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Will Reed Mr Kann Saturday, December 3, 2016 Unit 8 Notes Part 2 with Crash Courses 20, 22, 23 Unit 8 Notes: Brinkley 402­409 + 416­431 Crash Course 20: T
he Civil War, Part I ● 680 ,0
00 and 8
80 ,0
00 casualties ○ More than US Revolution, W
WII , W
WI , and V
ietnam combined ● War: 1
861­1865 ○ Abraham L
incoln was president during war ■ North fought against the south ● Union v. C
onfederacy ● Not all slaves that held slaves were confederate ○ Some were border states: some even part of Union ■ MD, MD, MO : slave states from union ● Civil War: about s
lavery ○ Some thought war was about a
griculture v
s i ndustry ○ Confederate gov’t passed first c
onscription a
ct ■ Implement national taxes ■ Created nation currency ● In beginning of war: Lincoln attempted to downplay slavery angle ○ War was about preserving the union ■ War: also about religion: northerners preserve g
od’s p
lan to expand democracy + christianity across continent ■ Southerners : welcomed war to create nation more perfect ● Union won the war ○ Had massive advantages ■ Population was greater than confederacy ■ North had 2
2 m
illion , south had 9
million, 35 were slaves ○ North: manufactured over 90% of all goods in US ■ Factories turned out 17 times more textiles + 30 times more shoes + 32 times more firearms ○ North: had 2
0,000 miles of railroad ○ South had 1
0,000 miles of rail ■ Made it easier for north to transport military forces ● Only advantage south had was better military leaders ○ Robert E Lee, Stonewall Jackson, Jeb Stuart were southerners ● Famous union general was Ulysses S Grant ○ Was result the result of the war a forgone conclusion? ■ Issue of overcoming class conflicts ●
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■ Ruling class exempted from fight in the war ○ Some argued: all confederacy had to do was outlast northern efforts to bring them back into the union ■ North: had superiority in its resources: would have been hard to wear them down ■ Fighting war of attrition: would be costly for the south Ulysses S
Grant : willing to sustain enormous casualties to wear down the south ○ His grim determination to destroy his opponent: made him a really modern general ■ Considered one of u
nion’s b
est g
enerals ■ Grant’s brutal strategy: suggests outcome of civil war was inevitable ○ Between 1
861­1864 : possible that southern victories would force union to give in ● Some argued north had superior motivation to prosecute war ○ Had god on their side + disagreed with slavery Southerners: saw themselves engaged in fight for their own freedom: (not just for slavery) July 1
863 : Two of most important union victories ○ General Grant led S
iege of Vicksburg in MS ○ First three days saw B
attle of Gettysburg, PA ■ Considered General Lee’s furthest major offense in north August 1
864 : Union general S
herman took Atlanta (railroad hub) ○ Occurred close to election of 1864 ■ Last chance confederate states could have won war Crash Course 22: R
econstruction and 1876 ● After war: US had to re integrate slave population + rebellious back into nation ○ Abraham Lincoln assassinated ● Lincoln’s post war idea was facilitate reunion + reconciliation ● Andrew Johnson’s idea was south never had right to secede ○ Resented all elites in south + racist: (didn’t think blacks should have role in reconstruction ● 1865 ­ 1867 was presidential reconstruction ○ Johnson : ordered govt to call state conventions ■ Establishing new/ all white govts ■ New govts: looked suspiciously like old replaced confederate govts/ ● Changes for former slaves ○ Primary + secondary schools established ○ Universities established: (education rights) ■ Land ownership was key to freedom ● Union : promised to distribute 40 acre land plots to former slaves: (didn’t happen) ○ Johnson: ordered all land returned to former owners ■ South remained agricultural ●
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■ Resulted with sharecropping Sharecropping : replaced slavery ○ Landowners would provide house for sharecroppers + other materials (a share of crop that they harvest ■ Plantation owners had steady work force 1860’s: Poor white farmers was sharecropping ○ By G
reat D
epression : most sharecroppers was white Republicans in Congress was not happy ○ Reconstructed south looked like pre civil war south ■ Took lead in reconstruction after 1867 ○ Civil rights bill passed Johnson v
etoed l aw : claimed trying to protect black rights: discriminated against white writes ○ Congress: overrode presidential veto with ⅔
majority ■ Bill became law: in addition to creating of 1
4th a
mendment ● Included equal representation, citizenship, bill of rights in all states 1867 : Congress passed R
econstruction A
ct ○ Divided south into 5 military districts ■ Required each state to create new govt: (included participation of blacks): (had to agree with 14th amendment to get back into the union) 1868 e
