Download WWII Notes - Bismarck Public Schools

Road to War & WWII
1930-1945
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(EQ): Essential Question
 What economic impact did the Treaty of
Versailles have on global economies?
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What fueled WWII?
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Great Depression decreased resources for peace.
territorial conflicts over resources fed industrialization,
which led to war.
In the decades leading up to World War II, the United
States and Japan protected their interests in Asia.
Germany, Italy, and Japan threatened world peace.
Many countries developed military resources, formed
alliances, and had totalitarian regimes.
Terms of the Treaty of Versailles
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Treaty of Versailles
 The “Unhappy compromise”
 Signed June 28, 1919 in Versailles, France
 Germany was forced to:
1. pay reparations: compensation in money, payable by
a defeated country to another for loss suffered during
war
2. take full responsibility for conflict
3. return conquered land to France & Russia
4. give land for formation of new country of Poland
5. give colonies around world to various world powers
6. limit size of military
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Economic crisis and World Wide
Depression
 Stock Market Crash
 On Oct. 29,1929: US stock prices abruptly fell at
the NY Stock exchange: “Black Tuesday”
 US did not have the funds to help its allies in
Europe
 Decreased resources for peace
 Trade between nations dropped
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Great Depression: worldwide long business slumps
• High unemployment-millions of people worldwide lost
their jobs & farms (Germany- worst)
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Germany’s postwar economic problems
 Germany did not raise taxes during WWI so it printed new
money which caused inflation
 Inflation: rise in prices combined with a decrease in buying
power
 German currency “bottomed out”, it was worthless
 German economy bad after WWI because of reparations:
payments paid by a losing country in a war to the winning
country to pay for damages.
 Economic distress in Germany directly contributed to Hitler’s
rise in power.
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(EQ): Essential Question
 How did Totalitarian leadership threaten
peace for Italy, The Soviet Union, and
Germany prior to the start of WWII?
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Totalitarianism
 all aspects of life are controlled by a dictator
 WWII totalitarian leaders:
 Italy: Mussolini
 Soviet Union: Stalin
 Germany: Hitler
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Benito Mussolini
 Became Prime Minister of Italy in 1922 after an overthrew
 March on Rome: Mussolini’s takeover of power
 Allied himself with Hitler
 Rule based on fascism: political system in which
the “state” or government is seen as more important than
individuals
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 Mid 1930’s began working to expand territory
 Pact of Steel: (1939) Italy and Germany agree to
a military & political alliance, giving birth to the
Axis powers
 Both sides were fearful and distrustful of the other
 Called the Tripartite Pact upon Japan’s arrival
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Joseph Stalin
“Man of Steel”
 Leader of the Soviet Union upon the death of
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Lenin in 1922
Ruled until his death in 1953
Communist, ruthless leader
Russia lacked weapons & skilled leadership
Aug.1939 Signed a non-aggression pact with Hitler that
shocked & appalled the world
Had an uneasy alliance with US and Britain
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Great Purge
 cleansing, political repression & persecution in
the Soviet Union-13 million deaths
 Terrorized those he saw as political enemies,
killing or imposing millions of Soviet citizens
 Suspected many, including those in his inner
circle of being spies
 Many innocent people were jailed or executed
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Adolf Hitler
 “Fuhrer” means the leader
 took advantage of public anger over
effects of the Treaty of Versailles to gain power
 Rearmament: to build or rebuild a military,
Hitler did this in violation of the Treaty of
Versailles
 Member of the National Socialist Party (or Nazis)
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 Nov. 8, 1923, Beer Hall Putsch: Hitler & Nazi Party
led a coalition beginning at Munich, Germany
 It was an attempt to overthrew (coup d’etat) the
Weimar Government: new democratic government
in Germany-unsuccessful
 Captured, sentenced to 5 yrs. for high treason, served
only1 year.
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 1925-wrote a book in prison called Mein
Kampf “My Struggle”
 master of portraying Germany as the victim
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Germany’s hunger to expand
 Became chancellor in 1933 & seized all gov’t
power
 Hitler violated the Treaty of Versailles by
rebuilding the German military.
