Download THE TRANSPORT SYSTEMS

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23
THE TRANSPORT SYSTEMS
CHAPTER REVIEW
If an animal has a transport system, it is either open or
closed. In a closed system, as in earthworms, and humans, the blood is always contained within blood vessels
and never runs free. Among vertebrates, the circulatory
pathway varies from a single loop (fishes) to a double
loop (all others). The heart has three chambers in amphibians and most reptiles, but has four chambers in some
reptiles, birds, and mammals. In a four-chamber heart, the
heart is a double pump and O 2 -poor blood is kept separate from O 2 -rich blood. Even so, during a heartbeat, first
the atria contract under stimulation from the SA node
and then the ventricles contract under stimulation from
the AV node.
The beating of the heart creates blood pressure that
keeps blood moving in arteries, blood vessels that take
blood away from the heart. There follows arterioles, cap-
illaries, venules, and weak-walled veins that return blood
to the heart. Skeletal muscle contraction pushing in on the
walls of a vein, plus respiratory movements, keep blood
moving in the veins that have valves that prevent back flow.
Blood is composed of plasma plus formed elements,
consisting of red blood cells (transport O 2 ), white blood
cells (fight infection), and platelets (assist clotting). One
of the primary functions of blood is carrying out capillary exchange. During capillary exchange, nutrients diffuse out of and wastes diffuse into the capillary. Water
leaves a capillary at the arterial end because of blood
pressure and is retrieved at the venule end because of osmotic pressure (created by proteins and salts). Lymphatic
capillaries in the vicinity of cardiovascular capillaries
pick up excess tissue fluid and return it to cardiovascular veins.
CHAPTER KEY TERMS
After studying the key terms of this chapter, match the phrases below with the alphabetized list of terms.
artery
lymphatic vessel
blood
plasma
blood pressure
pulmonary circuit
capillary
pulse
diastole
systemic circuit
heart
systole
hemoglobin
vein
lymph
a. force of blood pushing against the inside wall of blood vessels _______________________
b. fluid derived from tissue fluid _______________________
c. blood vessel that arises from venules and transports blood toward the heart _______________________
d. blood vessel that transports blood away from the heart _______________________
e. circulatory pathway between the lungs and the heart _______________________
f. circulatory pathway between the tissues and the heart _______________________
g. muscular organ whose contraction causes blood to circulate in the body of an animal _______________________
h. relaxation period of a heart chamber during the cardiac cycle _______________________
i. contraction period of the heart chamber during the cardiac cycle _______________________
j. vibration felt in arterial walls due to expansion of the aorta following ventricle contraction _______________________
k. fluid circulated by the heart through a closed system of vessels _______________________
l. microscopic blood vessel; gases and other substances are exchanged across the walls _______________________
m. liquid portion of blood _______________________
n. iron-containing respiratory pigment occurring in red blood cells _______________________
o. vessel that carries lymph _______________________
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S T U DY E X E R C I S E S
Study the text section by section as you answer the questions that follow.
23.1 OPEN AND CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS
(PP. 396–398)
• An open circulatory system can be contrasted with a closed circulatory system.
• Fishes have a single circulatory loop, whereas the other vertebrates have a double circulatory loop—to and
from the lungs and also to and from the tissues.
1. Match the items to the following types of circulation:
1. gastrovascular cavity
2. open circulatory system
3. closed circulatory system
a.
planarian
b.
vertebrate
c.
insect
d.
hemolymph instead of blood
e.
each cell exchanges with external fluid
f.
blood transports oxygen
2. Match the items with these types of vertebrate hearts:
1. one atrium and one ventricle
2. two atria and one ventricle
3. two atria and two ventricles
a.
amphibian (frog)
b.
fish
c.
mammal
d.
no mixing of O 2 -poor blood with O 2 -rich blood
e.
reduction in pressure following respiratory organ
3. What is the difference between the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit?
23.2 TRANSPORT
IN
HUMANS (PP. 399–404)
• In humans, the right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs, and the left side pumps blood to the tissues.
• The heartbeat results from the contraction of the heart’s chambers. The pulse can be used to measure the heart
rate.
4. To label the following diagram of the heart place the letters next to the appropriate terms.
_____ aorta
_____ aortic semilunar valve
_____ bicuspid valve
_____ inferior vena cava
o.
_____ left atrium
_____ left ventricle
n.
_____ pulmonary arteries
_____ pulmonary semilunar valve
_____ pulmonary trunk
m.
_____ pulmonary veins
_____ right atrium
_____ right ventricle
l.