lection : won by republican + General: ( Ulysses S Grant) ○ 15th amendment: prohibited states from denying men to vote based on race Nation govt: became “custodian of freedom” ○ Former slaves began to “exercise” their rights ■ Most african american was republicans 2,000 african americans: held office during reconstruction ○ Pinckney BS Pinchback was first black governors in LA ■ Went on to be a senator + in house of reps Having black officeholders was step forward in ensuring rights for blacks ○ Black juries + less discrimination in state + local govts ■ Republican govts failed in south ○ Created functional govt: white + black citizens had participation rights Reconstruction ended: tax issues + financial problems ○ White southerners couldn’t except black rights ■ Violence occurred (K
u Klux Klan ) KKK : founded 1866: terrorist organization ○ Targeted republicans (both black + white) Worst act of violence was massacre at C
olfax L
A ○ Hundreds of former slaves: murdered White democrats took control of state govt in south ○ Known as “redeemers” 1873: Economic depression occurred ○ Some lost “patience” to fight for black rights in south ●
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Democrats: nominated S
amuel J Tilden Republicans: nominated R
utherford B Hayes ○ Hayes won election ■ Hayes: agreed to cede control of south to democrats ■ Wanted to build transcontinental railroad through TX Legislatures: passed Jim Crow laws ○ Limited black rights States passed laws: limited blacks voting rights Crash Course 23: T
he Industrial Economy ● Industrialization in the US ○ Technology increases: (some benefit from civil war) ● US was huge nation with all necessary resources for industrial boom ○ Population 1870 was 40 million ○ Population 1900 was 80 million ■ ⅓ of growth due to immigration: (good for economy) ● US shifted from being agrarian/ rural nation: to industrial urban nation ○ NY was center of commerce + finance ■ Industrial heartland: in G
reat Lakes region ○ Chicago was second largest city by 1900 ○ Cleveland was leader in oil refining ○ Pittsburg was leader for iron + steel production ● Constitution: made US single area of commerce ○ Supreme Court interpreted laws in business friendly way ■ Constitution: protected patents: (encourages invention + innovation ● US govt: played important role in economic growth ○ Put up high tariffs, giving land grants to railroads + placing Indians on reservations ● Immigrants : played important role ○ Invested capital in economic scandals: seen as developing economy ■ 1880 : Majority of work force worked in non farming jobs ■ 1890 : ⅔ worked for wages ■ 1913 : US produced ⅓ of world's total industrial output ● Railroads was key to US 19th century industrial success ○ Increased commerce + integrated US market ■ Improved economy by instituting idea of time zones ○ Helped transport goods throughout nation ■ Considered first modern corporations ○ Railroads among first publicly traded corporations ■ Needed capital to build tracks + stations ■ Sold shares in company in order to raise money ● Railroad b
usiness : involved in partnership of nation govt + industry ○
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Transcontinental railroad: wouldn’t exist without congressional legislation + federal land grants Industrial capitalists: played big roles in the era ○ Some methods often drove competitors out of business Cornelius V
anderbilt : made fortune in transportation through shipping John D Rockefeller was started as Cleveland merchant ○ Became one of richest men in the world ■ Success was through buying up so many rivals Late 1880’s: standard oil controlled 9
0% of US oil industry ○ Competition: reduced prices and profit margins: makes it difficult to make a lot of money Horizontal integration: when big firms bought up small firms ○ Rockefeller's standard oil was example ■ Became so big: S
upreme C
ourt forced standard to be broken up into a dozen smaller oil companies Benefits of economic growth was shared un­unevenly ○ Prices dropped due to industrial competition: raised standard of living for average US worker ■ Job insecurity emerged: due to growing population ■ Depressions occurred in 1870’s + 1890’s US was highest rate of industrial injuries in world ○ 35,000 people died while working Unions created due to particular incidents ○ First union was K
nights of Labor: headed by T
erence V Powderly ■ Admitted unskilled workers, black workers + women Damaged by Haymarket Riot 1886 ○ Rallies + riots occurring between police and c
ivilians Banner of organized labor: picked up by US federation of labor ○ More moderate than anarchists + s
ocialists ■ Focused on pay, hours + safety Textbook Notes: The Problems of Peacemaking p