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German Aggression
 1936-Hitler violates the Treaty of Versailles by
sending troops into the Rhineland: a demilitarized
zone along the Rhine River in western Germany
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Germany sparks a new War in Europe
 Non-Aggression Pact: (Aug. 1939) Germany &
Soviet Union would not attack each other
 Agreement includes secret deal to split Poland
 Thus, if Germany went to war against the West (France &
Great Britain) over Poland, the Soviets were guaranteeing
that they would not enter the war; thus not open a second
front for Germany.
 It was suppose to last for 10 years but only lasted 2.
 The Nazis and the Soviets kept the terms of the pact until
Germany's surprise attack and invasion of the Soviet
Union on June 22, 1941.
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(EQ): Essential Question
 Summarize the chain of events that set WWII
into motion.
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WWII officially begins
 Sept. 1, 1939-Germany invades Poland
 Great Britain & France declare war on Germany in
defense of Poland
 Poland fell before they could help
 1940-Germany conquers Netherlands, Belgium,
Luxembourg, Norway & Denmark
 June 20, 1941-France surrenders to Germany but
French resistance continues
 June 22, 1941 Germany (Hitler) invades Russia
(Stalin)-broke the non aggression pact
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 “Blitzkrieg: German military strategy of sudden
mass attacks to overwhelm the enemy
 In German it means “lightning war”
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Winston Churchill
 Winston Churchill—Becomes British
prime minister in 1940
 Only country resisting Germans
 vows no surrender-made him popular to lead England
 Hitler thought that he would make peace
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Battle of Britain, 1940-1941
 Luftwaffe-”air weapon”, German Air Force,
begin attacking British planes & airfields
 bomb British cities-largest aerial bombing campaign
 Royal Air Force (British) fought back
 destroyed 2300 German planes.
 Britain won due to their new technology of
radar devices.
 Stunned by British resistance, Hitler calls off
attacks
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US Aids Its Allies
 Most Americans want to avoid war.
 1940-Roosevelt promised to keep America out of
WWII
 Roosevelt hoped to strengthen allies so they could
resist Germany
 Lend-Lease Act: (1941) allows the US to lend
or lease war supplies to any nation deemed “vital
to the defense of the US”
 Roosevelt and Churchill meet & issue statement:
Atlantic Charter—supports free trade, nations
had the right to choose their government
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(EQ): Essential Question
 How did Hitler carry out his desire to racially
purify Europe ?
 Describe the cause, main events and
outcome of the Holocaust in Europe.
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Holocaust Begins
 Hitler & Nazi say Aryans: Hitler’s master
race are the ideal race
 They launch the Holocaust: systematic
murder of Jews & others
 Anti-Semitism: hatred of Jewish people
 Nuremberg laws: deprive Jews of their
rights of citizenship, giving the status of
“subjects” of Hitler’s Reich (1935)
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Kristallnacht
“Night of the Broken Glass”
 Nov. 9, 1938, anti-Semitic purge in Germany
& Austria
 Jewish homes, businesses, synagogues
attacked, 100 Jews murdered
 Fearing more violence, many German Jews
flee to other countries
 Hitler favors emigration but other countries
limit Jewish refugees
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Isolating the Jews
 Hitler has all Jews moved to designated cities
 They are forced to live in ghetto: separate Jewish
areas
 Hitler hopes that Jews in ghettos will die of
disease, starvation
 Despite bad conditions, Jews survive in these
areas
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Final Solution
 Hitler’s final plan for treatment of Jews
 Chooses genocide: systematic killing of entire
people
 Create killing squads-shoot men, women and
children in mass executions
 Other Jews sent to work at concentration
camps or death camps
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Final Stage
 By 1942, Nazis building huge, efficient
extermination camps
 Camps separate strong from weak people
 Weak (mostly women, children, elderly,
sick) killed immediately
 Nazi kill about 6 million European Jews
during the war
 Fewer than 4 million survive
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(EQ): Essential Question
 What events influenced or motivated Japan
to attack the United States at Pearl Harbor?
