncomfortable with Japanese aggression in China Japan was dependent on the US for its oil. Roosevelt cuts off oil to Japan (1941), he hoped Japan would bargain with them 40 Admiral Yamamoto plans attack on US Dec. 7, 1941, Japan attacks US planes and ships in Pearl Harbor: US naval base in Oahu, Hawaii Franklin D. Roosevelt: “A day which will live in infamy” 41 Pearl Harbor Battleship Row: all of the US battleships anchored in Pearl Harbor sank or were damaged more than 2,403 Americans killed & 200 airplanes destroyed The attack was meant to give Japan time to gain control of East Asia before the US military could respond Dec. 8, 1941-US declares war on Japan, Germany declares war on US afterwards 42 USS Arizona Memorial • USS Arizona and crew of 1,177 were among the first casualties 43 Fuel continues to leak from USS Arizona On December 6, 1941, the USS Arizona took on a full load of fuel—nearly 1.5 million gallons—in preparation for its scheduled trip to the mainland later that month. The next day, much of it fed the explosion and subsequent fires that destroyed the ship following its attack by Japanese bombers. However, despite the raging fire and ravages of time, some 500,000 gallons are still slowly seeping out of the ship’s submerged wreckage. Nearly 70 years later, the USS Arizona continues to spill up to 9 quarts of oil into the harbor each day. 44 45 Dec. 8, 1941, Japan attacks Philippines, Wake Island, Guam, Malaya, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands, Thailand, Shanghai & Midway Dec. 8, 1941, US & Britain declare war on Japan. 46 Important Battles of WWII 47 (EQ): Essential Question What is the significance of major European and Pacific Battles of WWII? 48 Leaders during WWII Italy: Benito Mussolini US: Franklin Roosevelt (‘32-’45) -dies in ‘45 of cerebral hemorrhage Harry Truman (‘45) Japan: Emperor Hirohito GB: Winston Churchill Germany: Adolf Hitler France: Charles de Gaulle Soviet Union: Josef Stalin 49 Battle Fronts in WWII Pacific Theater: war in the Pacific Ocean with Japan European (Atlantic) Theater: war in EuropeGermany, Great Britain, France, Italy, etc. 50 Battle of Stalingrad, Aug. 1942- Feb.1943 Major and decisive battle of WWII Nazi Germany & its allies fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad USSR holds off German attack leaving many German soldiers with no food or winter clothing. The battle was a disaster for Germany-Soviet Victory 51 Battle of Normandy, 1944 Allies plan invasion of France, use deception to confuse Germans-invasion at Calais D-Day-June 6, 1944; day of "Operation Overlord” first day of the invasion of Normandy during WWII Largest seaborne invasion in history, 150,000 American, British and Canadian soldiers + 23,000 airborne troops Crucial point for bringing the Western Allies closer to the western border of Germany Allies capture Normandy beaches 52 53 54 Battle of the Bulge, 1944-1945 Last major Nazi offensive against the Allies in WWII US & British forces advance on Germany from west, & Soviets from east German counterattack in Dec. 1944. Largest battle fought by the Americas in WWII 600,000 troops were involved-81,000 American soldiers dead; 100,000 Germans 55 Soviets surround Berlin in 1945 Hitler commits suicide & is found dead in a bunker in Berlin May 8, 1945: V-E Day: Victory in Europe Germany officially surrenders 56 Battle of Midway, 1942 US destroys Japan’s naval fleet, Japan retreats American pilots destroyed 332 Japanese planes, 4 aircraft carriers, one support ship 57 Doolittle Raids, April 18, 1942 First attack on Japanese homeland-Tokyo- during WWII It was named after James Harold Doolittle Air raid, it was the only operation in which U.S. Army Air Forces bombers were launched from an aircraft carrier into combat It boosted American morale 58 Battle of Iwo Jima, 1945 US fought a bloody 28-day battle for control of the small Pacific Island. It was a very important piece of land as it was the last place for Japanese anti-aircraft fire. It left Tokyo defenseless. Kamikazes: Japanese pilots who fly suicide missions Japanese resisted, died rather than surrendered 59 60 61 Battle of Okinawa, 1945 Largest assault in the Pacific-”Operation Iceberg” to capture Okinawa, Japan “Typhoon of Steel”-refers fighting, gunfire involved and sheer numbers of Allied ships & armored vehicles Objective: seize a large island only 340 miles away from mainland Japan Japan suffered huge casualties 62 (EQ): Essential Question What were the global effects of the U.S. decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan? 63 Atomic Bomb 64 Advisors warn Truman that an invasion of Japan will cost many lives He has alternative; powerful new weapon called atomic bomb Manhattan Project—secret program to develop the bomb 65 Enola Gay • B29 Bomber Enola Gay drops the Atomic bomb on Hiroshima, August 6, 1945 • “Little Boy” • about 75,000 die • Permanent home at Udvar Hazy Museum 66 Bockscar B29 Bomber drops the atomic bomb on Nagasaki on August 9; “Fat Man”, 70,000 die immediately many more died later due to the effects of the bombs (radiation, poisoning, cancer) 67 Hiroshima Before and After Nagasaki Before and After 68 Conditions of Japan’s surrender Japanese “unconditional” surrender” on September 2, 1945 "Let us pray that peace be now restored to the world and that God will preserve it always. These proceedings are closed!" General MacArthur, September 2, 1945, aboard USS Missouri located in Tokyo Bay With those words, World War II was finally over. 69 USS Missouri 70 Japan’s Surrender Japan was not allowed to rebuild its military Emperor was stripped of power Military leaders taken out of power Introduced democracy Japan is demilitarized; change to democracy; adopt new constitution in 1947-says it can’t attack another country 1951 Japan signs treaty with US and becomes allies 71 (EQ): Essential Question Explain the outcome of WWII on a global stage. 72 Cost of WWII 70 million dead Europe and Japan are in ruins Many people displaced by war & peace agreements Lack of food, destruction of roads, & factories lead to hardships Many people suffer from hunger, disease after war 73 Nuremberg Trials: (1945-1949) trials of 24 political & military leaders of Nazi Germany Indicted for aggressive war, & war crimes against humanity Some Nazi leaders are executed for their actions 74 In 1948, Hideki Tojo tried to kill himself, he was found with a gun shot but recovered. He was found guilty of war crimes and executed. He was responsible for Pearl Harbor and enslaving POW’s and starving them. 75 Dec. 24, 1948 General McArthur declared a “Christmas amnesty”: last remaining men accused of war crimes did not have to face trials 1951-Allies (US) and Japan signed the Treaty of Peace (took effect in 1952) This ended the Allies occupation in Japan 76