Download Rise of Totalitarianism US

WW II
and
the rise of
Totalitarianism
The Plan - p. 698 - 763
Italy to 1941
Ger. To 1941
ISM’s
US Homefront
1941-45
People &
Inventions
USSR to 1941
Jap. To 1941
Eur.
Theatre
US to 1941
Pacific
Theatre
1941 - 45
Conferences
I. Isms Sheet
II. Italy & Benito Mussolini (Axis) (Belligerent)
A. Factors Leading to the Rise of Fascism
1. Economic Problems
2. Fear of Communism
3. Nationalism
4. Weak Gov’t
5. Lack of Dem. Trad.
6. Benito Mussolini - video
a. Person
b. Organizes Fascist Party 1919
c. Promises:
- Glories of Rome, land, eco.
end communist/socialist threat, jobs
d. Black Shirts / March on Rome
7. 1922 Mussolini gains control of Italy - PM
8. Mussolini in Action (IL Duce)
a. Felt dem. Weak – Fascism
b. No freedoms of …
c. Opponents jailed
d. Propaganda
e. Youth movement – “Sons of Wolves”
f. Outlaw Divorce
g. Appease Catholics
h. Rewrite History
i. Corporate State
j. Militarism
9. Conquests
a. Mediteranean Sea –
b. 1934 – Ethiopia – Abyssinia Haile Selassie
c. 1936 – Spain
d. 1936 – Rome-Berlin Pact (Iron Pact) – he is scared
e. 1939 – Invades Albania
f. Egypt - ???
III. Germany and Hitler (Axis)
A. Germany following WW 1
1. Depression/Eco. Problems
2. Wiemar Gov’t
3. No Dem.
B. Adolf Hitler Steps in
1. Early life
a. WW 1
b. - Joins Nazi Party – 1919
- Beer Hall Putz 1923
- Mein Kampf
c. After jail – promises –
d. Brown Shirts
4OO,000 personal army
2. Growth of Nazi Party
a. Eco. Distress
b. Fear of Communism
c. Appeal to Nat’lism
d. Anti-Semitism
e. Weaknesses of Wiemar Gov’t
f. Lack of Dem. Trad.
g. Leadership of Adolf Hitler
Video
- Youth Movement
- People
- Herman Goering
- Joseph Goebbels
- Heinrich Himmler
- Swastika
3. Nazis seize Power
Hitler named Chancellor 1933, Reichstag fire, Hindenburg
dies 1934
4. Proclaims “Third Reich” – becomes Fuhrer (1933-45)
a. Gov’t
b. Propaganda 1 E
c. Ed.
d. Science & Culture
e. Gestapo
f. Persecution
g. Religion
h. Women
i. Industry
j. Militarism
k. Breeding camps???
k. Hitler on the Move
1. 1933 – Leaves League of Nations
2. 1936 – Rearms Rhineland
3. 1936 – Spanish Revolution helps Franco – p. 433
4. 1936 – Iron Pact/Rome Berlin Pact
5. 1936 – Anti-Cominterm Treaty
6. Austria – p. 436 - 440
- Hitler sends in Nazi’s
- Germans being mistreated
- Pressure
- Threaten Schuschnigg
- Anschluss in 1938
7. Czechosloviakia
- Hitler sends in Nazi’s
- Germans being mistreated
- Pressure
- Czec. Alliance with Fr. and USSR
- Munich Pact
- Winston Churchill’s feelings
- Appeasement
- All of Czec. falls March 15, 1939
8. Poland –
- Hitler sends in Nazi’s
- Germans being mistreated
- Pressure
- Poland Allied with –
- Non-Aggression Pact – Ger & USSR
- Blitzkrieg – Sept. 1 1939
HOLOCAUST
IV. Communist Revolution
A. Communists well organized
1. Lenin
2. Trotsky
3. Peace, Bread, & Land
B. Accomplishments of Lenin
1. Seize industries and Farms
2. New Economic Policy (1921-28)
Collective Farming
3. Kill all opposition
4. Abolish Orthodox Church Power
5. Women =
6. State sole employer
7. Re-ed masses
8. Limit freedoms
9. Cheka
10. Comintern
11. Lenin dies 1924
V. Soviet Union under Stalin
A. Stalin’s Rise to Power
1. Joseph Dzhugashvili – Stalin
2. Out maneuvers Trotsky
3. Dictator of Russia 1927
B. 5 Years Plan – do 50 yrs. in 10
1. Replace NEP
2. Goal: Raise standards
3. Eliminate problems: Kulaks
4. Results: 1st okay, 2nd bad
C. Totalitarian State
1. Encourage family
2. “New Czar”
3. New upper class
4. Militarism
5. Police Terrorism
6. Communist Party
7. Propaganda
8. Re-education
9. Social benefits
10. Morales and ethics
11. Women lose rights
12. Death
D. Foreign Recog.
We do not fight
the USSR and
Stalin in WWII
(We fight Germany, Japan, and Italy = AXIS POWERS)
VI. Emperor Hirohito – (1901-1989) A. Japan
1. The emperor was regarded as divine by Japanese. Reality little power.
2. Reluctantly supported invasion of Manchuria & war with China. “Asia for
Asians.
