Download Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems Ch. 16

Cardiovascular and
Respiratory Systems
Chapter 16
Functions of the
Cardiovascular System
Circulate blood so that all of the body’s
cells are properly nourished and waste
is carried away
Blood brings oxygen and nutrients
Blood takes away Carbon Dioxide (lungs) and
waste products (kidneys)
The Heart
Chambers of the heart
Atrium: two smaller (upper) chambers
Ventricles: two bigger (lower) chambers
Septum: separates right and left atria and
ventricles
Upper right atrium also acts as the natural
pacemaker. Electrical impulses to the heart
start here.
Make-up of Blood
Plasma: fluid in which other parts of the
blood are suspended (55%)
Mostly water, contains nutrients, proteins, salts
and hormones
Red Blood cells (40%)
White Blood cells (5%)
Red Blood Cells
Transport oxygen to the cells and
tissues of the body
Formed in bone marrow
Hemoglobin: oxygen carrying protein in
blood
Also combines with CO2
White Blood Cells
Protect the body from infection and
fight infection when it occurs
Formed in bone marrow
Production increases when an infection is
present
Some wbc’s eat the disease
Some cause an allergic reaction
Others form antibodies that provide immunity
Blood Vessels
Arteries-carry blood away from the
heart
Veins-return blood to the heart
Capillaries-small vessels that carry
blood between arterioles and venules
Platelets- cells that prevent the body’s
loss of blood
The Lymphatic System
Lymph- clear fluid that fills the spaces around
body cells
Contains water, proteins, fats and lymphocytes
Lymphocytes- specialized white blood cells
that provide the body with immunity
Two types: B cells and T cells
B Cells
Multiply when they come in contact
with a pathogen
Some B cells attack the patogen
Other B cells form memory cells that
are activated if the body is exposed to
the same pathogen a second time
causing immunity
T Cells
Enlarge and multiply when they
encounter a pathogen
Killer T’s: release toxins that destroy
abnormal and infected cells
Helper T’s: aid in activation of B cells
and killer T cells and control the body’s
immune system
Structure of Lymphatic System
Series of vessels and tissues that move and
filter lymph
Lymph is moved towards the heart and
circulated through out the body
Lymph Node: (bean shaped organs) wbc’s
trap and destroy foreign organisms and keep
them from spreading through out the body.
Spleen, thymus gland and tonsils
Health Behaviors and the Cardiovascular
and Lymphatic Systems
Follow a well-balanced diet low in saturated
fats, cholesterol and salt
Maintain a healthy weight to reduce stress on
the heart, blood vessels and lymph vessels
Participate in regular aerobic exercise for at
least 30 minutes three to four times per week
Avoid the use of tobacco products and
exposure to secondhand smoke
Avoid illegal drugs
Blood Pressure
Measure of the amount of force that the blood places
on the walls of blood vessels, particularly large
arteries and it is pumped through the body
Measured by a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope
Systolic pressure: maximum pressure on the arteries
Diastolic pressure: ventricles relax to refill. Blood pressure is
at it’s lowest point
120/80 is considered normal blood pressure
140/90 is considered high and places a strain on the heart
as it pumps
Cardiovascular System
Problems
Heart Defects
Congenital: condition that is present at birth
Septal Defect: hole between the right and left side
of the heart
Valves may not function properly or aorta may be
too narrow
Cardiovascular System
Problems cont.
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
Group of diseases that include
hypertension, heart disease and stroke
Number 1 killer of both men and women in
the U.S.
95,000 Americans die every year
Cardiovascular System
Problems cont.
Heart Murmur
Abnormal sounds that are made as blood
flows through the heart
May indicate a valve not closing properly
and may require surgery
Cardiovascular System
Problems cont.
Varicose Veins
Valves inside the veins do not close tightly
enough to prevent backflow of blood
Can be result of congenital defect or aging
process
Physical activity helps prevent V.V.
Surgery may be required
Varicose Vein
Cardiovascular System
Problems cont.
Anemia
Condition in which the ability of the blood
to carry oxygen is reduced
Can result from low rbc count or low
concentrations of hemoglobin in the blood
Iron deficiency is similar
Eat green leafy vegetables, red meat, liver, egg yolks
and fortified cereals
Cardiovascular System
Problems cont.
Leukemia
Form of cancer in which any one of the
different types of wbc’s is produced
excessively and abnormally.
Abnormal cells cannot function properly and the
patient is susceptible to infection
Often hinder production of rbc’s and platelets in the
bone marrow
Can be treated with bone marrow transplants
Cardiovascular System
Problems cont.
Hemophilia
Disorder in which the blood does not clot
properly
Proteins called clotting factors are absent
May cause uncontrolled bleeding that may
occur spontaneously or internally
Treatment includes injections that introduce
clotting factors
Lymphatic System Problems
Immune Deficiency
Immune system can no longer protect
itself from infection
Some may be congenital, others can be casued
by HIV.
Can also be a result of natural aging or a side
effect to chemotherepy
Lymphatic System Problems
cont.
Hodgkin’s Disease
Type of cancer that affects the lymph
tissue found in lymph nodes and spleen
Early detection and treatment is essential
for recovery
Treatment may include removal of lymph
nodes, radiation and chemotherapy
Lymphatic System Problems
cont.
Tonsillitis
Part of immune system
Common in children
Can be treated with antibiotics or surgical
removal of the tonsils
Functions of the Respiratory
System
Respiration- the exchange of gasses
between the body and the environment
Two parts of respiration
External- exchange of O2 and CO2 in the blood
in the lungs
Internal- exchange of gasses between blood
and body cells
Structure of the Respiratory
System
The Lungs
Air moves into the lungs through the trachea.
Trachea branches into the bronchi
The bronchi subdivide to tubes called bronchioles
At the end of the bronchioles are microscopic
structures called alveoli
Thin-walled air sacs covered with capillaries. Gas
exchange takes place here.
Lungs
Lungs cont.
Diaphragm- the muscle that separates
the chest from the abdominal cavity
Breathing is made possible by differences
in pressure inside and outside your lungs
Air flows to areas of low pressure
Hiccups occur as a result of your diaphragm
contracting in a spasm, quickly followed by the
closure of the vocal chords
Other Respiratory Structures
Nose- lines with hair-like structures
called cilia
Cilia along with mucous trap and remove
foreign particles (dust, bacteria and viruses)
Air is warmed and moistened and sent down
the pharynx (throat) and into the trachea
(windpipe)
Both are also lined with cilia and mucus
Other Respiratory Structures
cont.
Larynx- voice box
Contains vocal chords- two bands of tissue
that produce sound when air forced
between them causes them to vibrate
Epiglottis- flap of cartilage that closes
off the entrance of the larynx and
trachea when you swallow