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Japan
Hideki Tojo
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General in the Japanese army
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responsible for bombing of Pearl Harbor
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tried as a war criminal and executed in 1948
Admiral Yamamoto
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Japan’s greatest naval strategist
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called for the attack on the US fleet in Hawaii
Emperor Hirohito
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62 year reign (1926-1989)
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Japanese Aggression
 Japan was aggressive in gaining natural resources (oil, coal,
iron) to build its economy.
 Aggression: to move quickly with no regard to innocent people
 Imperialism: type of relationship between countries in
which one nation directly or indirectly controls
gov’t/economy of another nation
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 Japan has no natural resources
 Sought natural resources (oil, coal, iron) by
aggressively invading Manchuria (Northeast China)
& Korea to rebuild its economy killing hundreds of
thousands (1931)
 Attacks China gains ports & natural resources (1936)
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Japan’s Pacific Campaign
 Japan built up its military: rearmament
 Japan develops plan for attacks on European
colonies & US bases
 The US was uncomfortable with Japanese
aggression in China
 Japan was dependent on the US for its oil.
 Roosevelt cuts off oil to Japan (1941), he hoped Japan
would bargain with them
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 Admiral Yamamoto plans attack on US
 Dec. 7, 1941, Japan attacks US planes and ships in Pearl
Harbor: US naval base in Oahu, Hawaii
 Franklin D. Roosevelt: “A day which will live in
infamy”
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Pearl Harbor
 Battleship Row: all of the US battleships anchored in Pearl
Harbor sank or were damaged
 more than 2,403 Americans killed & 200 airplanes
destroyed
 The attack was meant to give Japan time to gain
control of East Asia before the US military could respond
 Dec. 8, 1941-US declares war on Japan, Germany declares
war on US afterwards
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USS Arizona Memorial
• USS Arizona and crew of 1,177 were among the
first casualties
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Fuel continues to leak from USS Arizona
 On December 6, 1941, the USS Arizona took on a
full load of fuel—nearly 1.5 million gallons—in
preparation for its scheduled trip to the mainland
later that month.
 The next day, much of it fed the explosion and
subsequent fires that destroyed the ship following
its attack by Japanese bombers. However, despite
the raging fire and ravages of time, some 500,000
gallons are still slowly seeping out of the ship’s
submerged wreckage.
 Nearly 70 years later, the USS Arizona continues to
spill up to 9 quarts of oil into the harbor each day.
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 Dec. 8, 1941, Japan attacks Philippines, Wake
Island, Guam, Malaya, Guadalcanal, Solomon
Islands, Thailand, Shanghai & Midway
 Dec. 8, 1941, US & Britain declare war on
Japan.
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Important Battles of WWII
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(EQ): Essential Question
 What is the significance of major European
and Pacific Battles of WWII?
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Leaders during WWII
Italy: Benito Mussolini
US: Franklin Roosevelt (‘32-’45)
-dies in ‘45 of cerebral hemorrhage
Harry Truman (‘45)
Japan: Emperor Hirohito
GB: Winston Churchill
Germany: Adolf Hitler
France: Charles de Gaulle
Soviet Union: Josef Stalin
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Battle Fronts in WWII
Pacific Theater: war in the Pacific Ocean with
Japan
European (Atlantic) Theater: war in EuropeGermany, Great Britain, France, Italy, etc.
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Battle of Stalingrad, Aug. 1942- Feb.1943
 Major and decisive battle of WWII
 Nazi Germany & its allies fought the Soviet Union for
control of the city of Stalingrad
 USSR holds off German attack leaving many German
soldiers with no food or winter clothing. The battle was a
disaster for Germany-Soviet Victory
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Battle of Normandy, 1944
 Allies plan invasion of France, use deception to confuse
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Germans-invasion at Calais
D-Day-June 6, 1944; day of "Operation Overlord” first
day of the invasion of Normandy during WWII
Largest seaborne invasion in history, 150,000 American,
British and Canadian soldiers + 23,000 airborne troops
Crucial point for bringing the Western Allies closer to
the western border of Germany
Allies capture Normandy beaches
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Battle of the Bulge, 1944-1945
 Last major Nazi offensive against the Allies in WWII
 US & British forces advance on Germany from west,
& Soviets from east
 German counterattack in Dec. 1944.
