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WW II and the rise of Totalitarianism The Plan - p. 698 - 763 Italy to 1941 Ger. To 1941 ISM’s US Homefront 1941-45 People & Inventions USSR to 1941 Jap. To 1941 Eur. Theatre US to 1941 Pacific Theatre 1941 - 45 Conferences I. Isms Sheet II. Italy & Benito Mussolini (Axis) (Belligerent) A. Factors Leading to the Rise of Fascism 1. Economic Problems 2. Fear of Communism 3. Nationalism 4. Weak Gov’t 5. Lack of Dem. Trad. 6. Benito Mussolini - video a. Person b. Organizes Fascist Party 1919 c. Promises: - Glories of Rome, land, eco. end communist/socialist threat, jobs d. Black Shirts / March on Rome 7. 1922 Mussolini gains control of Italy - PM 8. Mussolini in Action (IL Duce) a. Felt dem. Weak – Fascism b. No freedoms of … c. Opponents jailed d. Propaganda e. Youth movement – “Sons of Wolves” f. Outlaw Divorce g. Appease Catholics h. Rewrite History i. Corporate State j. Militarism 9. Conquests a. Mediteranean Sea – b. 1934 – Ethiopia – Abyssinia Haile Selassie c. 1936 – Spain d. 1936 – Rome-Berlin Pact (Iron Pact) – he is scared e. 1939 – Invades Albania f. Egypt - ??? III. Germany and Hitler (Axis) A. Germany following WW 1 1. Depression/Eco. Problems 2. Wiemar Gov’t 3. No Dem. B. Adolf Hitler Steps in 1. Early life a. WW 1 b. - Joins Nazi Party – 1919 - Beer Hall Putz 1923 - Mein Kampf c. After jail – promises – d. Brown Shirts 4OO,000 personal army 2. Growth of Nazi Party a. Eco. Distress b. Fear of Communism c. Appeal to Nat’lism d. Anti-Semitism e. Weaknesses of Wiemar Gov’t f. Lack of Dem. Trad. g. Leadership of Adolf Hitler Video - Youth Movement - People - Herman Goering - Joseph Goebbels - Heinrich Himmler - Swastika 3. Nazis seize Power Hitler named Chancellor 1933, Reichstag fire, Hindenburg dies 1934 4. Proclaims “Third Reich” – becomes Fuhrer (1933-45) a. Gov’t b. Propaganda 1 E c. Ed. d. Science & Culture e. Gestapo f. Persecution g. Religion h. Women i. Industry j. Militarism k. Breeding camps??? k. Hitler on the Move 1. 1933 – Leaves League of Nations 2. 1936 – Rearms Rhineland 3. 1936 – Spanish Revolution helps Franco – p. 433 4. 1936 – Iron Pact/Rome Berlin Pact 5. 1936 – Anti-Cominterm Treaty 6. Austria – p. 436 - 440 - Hitler sends in Nazi’s - Germans being mistreated - Pressure - Threaten Schuschnigg - Anschluss in 1938 7. Czechosloviakia - Hitler sends in Nazi’s - Germans being mistreated - Pressure - Czec. Alliance with Fr. and USSR - Munich Pact - Winston Churchill’s feelings - Appeasement - All of Czec. falls March 15, 1939 8. Poland – - Hitler sends in Nazi’s - Germans being mistreated - Pressure - Poland Allied with – - Non-Aggression Pact – Ger & USSR - Blitzkrieg – Sept. 1 1939 HOLOCAUST IV. Communist Revolution A. Communists well organized 1. Lenin 2. Trotsky 3. Peace, Bread, & Land B. Accomplishments of Lenin 1. Seize industries and Farms 2. New Economic Policy (1921-28) Collective Farming 3. Kill all opposition 4. Abolish Orthodox Church Power 5. Women = 6. State sole employer 7. Re-ed masses 8. Limit freedoms 9. Cheka 10. Comintern 11. Lenin dies 1924 V. Soviet Union under Stalin A. Stalin’s Rise to Power 1. Joseph Dzhugashvili – Stalin 2. Out maneuvers Trotsky 3. Dictator of Russia 1927 B. 5 Years Plan – do 50 yrs. in 10 1. Replace NEP 2. Goal: Raise standards 3. Eliminate problems: Kulaks 4. Results: 1st okay, 2nd bad C. Totalitarian State 1. Encourage family 2. “New Czar” 3. New upper class 4. Militarism 5. Police Terrorism 6. Communist Party 7. Propaganda 8. Re-education 9. Social benefits 10. Morales and ethics 11. Women lose rights 12. Death D. Foreign Recog. We do not fight the USSR and Stalin in WWII (We fight Germany, Japan, and Italy = AXIS POWERS) VI. Emperor Hirohito – (1901-1989) A. Japan 1. The emperor was regarded as divine by Japanese. Reality little power. 2. Reluctantly supported invasion of Manchuria & war with China. “Asia for Asians. 3. Attempted to encourage cooperation with Britain and the USA. 4. had no choice but to approve the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. 5. Despite lack of enthusiasm to go to war, was pleased with the Japanese military & naval successes. 6. After the atomic bomb attacks, wants Japan to surrender. 7. August 15, 1945, makes a radio broadcast announcing the end of the war (first time the people of Japan had heard the voice of their emperor.) 8. Some Allied leaders want to try him as war criminal. VII. Homefront A. Isolationism or Involvement? 