_____ septum
_____ superior vena cava
_____ tricuspid valve
k.
j.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
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5. a. Which blood vessel is an artery but carries O 2 -poor blood? __________________________________________
b. What is the correct definition of an artery? ________________________________________________________
c. What is the correct definition of a vein? ___________________________________________________________
6. Trace the path of blood through the heart:
a. from the vena cava to the lungs: __________________________________________________________________
b. from the lungs to the aorta:
7. Complete the following table with the words systole and diastole to show what occurs during the 0.85 second
of one heartbeat:
Time
Atria
Ventricles
0.15 sec
0.30 sec
0.40 sec
8. The heart beats about 70 times a minute. The
the
b. _________________________
a. _________________________
(chambers). This stimulus is picked up by the
node, which initiates the contraction of the
d. _________________________
not contracting, they are relaxing. Contraction is scientifically termed
resting is termed
node initiates the contraction of
f. _________________________
g. _________________________ valves
into the
c. ________________________
(chambers). When the chambers are
e. _________________________,
and the
. Contraction of the atria forces the blood through the
h. _________________________.
The closing of these valves is the
lub sound. Next, the ventricles contract and force the blood into the arteries. Now the i. ____________________
valves close; this is the dub sound.
BLOOD VESSELS (PP. 401–403)
• Arteries take blood away from the heart to the capillaries where exchange occurs, and veins take blood to the
heart.
• The pulmonary circuit moves blood from the heart to the lungs and back, while the systemic circuit moves
blood from the heart to all regions of the body and returns it to the heart.
9. Label the artery, capillary, and vein in the following diagram of the systemic circuit:
Which of these vessels:
d. has the thinnest walls?
__________________
e. has the strongest walls?
_________________________
f. has flabby walls?
a.
_________________________
heart
g. moves blood due to blood pressure?
_________________________
h. moves blood due to skeletal muscle
b.
contraction? _________________________
i. contains valves pointing toward the
heart? _________________________
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Closed circulatory system
c.
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10. Trace the path of blood in the pulmonary circuit from the heart to the lung and return.
11. Trace the path of blood in the systemic circuit to the kidneys and return.
12. How does the hepatic portal system differ from the pulmonary and systemic circuits?
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM (P. 403)
• The lymphatic vessels form a one-way system that transports lymph from the tissues and fat from the digestive
tract to certain veins.
13. Explain the following statements:
a. The lymphatic system is a one-way system.
_____________________________________________________
b. Lymphatic vessels are like cardiovascular veins. _________________________________________________
c. Lymph begins as tissue fluid.
__________________________________________________________________
CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS (PP. 403–404)
• Although the human cardiovascular system is very efficient, it is still subject to degenerative disorders.
14. Associate the following:
a. hypertension with stroke: ______________________________________________________________________
b. hypertension with heart attack: _________________________________________________________________
c. blocked arteries with two treatments: ___________________________________________________________
23.3 BLOOD: A TRANSPORT MEDIUM (PP. 405–408)
• In humans, blood is composed of cells and a fluid called plasma that contains proteins and various other
molecules and ions.
• Blood clotting is a series of reactions that produce a clot consisting of fibrin threads in which red blood cells
are trapped.
• Exchange of substances between blood and tissue fluid across capillary walls supplies cells with nutrients and
removes wastes.
15. Plasma is mostly
a. _____________________
16. The red blood cells, scientifically called
and
b. _____________________.
a. _____________________,
Upon maturation, they are small, biconcave disks that lack a
d. _____________________.
and
are made in the
c. _____________________
After about 120 days, red blood cells are destroyed in the
f. _____________________.
characterizes the condition of
b. _____________________.
and contain
e. _____________________
An insufficient number of red blood cells or not enough hemoglobin
g. _____________________.
17. What is erythropoietin?
18. White blood cells, scientifically called
a. _____________________,
are made in the
b. _____________________.
19. Three differences between red blood cells and white blood cells are that white blood cells are a. _____________
in size than red blood cells, have a(n)
b. ___________________,
and do not contain
c. ___________________.
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20. Match the descriptions with these types of white blood cells:
1. lymphocyte
2. monocyte
3. neutrophil
a.
an agranular leukocyte with a large, round nucleus; the B cells produce antibodies and the T cells
destroy cells that contain viruses
b.
an abundant granular leukocyte with a multilobed nucleus that phagocytizes pathogens
c.
a large, spherical cell that transforms into a macrophage
21. The following shows the reactions that occur as blood clots:
platelets → prothrombin activator
prothrombin → thrombin
fibrinogen → fibrin threads
a. Does the left side or the right side list substances always present in the blood? __________________
b. Which substances are enzymes? _________________________
c. Which substance is the actual clot? _________________________
22. Label the following diagram of capillary exchange:
a.