402­409 1. The Aftermath of War and Emancipation The Devastated South ● South in bad condition after c
ivil w
ar ○ Towns gutted, plantations burned, railroads + bridges destroyed ■ White s
outherners : stripped from their slaves ■ Lost capital they invested in confederate bonds ○ Several whites: experience homelessness/ starvation + significant loss of resources Myth of the “Lost Cause” ● Over 20% southern white male population: died in war (several wounded + sick) ○ Famous southern white generals was R
obert E Lee, Stonewall Jackson, Jefferson Davis : treated with extraordinary reverence ■ South lived in despair: (determination of many to protect what was left) ● Conditions was bad for southern blacks ○ Some fought in war: (servants of confederate officers/ armies) ■ Some worked as spies/ union scouts in south ■ Many went to union to escape slavery ○ After war: thousands of slaves left plantations ● Searched for new places to re cultivate ● Time period known as “R
econstruction ” 2 Competing Notions of Freedom Freedom for the Ex­slaves ● Blacks : demanded redistribution of economic resources ○ Wanted legal equality: a part in US society ■ Free slaves in south: created small communities ■ Started their own churches, created aid societies, began schools ● Slavery was abolished in confederacy by E
mancipation Proclamation + 1
3th Amendment ○ White planters: wanted slavery for plantations The Freedman’s Bureau ● Fed govt: kept troops in south after war to protect the freedmen ○ 1865: F
reedmen’s B
ureau established ■ Distributed food to several former slaves ■ Established schools, missionaries, aid societies, church rights ● Had authority to operate for only one year ○ Other proposals to help south came about 3 Issues of Reconstruction ● 1860 ­ 1864: Republican victories was large of “separation” of democratic party + removal of the south from electoral college ○ Leaders believed: democrats would reunite and weaken republicans ○ Republicans: took advantage of south’s absence from congress to pass economic legislation acts ● Northers: thought south punished for suffering + sacrifice from rebellion Conservative and Radical Republicans ● Disagreement to Reconstruction ○ Conservatives : thought south should accept abolition of slavery ○
Radicals : thought civil + military leaders of confederacy should be punished ■ Legal rights for blacks be protected: g
ranted s
uffrage 4 Plans for Reconstruction ● Lincoln : believed reconstruction policy: encourage southern unionists + W
higs to join republican party: would prevent helping south from democrats Lincoln’s 10% Plan ● December 1
863 : offered general amnesty to southerners: would pledge to eliminate slavery ○ 1860: 10% of voters took oath: possibility to start state govt ■ Wanted extension suffrage to most blacks: educated, owned property + served in union army ● LA, AR, TN : reestablished govts under Lincoln’s proposal: 1864 Wade­Davis Bill ● Republicans: wanted congress to deny seats to representatives: refused to count electoral vote in 1864 election ○ Wade­Davis Bill : authorized president to appoint governor for conquered states ■ When southern states pledged allegiance to union: governor had right to summon state unconstitutional convention ■ New state constitutions: abolished slavery, disfranchise confederate leaders ■ After state met these conditions: congress readmitted it to the union ○ 1864 : congress passed bill: L
incoln v
etoed b
ill 5 The Death of Lincoln ● April 14, 1865: Lincoln + wife attended play in W
ashington D
C ○ Man obsessed with entire southern issues: J
ohn Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln in the back of the head ■ Lincoln: across street to a house: tended by family/ doctors: died the next morning 6 Johnson and “Restoration” Andrew Johnson’s Personality ● Lincoln’s successor: democrat until he joined union ticket with Lincoln (1864) ○ Intemperate + tactless man: (had insecurities) ● Appointed governor for each state: to elect delegates for constitutional convention ○ In order for state to get back into congress: had to abolish slavery + ratify the 13th A
mendment ■ State elected state gov’t: send representatives to congress Northern Attitudes Harden ● 1865 : seceded states formed new govts under Lincoln’s plan ●
○ Wanted to rejoin union + be recognized by congress Radical R
epublicans : didn’t recognize Johnson’s govts ○ Northern opinion: became hostile toward south ■ Some northerners: disturbed by reluctance of delegates to southern conventions to abolish slavery Radical Reconstruction p
406­409 1. The Black Codes ● 1865­1866: state legislatures enacted sets of laws: b
lack c
odes ○ Gave more power to whites than former slaves ■ Some codes: forbade blacks to own/ lease farms + take jobs as plantation workers/ domestic servants Johnson’s Vetoes ● Congress passed act: extended life of F
reedmen’s B