1. Nye Committee 2. Neutrality Acts – 1935 3. Cash and Carry B. US moves to war 1. Lend-lease - Fight for the 4 Freedoms – Fear, Religion, Want, Speech 2. US extends Navy protection 3. Atlantic Charter – FDR & Churchill a. Churchill wants b. Revisits 14 Points C. US War Homefront (after Pearl Harbor) 1. Selective Service 2. Women – a. Gen. Marshall – chief of staff b. WAC’s, WAF’s, WASP’s 3. African-Americans a. Tuskegee Airman b. 761st Tank Division 4. Japanese Americans a. Nisei - 120,000 sent to internment camps - Racism - Taken advantage of - Terrible conditions b. Highest decorated unit of WWII 5. Hispanics - estimates that served 250,000 to 500,000. 6. Navajo – Wind talkers 7. Workforce a. Employment up b. AFL and CIO – no strike - National War Labor Board - Smith Connelly Anti-Strike Act c. Women on the job - Good News - Bad News 8. Production a. War Production Board b. Allow Trusts c. Truman – 9. Paid for war by: a. Taxes b. Bonds c. Deficit spend 10. Office of Civil Defense 11. Office of Price Administration – rationing 12. FDR fears inflation – freezes wages VII. THE WAR B. Allies 1. Joseph Stalin – USSR – (already did) 2. Franklin D. Roosevelt – USA – a. Guided US through Depression b. Initially kept America out of World War Two c. Provided financial assistance and equipment to Britain and its allies. d. Devoted time to the planning of the post-war workload, (UN). 3. Harry Truman – USA – took FDR’s place when he died, decided to drop atomic bomb. 4. Winston Churchill – Great Britain a. May 13, 1940 became Prime Minister – later fall of France b. To parliament -“I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat” c. Led G.B. through the Battle of Britain d. “Give us the tools and we'll finish the job” - asks US for supplies e. We shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender. f. “Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.” Battle of Britain g. “If Hitler invaded hell I would make at least a favorable reference to the devil in the House of Commons.” Following Germany’s attack on USSR 5. Big Three – Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin a. Decide the plans of WW2 and the future. II. Generals A. Axis 1. Wilhelm Keitel – German #1 general - Hitler's chief military advisor, completely loyal to Hitler. 2. Erwin Rommel – Desert Fox – a. blitzkrieg, famous for attack on France and exploits in N. Africa. b. “He outwitted, bluffed, deceived, cheated the enemy. It was said that his greatest pleasure was to trick his opponents into premature and often quite needless surrender.” David Irving c. Not given enough supplies to win d. Committed suicide when falsely accused of plotting against Hitler. 2. Heinz Guderian - Regarded as one of the leading pioneers of modern mechanized warfare. 3. Alfred Jodl, Chief of the Operations Staff during the war. Hitler's first adviser on strategic and operations matters. 2. Hideki Tojo – Japan - Axis a. led his country's war efforts after the attack on the U.S. base at Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941, b. under his direction smashing victories were initially scored throughout Southeast Asia and the Pacific. c. was tried for war crimes and was found guilty, hanged. 3. Admiral Isoruku Yamamoto – a. led attack on Pearl Harbor – b. "I'm afraid we have awakened a sleeping giant and filled it with terrible resolve," c. Plane shot down B. Bernard Montgomery – British – Monty – beat Rommel C. Dwight Eisenhower – US – In charge of European theater D. Douglas Macarthur – US – Pacific theater of war – island hopping E. George Patton – US – famous tank commander – “Old blood and guts” F. Admiral Chester Nimitz – US – Pacific fleet commander G. Georgi Konstantinovich Zhukov – USSR – a. took charge of the defense of Stalingrad where b. oversaw the encirclement and surrender of the German 6th Army. c. coordinated the Soviet armies at the Battle of Kursk, the largest tank battle in history, the defeat of the Germans at Kursk was the turning point of the war. d. Zhukov led the final Soviet assault on Germany in 1945, capturing Berlin in April and becoming a world famous figure III. Inventions A. B. C. D. E. F. Jets - Messerschmitt Me 262 , Me163 Komet rocket fighters Radar Sonar Missles – V1 flying bomb “Buzz Bomb”, V2 ballistic missile Aircraft carriers Assault weapons – MP 44 Submachine gun G. Napalm H. penicillin I. Synthetic rubber J. Magnetron which is now used in microwave ovens k. Atomic bomb – Little