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Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems Chapter 16 Functions of the Cardiovascular System Circulate blood so that all of the body’s cells are properly nourished and waste is carried away Blood brings oxygen and nutrients Blood takes away Carbon Dioxide (lungs) and waste products (kidneys) The Heart Chambers of the heart Atrium: two smaller (upper) chambers Ventricles: two bigger (lower) chambers Septum: separates right and left atria and ventricles Upper right atrium also acts as the natural pacemaker. Electrical impulses to the heart start here. Make-up of Blood Plasma: fluid in which other parts of the blood are suspended (55%) Mostly water, contains nutrients, proteins, salts and hormones Red Blood cells (40%) White Blood cells (5%) Red Blood Cells Transport oxygen to the cells and tissues of the body Formed in bone marrow Hemoglobin: oxygen carrying protein in blood Also combines with CO2 White Blood Cells Protect the body from infection and fight infection when it occurs Formed in bone marrow Production increases when an infection is present Some wbc’s eat the disease Some cause an allergic reaction Others form antibodies that provide immunity Blood Vessels Arteries-carry blood away from the heart Veins-return blood to the heart Capillaries-small vessels that carry blood between arterioles and venules Platelets- cells that prevent the body’s loss of blood The Lymphatic System Lymph- clear fluid that fills the spaces around body cells Contains water, proteins, fats and lymphocytes Lymphocytes- specialized white blood cells that provide the body with immunity Two types: B cells and T cells B Cells Multiply when they come in contact with a pathogen Some B cells attack the patogen Other B cells form memory cells that are activated if the body is exposed to the same pathogen a second time causing immunity T Cells Enlarge and multiply when they encounter a pathogen Killer T’s: release toxins that destroy abnormal and infected cells Helper T’s: aid in activation of B cells and killer T cells and control the body’s immune system Structure of Lymphatic System Series of vessels and tissues that move and filter lymph Lymph is moved towards the heart and circulated through out the body Lymph Node: (bean shaped organs) wbc’s trap and destroy foreign organisms and keep them from spreading through out the body. Spleen, thymus gland and tonsils Health Behaviors and the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems Follow a well-balanced diet low in saturated fats, cholesterol and salt Maintain a healthy weight to reduce stress on the heart, blood vessels and lymph vessels Participate in regular aerobic exercise for at least 30 minutes three to four times per week Avoid the use of tobacco products and exposure to secondhand smoke Avoid illegal drugs Blood Pressure Measure of the amount of force that the blood places on the walls of blood vessels, particularly large arteries and it is pumped through the body Measured by a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope Systolic pressure: maximum pressure on the arteries Diastolic pressure: ventricles relax to refill. Blood pressure is at it’s lowest point 120/80 is considered normal blood pressure 140/90 is considered high and places a strain on the heart as it pumps Cardiovascular System Problems Heart Defects Congenital: condition that is present at birth Septal Defect: hole between the right and left side of the heart Valves may not function properly or aorta may be too narrow Cardiovascular System Problems cont. Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Group of diseases that include hypertension, heart disease and stroke Number 1 killer of both men and women in the U.S. 95,000 Americans die every year Cardiovascular System Problems cont. Heart Murmur Abnormal sounds that are made as blood flows through the heart May indicate a valve not closing properly and may require surgery Cardiovascular System Problems cont. Varicose Veins Valves inside the veins do not close tightly enough to prevent backflow of blood Can be result of congenital defect or aging process Physical activity helps prevent V.V. Surgery may be required Varicose Vein Cardiovascular System Problems cont. Anemia Condition in which the ability of the blood to carry oxygen is reduced Can result from low rbc count or low concentrations of hemoglobin in the blood Iron deficiency is similar Eat green leafy vegetables, red meat, liver, egg yolks and fortified cereals Cardiovascular System Problems cont. Leukemia Form of cancer in which any one of the different types of wbc’s is produced excessively and abnormally. Abnormal cells cannot function properly and the patient is susceptible to infection Often hinder production of rbc’s and platelets in the bone marrow Can be treated with bone marrow transplants Cardiovascular System Problems cont. Hemophilia Disorder in which the blood does not clot properly Proteins called clotting factors are absent May cause uncontrolled bleeding that may occur spontaneously or internally Treatment includes injections that introduce clotting factors Lymphatic System Problems Immune Deficiency Immune system can no longer protect itself from infection Some may be congenital, others can be casued by HIV. Can also be a result of natural aging or a side effect to chemotherepy Lymphatic System Problems cont. Hodgkin’s Disease Type of cancer that affects the lymph tissue found in lymph nodes and spleen Early detection and treatment is essential for recovery Treatment may include removal of lymph nodes, radiation and chemotherapy Lymphatic System Problems cont. Tonsillitis Part of immune system Common in children Can be treated with antibiotics or surgical removal of the tonsils Functions of the Respiratory System Respiration- the exchange of gasses between the body and the environment Two parts of respiration External- exchange of O2 and CO2 in the blood in the lungs Internal- exchange of gasses between blood and body cells Structure of the Respiratory System The Lungs Air moves into the lungs through the trachea. Trachea branches into the bronchi The bronchi subdivide to tubes called bronchioles At the end of the bronchioles are microscopic structures called alveoli Thin-walled air sacs covered with capillaries. Gas exchange takes place here. Lungs Lungs cont. Diaphragm- the muscle that separates the chest from the abdominal cavity Breathing is made possible by differences in pressure inside and outside your lungs Air flows to areas of low pressure Hiccups occur as a result of your diaphragm contracting in a spasm, quickly followed by the closure of the vocal chords Other Respiratory Structures Nose- lines with hair-like structures called cilia Cilia along with mucous trap and remove foreign particles (dust, bacteria and viruses) Air is warmed and moistened and sent down the pharynx (throat) and into the trachea (windpipe) Both are also lined with cilia and mucus Other Respiratory Structures cont. Larynx- voice box Contains vocal chords- two bands of tissue that produce sound when air forced between them causes them to vibrate Epiglottis- flap of cartilage that closes off the entrance of the larynx and trachea when you swallow