ureau ○ Generated agreements + forced freedmen under B
lack C
odes ● April 1866: C
ivil R
ights A
ct passed ○ Declared blacks as U
S c
itizens + gave fed govt power to intervene in state affairs to protect citizen rights ■ Bills vetoed by J
ohnson : Congress overrode both of them 2 The Fourteenth Amendment Citizenship for Blacks ● Offered first constitutional definition of US citizenship ○ Everyone born in US was part of US ● Amendment imposed representation in Congress + E
lectoral C
ollege : for states denying suffrage ● Prohibited former congress/ other fed officials who aided confederacy from holding state/ fed office unless ⅔ of congress voted to pardon them ○ Radicals offered to readmit to union any state who ratified amendment ■ (Only Tennessee did so): all other confederate states refused ● 1866 : congressional elections took place ○ Senate was 4
2 republicans, 11 democrats, House was 143 republicans, 49 democrats ■ Congressional republicans was stronger 3 The Congressional Plan Three Reconstruction Bills ● 1867: Three reconstruction bills passed by Radicals + overrode Johnson’s vetoed bills ○ Congress rejected Lincoln­Johnson govts of other confederate states ■ Instead: combined those 10 states into military districts ■ Each district had military commander ○ Once registered: voters ratified new constitutions + elect state govts ●
○ State legislature had to ratify 14th amendment 1868 : 7 of 10 confederate states fulfilled conditions + got readmitted to the union Fifteenth Amendment ● Amendment forbade states + fed govt from denying suffrage to any citizen ○ To prevent president from interfering: congressional radicals passed laws of constitutionality in 1867 ● Tenure of Office Act: f orbade press to remove civil officials without consent of senate ○ Wanted to protect Secretary of War Edwin M Stanton: (cooperated with Radicals) ● Command of the Army Act: p
rohibited pres from issuing military orders ● Congressional radicals wanted to stop Supreme Court from interfering ○ 1866 : Court declared cas of E
x Parte Milligan t hat military tribunals was unconstitutional in places where civil rights functioned Unit 8 Textbook Notes p
416­431 The Abandonment of Reconstruction p
416­421 1. The Southern States “Redeemed” ● 1872: majority of southern whites regained suffrage ○ Some states: black population was close to white population: whites used violence to undermine reconstruction regimes ■ Ku Klux Klan + Knights of the White Camellia was terrorist groups to take value away from black citizenship Ku Klux Klan ● Formed 1866: was largest + most effective terrorist organization ○ Led by confederate general N
athan B
edford F
orrest ■ Klan had rituals, costumes, language: to make organization seem intimidating + downlifting to blacks ● “Klan’s midnight rides” was bands of men with masks + horses covered with white robes: (created terror in southern black communities) 2 The Ku Klux Klan Acts Enforcement Acts ● 1870 + 1871: Republican Congress passed passed 2 enforcement acts: The Ku Klux Klan Acts ○ Prohibited states discrimination against voters on race + gave fed govt power to supersede state courts + prosecute violations of the law ■ District attorneys: empowered take action against conspiracies of denying blacks voting rights, jury rights, holding office ○ 1871: Several klan members arrested: convicted under law + sent to prison Decline of the Klan ● Enforcement Acts was used effectively in effort by blacks + northern whites to weaken klan ○ 1872: klan violence on blacks was declined throughout region 3 Warning Northern Commitment ● KKK A
cts was peak or republican commitment to enforce reconstruction rights towards black citizens ○ Southern blacks: slowly lose support from north ■ Over time: radical leader C
harles Sumner + Horace Greely : considered themselves Liberals ■ Cooperated with democrats: (in time, several southern republicans moved to democratic party 4 The Compromise of 1877 Hayes vs Tilden ● 1876 e
lections : Republicans sought new candidate to distance from corruption + to attract Liberals back ○ Republicans chose R
utherford B
Hayes ○ Democrats chose S
amuel J Tilden ● Tilden : won popular vote (dispute over 20 electoral votes from 3 states) ○ Hayes : needed all 20 votes to win ■ 1877: Congress created special electoral commission to judge disputed votes ■ 8 republicans and 7 democrats: Hayes won the election Compromise of 1877 ● Involved financial aid for railroads + for internal improvements in south to help democrats grow businesses + industrialize in south ○ Hayes: withdraw troops to end republican state govts in south 4 The Legacies of Reconstruction ● Reconstruction: important contributions to former slaves to inherit citizenship ○ In the end: was a large failure Ideological Limits ● Blacks had reason for pride in gains they were able to make during reconstruction ○ 14th + 15th Amendments in constitution: served as a basis for a “S