Key:
Net blood pressure
Net osmotic pressure
around cells
b.
of capillary
c.
tissue cell
d.
water
oxygen
glucose
amino acids
wastes
carbon dioxide
water
e.
of capillary
23. Match the phrases below with the numbered conditions/events. The numbers can be used more than once.
1. osmotic pressure
2. blood pressure
3. gas exchange
4. nutrients for waste exchange
5. diffusion
a.
oxygen out, carbon dioxide in
b.
Water is retrieved.
c.
pressure at arterial end, represented by arrowheads pointing out
d.
pressure at venous end, represented by arrowheads pointing in
e.
amino acids out, waste in
24. What happens to excess tissue fluid?
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K E Y WO R D C RO S S WO R D
Review key terms by completing this crossword puzzle, using the following alphabetized list of terms:
1
artery
blood pressure
capillary
cardiovascular system
diastole
heart
hemoglobin
plasma
portal system
pulmonary circuit
systemic circuit
systole
vein
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Across
1 circulatory pathway between the lungs and the heart
(two words)
3 blood vessel that transports blood away from the
heart
6 blood vessel that arises from venules and transports
blood toward the heart
7 contraction period of a heart during the cardiac
cycle
9 microscopic blood vessel; gas and nutrient exchange
occurs across its walls
11 force of blood pushing against the inside wall of
an artery (two words)
12 circulatory pathway of blood flow between the tissues and the heart (two words)
Down
1 pathway of blood flow that begins and ends in capillaries, such as the one found between the small
intestine and liver (two words)
2 series of blood vessels that distributes blood under
the pumping action of the heart (two words)
4 liquid portion of blood; contains nutrients, wastes,
salts, and proteins
5 red respiratory pigment of erythrocytes for transport of oxygen
8 relaxation period of a heart during the cardiac cycle
10 muscular organ that pumps the blood, propelling it
through blood vessels
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CHAPTER TEST
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Do not refer to the text when taking this test.
1. Which one does NOT apply to a hydra and planarian?
a. They both have a cardiovascular system.
b. Cells carry out gas exchange independently.
c. They both have a gastrovascular cavity.
d. Nutrients diffuse from cell to cell.
2. Indicate the correct pathway of blood flow.
a. arteries, capillaries, veins
b. arteries, veins, capillaries
c. veins, arteries, capillaries
d. veins, capillaries, arteries
3. The function of the heart valves is to
a. prevent the backward flow of blood.
b. pump the blood.
c. separate the two sides of the heart.
d. signal the chambers to contract.
4. When the atria contract, the ventricles are in
a. diastole.
b. systole.
5. Which chamber has the thickest walls because it
pumps blood into the systemic system?
a. right atrium
b. right ventricle
c. left atrium
d. left ventricle
6. The heart sounds are due to
a. atria recoiling.
b. the closing of the valves.
c. the heart muscle contracting.
d. Both a and c are correct.
7. The chamber of the heart that receives blood
from the pulmonary veins
a. is the right atrium.
b. is the left atrium.
c. contains O 2 -rich blood.
d. contains O 2 -poor blood.
e. Both a and d are correct.
f. Both b and c are correct.
8. The SA node
a. works only when it receives a nerve impulse.
b. is located in the left atrium.
c. initiates the heartbeat.
d. All of these are correct.
9. Arteries
a. carry blood away from the heart.
b. carry blood toward the heart.
c. have valves.
d. Both b and c are correct.
10. All arteries carry O 2 -rich blood, and all veins
carry O 2 -poor blood.
a. true
b. false
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11. Which of these vessels have the weakest walls?
a. arteries
b. veins
c. Both are the same.
12. The venae cavae
a. carry blood to the right atrium.
b. carry blood away from the right atrium.
c. join with the aorta.
d. have a high blood pressure.
13. The coronary arteries carry blood
a. from the aorta to the heart tissues.
b. from the heart to the brain.
c. directly to the heart from the pulmonary
circuit.
d. from the lungs directly to the left atrium.
14. At the capillary, fluid is forced out of the vessel
by the
a. blood pressure.
b. osmotic pressure.
15. Gas exchange occurs in
a. pulmonary capillaries.
b. renal capillaries.
c. coronary capillaries.
d. all capillaries.
16. Select the incorrect statement about red blood
cells.
a. contain hemoglobin
b. contain iron
c. respond during inflammation
d. transport oxygen
17. Select the incorrect statement about white blood
cells.
a. involved in blood clotting
b. exist in agranular and granular forms
c. Lymphocyte is one type.
d. Neutrophil is one type.
