Download EUROPEAN EXPLORERS

EUROPEAN
EXPLORERS
● What is imperialism
and how did it impact
North America
● What role did the First
Nations play in
European exploration
of North America
● why is the history of
European exploration
critical today
THE AGE OF EXPLORATION
● in the 1300s overland routes between
Europe and Asia became disrupted
● the Mongol empire lost power to the
Ottoman empire in the Middle East and
the Ming Dynasty in China
● as a result the overland routes became
dangerous to travel and more vulnerable
to attack
●
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vn3e37VWc0k
THE AGE OF EXPLORATION
THE AGE OF EXPLORATION
● the need for new technology to access
these markets utilized ships
● during the 1400s, Europeans began to
develop ships that were faster and easier to
manoeuvre
● they used new navigation techniques like
the compass and the astrolabe
●
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7COCkxpEvzs
THE AGE OF EXPLORATION
● the Portuguese were the
first to put the new ships
and technology to use
● in 1488 Bartolomeu Dias
was the first person to
round the Cape of Good
Hope, Africa’s southern tip
to travel to India
●
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=8xzcVlOrM4s
LET’S GO WEST
● in the late 1400s Christopher Columbus of
Italy managed to persuade King Ferdinand
and Queen Isabella of Spain to sponsor an
expedition to Asia
● he did not find Asia he landed in the
Caribbean, and eventually encountered the
Aztec and Incan empires
● https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=0QigcivaDYg
AFTER COLUMBUS
● Columbus encounters with the Aztecs and
Incans yielded gold and other valueables which
kick started Britain, France and the
Netherlands interest in exploring North
America
● with Spain in control of the Caribbean, the
others concentrated on northern routes
● Italian navigators were favoured to head up
the exploration of the unknown waters of the
Atlantic ocean
1497: GIOVANNI CABOTO
● in 1497 an English expedition led by Italian
sailor Giovanni Caboto lands in
Newfoundland
● Caboto claimed that the fish were so
plentiful you could scoop up fish by the
basket
● soon ships of many nations began to fish the
shores of what would become Canada
●
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rvf4yB6_QGM
TEMPORARY SETTLEMENTS
AND FIRST CONTACT
● during the early days people arrived in the
summer and returned to Europe in the
winters
● they only came ashore to dry their catch
and replenish their supplies of fresh water
● on the shores they met the Mi’kmaq and the
Beothuk, with both positive and negative
impacts
IMPERIALISM
● a policy on the part of a ruler or
government on one territory to dominate
other territories
● in our history both France and Britain
attempted to gain control over the area
which eventually became Canada
PERSPECTIVES ON
FIRST CONTACT
The European outlook
● there is a high demand for fish, catching cod to sell back
home will make good, reliable profits. What about furs?
Would furs sell too? Some of these strangers seemed
willing to trade for them. There is already an established
fur trade in Russia. Could furs from this area compete?
Is it worth trying?
PERSPECTIVES ON
FIRST CONTACT
The Mi’kmaq outlook
● trading is a way of establishing relations. The giving and receiving of
gifts showed respect and goodwill. These strangers have metal goods,
and the pelts we used as trade can be easily replaced. They actually
prefer the old furs, ones we had already worn. We get to trade old
clothes for knives, axes, pots, kettles and needles. Pots allowed them us
to cook faster and use less firewood. We can meet our needs with
fewer resources and less trouble.
THE TRAGEDY OF
THE BEOTHUK
● The Beothuk people lived in Newfoundland and first
encountered the Europeans
● key understandings
●
Europeans did not questions whether or not they had the
right to establish permanent settlements
●
Some of the camps and settlements interfered with
traditional fishing areas
●
the Beothuk took equipment from French and British fishing
camps, hoping this would encourage them to leave
●
in 1713 Newfoundland became a British colony and more
British settlers arrived
●
a colony is a region claimed and governed by a country
from another part of the world
SHAWNADITHIT
● in 1832, British trappers captured a
young woman named Shawnadithit,
along with her sister and mother
● the trappers brought them to St.
John’s where they received gifts
before being returned to their place
of capture
● when her mother and sister died
Shawnadithit walked back to St. John’
s
● the British settler named her Nancy
SHAWNADITHIT
● in 1828 William Cormack realizing the
possible elimination of all Beothuks
● tried to create a record of Beothuk culture
and history
● Cormack did not speak her language
● Shawnadithit died of tuberculosis, a
contagious disease that mostly attacks the
lungs, in 1829 the last of her people
●
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=ssPTwMPpbAU&list=PLI8Cx_rhGoTKtH4xF-WzMQl_U2KYUisXP
THE FRENCH EXPLORERS
● in 1534, Francis I, King of France
sponsored an expedition to the coast
of North America led by French
explorer Jacques Cartier
● his goal was to find a passage to Asia
through North America
● Cartier was given the power to claim
these lands for France
● https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=AYi3O0ywY6k
THE FRENCH
EXPLORERS: CARTIER
● On June 24, 1534 Cartier had his first
encounter with a Mi’kmaq person
● on July 6 Cartier encountered some
Stadacona people near the Gaspe Penninsula
● legend has it that a misinterpretation during
this meeting lead to the name our country
has today
●
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AYi3O0ywY6k
THE FRENCH EXPLORERS
● in 1534, Henry II King of France
sponsored his an expedition to the
coast of North America led by French
explorer Jacques Cartier
● his goal was to find a passage to Asia
through North America
● Cartier was given the power to claim
these lands for France
● https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=AYi3O0ywY6k
THE FRENCH
EXPLORERS: CARTIER
● During Cartier’s second voyage ice forced
Cartier to spend the winter at Stadacona
(now Quebec City)
● he had insulted these people by travelling to
Hochelaga (now Montreal)
● Cartier crew grew sick with scurvy, a disease
that results from a lack of vitamin C that
causes internal bleeding
●
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2HYUaLiNPxE
THE FRENCH
EXPLORERS: CARTIER
● The Stadacona provided a tea rich in
vitamin C made from the needles of the
white cedar
● eventually Cartier seized five people from
Stadacona and took them to France
● they all died due to lack of immunity to
European diseases
● immunity is the ability to fight off infection
● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xeEsNH3w604
THE FRENCH
EXPLORERS: de CHAMPLAIN
● The French did not return to France until 1603
when Samuel de Champlain retraced Cartier’s
voyages along the St.Lawrence River
● in 1604 he returned as part of an expedition to
establish the first French colony in North
America, Port Royal in Acadia
● in 1608 he travelled further and established
a settlement at Quebec once home to the
Stadacona
THE FRENCH
EXPLORERS: de CHAMPLAIN
● The earlier settlements
journalled about by Cartier of
Stadacona and Hochelaga were
deserted
● Champlain is known as the
father of New France
● he was the first European to see
the Ottawa River and the Great
Lakes
●
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Ei6ZcP4WQ8