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Marine Science
Oceanography – the study of the chemical
and physical aspects of the world’s oceans.
Marine Biology – the study of ocean plants
and animal life.
CAUTION!!!
You are about to begin a coached project that will continue throughout the semester and
one that will count as a majority of your overall grade in this course. Follow all directions
given for this project as close as possible because your grade depends on it!
1. Never use any form of ink on this project!
2. Pencils only!
3. All pictures are to be drawn to the best of your ability!
4. All pictures must be colored with colored pencils!
5. It is your responsibility to keep up with the work for this coached
project!
6. DO NOT LOSE YOUR COACHED PROJECT!!!
Marine Biology
Unit I The Classification of
Marine Species
Page 1
Scientific Table of Contents
Classifying Marine Organisms………………………………………………………………………………….
Kingdoms Plantae & Protista
Marine Algae …….……………………………………………………………………………...
Marine Plants……………………………………………………………………………………
Kingdom Plantae, Protista, & Animalia
Marine Plankton ………………………………………………………………………………...
Kingdom Animalia -The Invertebrates
Phylum Porifera………………………………………………………………………………..
Phylum Ctenophora……………………………………………………………………………
Phylum Cnidaria………………………………………………………………………………..
Phylum Mollusca……………………………………………………………………………….
Phylum Nemerta……………………………………………………………………………….
Phylum Sipunculida……………………………………………………………………………
Phylum Hemichordata…………………………………………………………………………
Phylum Platyhelminthes………………………………………………………………………
Phylum Annelida……………………………………………………………………………….
Worms of the Zooplankton……………………………………………………………………
Phylum Arthropoda…………………………………………………………………………….
Phylum Echinodermata……………………………………………………………………….
Page 2
Scientific Table of Contents
Kingdom Animalia – The Invertebrates continued…
Phylum Hemichordata ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
Phylum Chordata……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Characteristics of Chordates………………………………………………………………………..
Subphylum Cephalochordata……………………………………………………………………….
Subphylum Urochordata…………………………………………………………………………….
Kingdom Animalia – The Vertebrates
Subphylum Vertebrata………………………………………………………………………………
Class Agnatha……………………………………………………………………….
Class Chondrichthyes……………………………………………………………….
Class Osteichthyes………………………………………………………………….
Class Reptilia………………………………………………………………………..
Class Aves…………………………………………………………………………..
Class Mammalia…………………………………………………………………….
Order Pinnipedia…………………………………………………….
Order Carnivora……………………………………………………...
Order Sirenia…………………………………………………………
Order Cetacea……………………………………………………….
Page 3
Common Name Table of Contents
Classifying Marine Organisms…………………………………………………………………………………. 5
The Plant & Protist Kingdoms
Seaweeds….. …………………………………………………………………………………... 8
Sea Grasses and Mangroves……………………………………………………………………
The Plant, Protist, & Animal Kingdoms
Marine Plankton ………………………………………………………………………………...
The Animal Kingdom-The Invertebrates
Sponges…..………………………………………………………………………………………
Comb Jellies……………………………………………………………………………………..
Sea Jellies, Corals, & Anemones…………………………………………………………….
Shells, Squids, and Octopi…………………………………………………………………….
Ribbon Worms….……………………………………………………………………………….
Peanut Worms……...……………………………………………………………………………
Acorn Worms………….…………………………………………………………………………
Flatworms…………………………………………………………………………………………
Other Marine Worms……………………………………………………………………………
Worms of the Zooplankton…………………………………………………………………….
Crabs, Shrimps, & Lobsters……………………………………………………………………
Sea Urchins, Sand Dollars, & Brittle Stars……………………………………………………
Page 4
Common Name Table of Contents
The Animal Kingdom – The Invertebrates continued…
Acorn Worms………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
The Chordates….……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Characteristics of Chordates………………………………………………………………………..
Lancelets……………………………………………………………………………………………….
Tunicates (a.k.a. Sea Squirts)……………………………………………………………………….
The Animal Kingdom – The Vertebrates
The Vertebrates………………………………………………………………………………………
Lampreys & Hagfishes………………………………………………………………
The Cartilaginous Fishes (Sharks, Skates, & Rays)…………………………….
The Bony Fishes (Ray-finned Fishes)…………………………………………….
Sea Turtles, Sea Snakes, & the Marine Iguana…………………………………
Coastal & Pelagic Birds……………………………………………………………
Marine Mammals…………………………………………………………………….
Seals, Sea Lions, Walruses…..……………………………………
Polar Bears & Sea Otters………………………………………….
Manatees & Dugongs………………………………………………
Whales & Porpoises……………………………………………….
Page 26
Classifying Marine Organisms
Classifying marine organisms probably began when Paleolithic
man began exploring tidal pools along the shore for food during low tides.
These early hunter-gatherer societies paid attention to which animals were
safe to eat and which would cause them harm. As societies evolved so did
the need to classify newly discovered marine organisms. During the Greek
civilization, a philosopher by the name of Aristotle began to write about the
animals of the ocean as well as classify them into groups based on similar
characteristics.
Eventually the need for a common scientific language encouraged
a scientist by the name of Carlos Von Linne’ (more commonly known as
Carlos Linnaeus) to develop a system of classification known as binomial
nomenclature.
Page 27
According to Linnaeus all plants and animals fit into a hierarchal system of
classification from the largest category to the smallest.
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
He assigned two names to every organism he identified. The first name
was the genus name and the second name was the species name. Of course he
developed a few rules for the scientific classification of species.
Page 28
Rules for the Binomial Nomenclature System
Rule #1
Each new organism is assigned two names.
Rule # 2
The first name is the genus name and is always capitalized.
Rule # 3
The second name is the species name and it is never capitalized.
Rule # 4
Scientific names of organisms are always in italics if they appear
in print unless they are underlined.
Rule #5
Scientific names of organisms are always underlined if they
are handwritten!
Example: The scientific name of common squid is Loligo pealeii.
Loligo is the genus name and pealeii is the species name.
Another system for classifying marine organisms is based
on where they are found and how the organisms move
about their environment, if they move at all.
plankton
nekton
benthos
Page 29
The Plankton, Nekton, and the Benthos
Plankton – passive free-floating marine organisms that range in size from microscopic to macroscopic. These
organisms are at the mercy of the winds, the waves, and ocean currents.
Examples: copepods, krill, jellyfish
Nekton – these organisms move about their marine environment using fins, flukes, flippers, etc. Since they
move about their environment freely they are said to be motile organisms.
Examples: squid, fish, marine iguana, sea snakes, marine mammals
Benthos – these animals are referred to as benthic organisms because they are found living on the ocean
bottom, attached to the sea floor, or burrowing into the sea floor.
Examples: octopus, crabs, shrimp, sea fans, corals, oysters, bloodworms
Classification
Quiz
Directions:
1) Close your composition book.
2) Take out a sheet of paper.
3) Number 1-10.
4) Write your name and today’s date in the
upper right-hand corner of your paper.
5) All eyes on your own paper at all times!
Are these animals planktonic,
nektonic, or benthic?
1.
2.
Which community do these ocean
creatures belong to….the nekton,
the plankton, or the benthos?
3.
4.
Are these animals planktonic,
nektonic, or benthic?
5.
6.
Are these animals planktonic,
nektonic, or benthic?
7.
8.
Are these animals planktonic,
nektonic, or benthic?
9.
10.
Bonus: Name the communities represented in this picture.
The End
of
Unit I The Classification
of
Marine Species