18. For the coagulation of blood, fibrinogen is converted to
a. calcium.
b. fibrin threads.
c. prothrombin.
d. thrombin.
19. In tracing the path of blood to the liver and back
to the heart, you would not mention the
a. hepatic portal vein.
b. aorta.
c. pulmonary veins.
d. inferior vena cava.
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CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS
The introduction to this chapter is about the cardiovascular system.
20. An artificial pacemaker mimics the action of which part of the heart? ________________________________________
21. The heart is autorhythmic. What does that mean? ____________________________________________________________
22. The body often has layers of control. What outside influences can affect the beating of the heart? _____________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
23. If the beat of the heart is irregular, how might it be detected? ________________________________________________
Test Results: ______ number correct ÷ 23 = ______ × 100 = ______ %
EXPLORING
THE
INTERNET
ARIS, the Essentials of Biology website: http://www.mhhe.com/maderessentials
ARIS, the website for Essentials of Biology, offers access to a wide variety of tools to help students learn biological
concepts and to reinforce their knowledge. Online study aids such as practice quizzes, interactive activities, animations, labeling exercises, flashcards, and much more are organized according to the major sections of each chapter.
There is even an online tutorial service!
ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER KEY TERMS
a. blood pressure b. lymph c. vein d. artery e. pulmonary circuit f. systemic circuit g. heart h. diastole
i. systole j. pulse k. blood l. capillary m. plasma n. hemoglobin o. lymphatic vessel
STUDY EXERCISES
1. a. 1 b. 3 c. 2 d. 2 e. 1 f. 3 2. a. 2 b. 1 c. 3 d. 3
e. 1 3. pulmonary blood to the lungs and systemic blood
to the tissues 4. a. aorta b. pulmonary trunk c. pulmonary arteries d. pulmonary veins e. left atrium
f. bicuspid valve g. septum h. left ventricle i. inferior
vena cava j. right ventricle k. tricuspid valve l. right
atrium m. pulmonary semilunar valve n. aortic semilunar valve o. superior vena cava; see also Figure 23.4,
page 399, in text 5. a. pulmonary artery b. carries
blood away from the heart c. carries blood toward the heart
6. a. vena cava, right atrium, atrioventricular valve, right
ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary trunk,
pulmonary arteries, lungs b. lungs, pulmonary veins,
left atrium, atrioventricular valve, left ventricle, aortic
semilunar valve, aorta
7.
Atria
Ventricles
Systole
Diastole
Diastole
Systole
Diastole
Diastole
8. a. SA b. atria c. AV d. ventricles e. systole f. diastole g. atrioventricular h. ventricles i. semilunar
9. a. vein b. capillary c. artery d. capillary e. artery
f. vein g. artery h. vein i. vein 10. right ventricle,
pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium
11. left ventricle, aorta, renal artery, kidneys, renal vein,
inferior vena cava, right atrium 12. The hepatic portal
system begins and ends in the capillaries. A pulmonary
circuit carries blood to the lungs, and from the lungs back
to the heart. The systemic circuit takes blood throughout
the body. 13. a. It begins at lymphatic capillaries and
goes to cardiovascular veins in shoulders. b. Vessel walls
are flabby and have valves. c. Lymphatic capillaries take
up excess tissue fluid. 14. a. increased blood pressure
can cause a cranial arteriole blood vessel to burst.
b. Hypertension leads to plaque and blockage of a coronary artery. c. coronary bypass operation and use of a
stent 15. a. water b. plasma proteins 16. a. erythrocytes b. red bone marrow c. nucleus d. hemoglobin
e. liver f. spleen g. anemia 17. a molecule that stimulates production of red blood cells 18. a. leukocytes
b. bone marrow 19. a. larger b. nucleus c. hemoglobin 20. a. 1 b. 3 c. 2 21. a. left side b. prothrombin
activator and thrombin c. fibrin threads 22. a. tissue
fluid b. arterial end c. salt d. plasma protein e. venous
end 23. a. 3, 5 b. 1 c. 2 d. 1 e. 4, 5 24. taken up by lymphatic vessels
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KEYWORD CROSSWORD
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CHAPTER TEST
1. a 2. a 3. a 4. a 5. d 6. b 7. f 8. c 9. a
10. b 11. b 12. a 13. a 14. a 15. d 16. c
17. a 18. b 19. c 20. SA node 21. It beats on its
own without the need for nervous stimulation. 22. nervous stimulation and certain hormones 23. listening to
the heart and taking an electrocardiogram
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