 Largest battle fought by the Americas in WWII
 600,000 troops were involved-81,000 American
soldiers dead; 100,000 Germans
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 Soviets surround Berlin in 1945
 Hitler commits suicide & is found dead in a
bunker in Berlin
 May 8, 1945: V-E Day: Victory in Europe
Germany officially surrenders
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Battle of Midway, 1942
 US destroys Japan’s naval fleet, Japan retreats
 American pilots destroyed 332 Japanese planes,
4 aircraft carriers, one support ship
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Doolittle Raids, April 18, 1942
 First attack on Japanese homeland-Tokyo-
during WWII
 It was named after James Harold Doolittle
 Air raid, it was the only operation in which
U.S. Army Air Forces bombers were launched
from an aircraft carrier into combat
 It boosted American morale
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Battle of Iwo Jima, 1945
 US fought a bloody 28-day battle for
control of the small Pacific Island.
 It was a very important piece of land as it was the last
place for Japanese anti-aircraft fire. It left Tokyo
defenseless.
 Kamikazes: Japanese pilots who fly suicide missions
 Japanese resisted, died rather than surrendered
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Battle of Okinawa, 1945
 Largest assault in the Pacific-”Operation Iceberg” to
capture Okinawa, Japan
 “Typhoon of Steel”-refers fighting, gunfire involved
and sheer numbers of Allied ships & armored vehicles
 Objective: seize a large island only 340 miles away from
mainland Japan
 Japan suffered huge casualties
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(EQ): Essential Question
 What were the global effects of the U.S.
decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan?
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Atomic Bomb
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 Advisors warn Truman that an invasion of Japan
will cost many lives
 He has alternative; powerful new weapon called
atomic bomb
 Manhattan Project—secret program to develop
the bomb
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Enola Gay
• B29 Bomber Enola
Gay drops the Atomic
bomb on Hiroshima,
August 6, 1945
• “Little Boy”
• about 75,000 die
• Permanent home at
Udvar Hazy Museum
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Bockscar
 B29 Bomber drops the atomic bomb on
Nagasaki on August 9; “Fat Man”, 70,000 die
immediately
 many more died later due to the effects of the
bombs (radiation, poisoning, cancer)
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Hiroshima Before and After
Nagasaki Before and After
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Conditions of Japan’s surrender
 Japanese “unconditional” surrender” on September 2,
1945
 "Let us pray that peace be now restored to the world
and that God will preserve it always. These
proceedings are closed!"
 General MacArthur, September 2, 1945, aboard
USS Missouri located in Tokyo Bay
 With those words, World War II was finally over.
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USS Missouri
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Japan’s Surrender
 Japan was not allowed to rebuild its military
 Emperor was stripped of power
 Military leaders taken out of power
 Introduced democracy
 Japan is demilitarized; change to democracy;
adopt new constitution in 1947-says it can’t attack
another country
 1951 Japan signs treaty with US and becomes
allies
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(EQ): Essential Question
 Explain the outcome of WWII on a global
stage.
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Cost of WWII
 70 million dead
 Europe and Japan are in ruins
 Many people displaced by war & peace
agreements
 Lack of food, destruction of roads, &
factories lead to hardships
 Many people suffer from hunger, disease
after war
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 Nuremberg Trials: (1945-1949) trials of 24
political & military leaders of Nazi
Germany
 Indicted for aggressive war, & war crimes
against humanity
 Some Nazi leaders are executed for their
actions
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 In 1948, Hideki Tojo tried to kill himself, he
was found with a gun shot but recovered. He
was found guilty of war crimes and executed.
He was responsible for Pearl Harbor and
enslaving POW’s and starving them.
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 Dec. 24, 1948 General McArthur declared a
“Christmas amnesty”: last remaining men accused of
war crimes did not have to face trials
 1951-Allies (US) and Japan signed the Treaty
of Peace (took effect in 1952)
 This ended the Allies occupation in Japan
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