econd Reconstruction ” ■ Renewed freedom + equality to all US citizens The New South p
421­431 1. The “Redeemers” Bourbon Rule ●
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1877: Every southern state govt was redeemed: by white democrats ○ South fell under control of Redeemers/ Bourbons ■ Post Reconstruction ruling class was similar to ruling class of antebellum period ● In most areas: Redeemers constituted new ruling class ○ Mainly m
erchants , i ndustrialists , r ailroad d
evelopers , and f inanciers ■ Believed strongly in economic development C
onservatives : complained reconstruction govts fostered widespread corruption ○ Democratic regimes: lowered taxes + diminished state services (including accomplishments of reconstruction ■ Support of schools was eliminated The Readjuster Challenge ● Late 1
870’s : dissenting groups: challenged B
ourbons : protested cuts in services + denouncing commitment of redeemer govts to pay off reconstruction debts ○ Readjuster Movement: demanded states revise debts: want to make available money for state services ■ Readjusters was won control of legislature 2 Industrialization and the “New South” Henry Grady ● Post­Reconstruction leaders in south: wanted industrial economy ● New South wanted industry, progress + thrift ○ Henry G
rady : challenged white supremacy + advocated for social change ● New S
outh : included growth of textile manufacturing from water power, cheap labor + low taxes ○ Tobacco­processing industry grew ■ James Duke’s American Tobacco Company ■ Growth of iron + steel took place Railroad Development ● Dramatically Increased ○ 1886: south took major step towards integrating transportation system with rest of the nation ■ Southern share national manufacturing: doubled in last 20 years of century ● Manufacturing growth required industrial labor force ○ Several were women ○ Wages was much lower than in north: Mill towns restricted by company with labor unions suppressed 3 Tenants and Sharecroppers ● Southern region: remained primarily agrarian ○
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Agriculture was most important economic reality in post reconstruction in south ■ Increasing ownership of farmlands took place: mainly merchants + industrialists ○ During reconstruction: ⅓ of farmers was tenant's (1900: almost 70% was tenants) Landlords supplied farmers with land ○ Farmers promised to share a large portion of annual crop (sharecropping) ■ Crop L
ien system was factor contributing to harsh socio economic transformation Transformation of the Backcountry ● Backcountry r esidents : traditionally raised livestock ○ 1870’s : commercial agriculture began to intrude into backcountry regions ■ Communities started passing F
ence L
aws : (required farmers to install fences around their livestock) ■ Protest against these laws took place: sometimes violence occurred 4 African Americans and the New South Black Middle Class ● Some: succeeded (evaluating themselves into distinct middle class) ○ Many was former slaves: established business + property ■ Maggie L
ena : black women who founded S
t Luke Penny Savings Bank in R
ichmond 1
903 ● Several thought education served great value for future of black race ○ Network expanded of black colleges + educational system Booker T Washington ● Chief spokesman for black education commitment ○ Founder/ president of T
uskegee Institute in AL ■ Born into slavery: worked through poverty to acquire education ○ Wanted blacks to attend school, learn skills, establish idea of agriculture + trades 5 The Birth of Jim Crow ● 1877 : support for black legal/ political rights was vanished ○ Fed troops withdrew + congress lost interest ■ Supreme Court: stripped 14th + 15th Amendments ● Civil Rights Cases 1883 : court ruled 14th Amendment prohibited state govts from discriminating against people because race didn't restrict private organizations Plessy v Ferguson ● 1896 : involved LA law: required separation of blacks and whites ○ Didn’t give blacks equal rights as whites ■ Southerners : want strength white supremacy + separation of races Restricting the Franchise ● Prohibited states denying right to vote because of race ○ Some restrictions were applied unequally ■ Literacy tests for whites: easier for whites than for blacks ○ States passed G
randfather L
aws ■ Permitting men who couldn’t literacy qualifications to be enfranchised if ancestors voted before reconstruction began ● Supreme C
ourt : drained grandfather laws, but validated literacy tests White Control Perpetuated ● Jim C
row L
aws were laws restricting franchise of school segregation ○ Blacks + whites: couldn’t ride in same railroad cars, sit in same waiting rooms, use same washrooms, eat in same restaurants, sit in same theatres ● Laws: stripped blacks of s
ocial , e
conomic , p
olitical g
ains