boy Hiroshima, Fat Man Nagasaki L. SPAM M. Helicopters N. Operational Battle Tanks O. Synthetic motor oil P. Aluminum V. Main Battles/Events A. European Theater 1. Phony War – Sitzkrieg 2. USSR under Stalin takes – Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland 3. Apr. 9, 1939 Hitler takes Den and Norway 4. May 1940 Hitler takes low countries 5. France - Maginot Line - Dunkirk -France Surrenders on June 22 - Occupied France and Vichy France - Charles deGaulle 6. Great Britain – - Germans assemble - Luftwaffe vs. RAF - Battle of Britain / Blitz Date:July 1940 to May 1941 (with main daylight battles taking place in August to October) Location:United Kingdom airspace, mostly over southern England Result:British strategic victory Combatants United Kingdom Germany Commanders Hugh Dowding, Hermann Göring Strength approx 700 fighters (at the beginning)1,260 bombers; 320 dive-bombers; 1,090 fighters (at the beginning) Casualties1,550 aircraft; Civilian: 27,450 dead, 32,140 wounded1,890 aircraft 7. Axis invasion - Fall 1940 Italy invades Eg & Greece - March 1941 Ger. Allies w - Apr. 1941 Ger. Invades Yugo - May 1941 Ger invades Greece - June 1941 Ger signs Turkey - June 22, 1941 Ger invades USSR (Barbarossa) - Stalingrad – Turning point - (US and Pearl Harbor) 8. North Africa –Nov. 1942 - Rommel 9. “Soft Underbelly” – Sept. 1943 - Anzio 10. “Round the Clock Bombing” Little Friends 11. D-day/Normandy/Operation Overlord Band 12. Battle of the Bulge - December 16, 1944 to January 25, 1945 13. May 7-8, 1945 Ger. Surrenders 13. Dec. 7,1941 – Pearl Harbor and … a. Gen. Yamamoto b. Dec. 8 – “This day will live in infamy” FDR c. Other US and British military installations attacked also d. Bataan Death March - 72,000 prisoners taken together, killing rate of one in four up to two in seven (25% to 28.5%) 14. Doolittle Raids - April 18, 1942. Left from carrier Hornet, Doolittle led a flight of 16 B-25 bombers on a daring raid over Japan, hitting targets in Tokyo, Yokohama, and other cities, scoring a moral huge victory. 15. Battle of Coral Sea - May 4-8, 1942 - air and naval engagement between the US, Australians and Japanese on May 7-8, 1942. • major turning point in Pacific, stopped the Japanese advance to Australia. • first naval battle fought without the opposing ships making contact, 16. Battle of Midway - June 4-7, 1942, effectively destroyed Japan’s naval strength when the US destroyed four of its aircraft carriers. Japan’s navy never recovered and it was on the defensive after this battle. US on offense. Chester W. Nimitz Yamamoto Isoroku 3 carriers, ~25 support ships, 233 carrier aircraft, 127 land-based aircraft 4 carriers, 2 battleships, ~15 support ships (heavy and light cruisers, destroyers), 248[2] carrier aircraft, 16 floatplanes Did not participate in battle: 2 light carriers, 5 battleships, ~41 support ships (Yamamoto "Main Body", Kondo "Strike Force" plus "Escort" and "Occupation Support Force") carrier sunk, 1 destroyer sunk, 98 aircraft destroyed[citation needed], 307 killed[3] 4 carriers sunk, 1 cruiser sunk, 248 carrier aircraft destroyed, 3,057 killed 16. Island hopping – Macarthur and Nimitz 17. Japanese atrocities – Rape of Nanking, Philippines, testing disease, experimenting on soldiers, prisoners of war. 18. Atomic bombing of Japan a. Hiroshima Aug. 6, 1945 – 140,000 b. Nagasaki Aug. 9, 1945 – 80,000 19. V-J Day – Aug. 14, 1945 VI. Conference - Feb. 4–11, 1945 A. Yalta – Big 3 met to met at Yalta in the Crimea to plan the final defeat and occupation of Nazi Germany. Germany was to be divided into zones - U.S., British, French, & Soviets. Allies stated they had no duty to Germans except minimum subsistence, German military industry would be abolished or confiscated, and major war criminals to be tried at an international court, which subsequently presided at Nüremberg. More details on UN. Eastern Eur. would hold elections to determine new gov’t. USSR would help with Japan. • B. Potsdam - topics - administration of defeated Germany, the demarcation of the boundaries of Poland, the occupation of Austria, the definition of the Soviet Union’s role in eastern Europe, the determination of reparations, and the further prosecution of the war against Japan. The good will characterized former wartime conferences was missing at Potsdam, each nation was most concerned with its own self-interest, and Churchill was suspicious of Stalin. Stalin will reverse on many of the earlier agreements.