3. Attempted to encourage cooperation with Britain and the USA.
4. had no choice but to approve the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.
5. Despite lack of enthusiasm to go to war, was pleased with the Japanese
military & naval successes.
6. After the atomic bomb attacks, wants Japan to surrender.
7. August 15, 1945, makes a radio broadcast announcing the end of the war
(first time the people of Japan had heard the voice of their emperor.)
8. Some Allied leaders want to try him as war criminal.
VII. Homefront
A. Isolationism or Involvement?
1. Nye Committee
2. Neutrality Acts – 1935
3. Cash and Carry
B. US moves to war
1. Lend-lease
- Fight for the 4 Freedoms – Fear, Religion, Want, Speech
2. US extends Navy protection
3. Atlantic Charter – FDR & Churchill
a. Churchill wants
b. Revisits 14 Points
C. US War Homefront (after Pearl Harbor)
1. Selective Service
2. Women –
a. Gen. Marshall – chief of staff
b. WAC’s, WAF’s, WASP’s
3. African-Americans
a. Tuskegee Airman
b. 761st Tank Division
4. Japanese Americans
a. Nisei
- 120,000 sent to internment camps
- Racism
- Taken advantage of
- Terrible conditions
b. Highest decorated unit of WWII
5. Hispanics - estimates that served 250,000 to 500,000.
6. Navajo – Wind talkers
7. Workforce
a. Employment up
b. AFL and CIO – no strike
- National War Labor Board
- Smith Connelly Anti-Strike Act
c. Women on the job
- Good News
- Bad News
8. Production
a. War Production Board
b. Allow Trusts
c. Truman –
9. Paid for war by:
a. Taxes
b. Bonds
c. Deficit spend
10. Office of Civil Defense
11. Office of Price Administration – rationing
12. FDR fears inflation – freezes wages
VII. THE WAR
B. Allies
1. Joseph Stalin – USSR – (already did)
2. Franklin D. Roosevelt – USA –
a. Guided US through Depression
b. Initially kept America out of World War Two
c. Provided financial assistance and equipment to Britain and its allies.
d. Devoted time to the planning of the post-war workload, (UN).
3. Harry Truman – USA – took FDR’s place when he died, decided to drop
atomic bomb.
4. Winston Churchill – Great Britain
a. May 13, 1940 became Prime Minister – later fall of France
b. To parliament -“I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat”
c. Led G.B. through the Battle of Britain
d. “Give us the tools and we'll finish the job” - asks US for supplies
e. We shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on
the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields
and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender.
f. “Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so
few.” Battle of Britain
g. “If Hitler invaded hell I would make at least a favorable reference to the
devil in the House of Commons.” Following Germany’s attack on USSR
5. Big Three – Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin
a. Decide the plans of WW2 and the future.
II. Generals
A. Axis
1. Wilhelm Keitel – German #1 general - Hitler's chief military advisor,
completely loyal to Hitler.
2. Erwin Rommel – Desert Fox –
a. blitzkrieg, famous for attack on France and exploits in
N. Africa.
b. “He outwitted, bluffed, deceived, cheated the enemy. It
was said that his greatest pleasure was to trick his
opponents into premature and often quite needless
surrender.” David Irving
c. Not given enough supplies to win
d. Committed suicide when falsely accused of plotting
against Hitler.
2. Heinz Guderian - Regarded as one of the
leading pioneers of modern mechanized warfare.
3. Alfred Jodl, Chief of the Operations Staff during the
war. Hitler's first adviser on strategic and operations
matters.
2. Hideki Tojo – Japan - Axis
a. led his country's war efforts after the attack on the U.S.
base at Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941,
b. under his direction smashing victories were initially
scored throughout Southeast Asia and the Pacific.
c. was tried for war crimes and was found guilty, hanged.
3. Admiral Isoruku Yamamoto –
a. led attack on Pearl Harbor –
b. "I'm afraid we have awakened a sleeping giant and filled it
with terrible resolve,"
c. Plane shot down
B. Bernard Montgomery – British – Monty – beat Rommel
C. Dwight Eisenhower – US – In charge of European theater
D. Douglas Macarthur – US – Pacific theater of war – island hopping
E. George Patton – US – famous tank commander – “Old blood and guts”
F. Admiral Chester Nimitz – US – Pacific fleet commander
G. Georgi Konstantinovich Zhukov – USSR –
a. took charge of the defense of Stalingrad where
b. oversaw the encirclement and surrender of the German 6th Army.
c. coordinated the Soviet armies at the Battle of Kursk, the largest tank battle
in history, the defeat of the Germans at Kursk was the turning point of the
war.
d. Zhukov led the final Soviet assault on Germany in 1945, capturing Berlin
in April and becoming a world famous figure
III. Inventions
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
Jets - Messerschmitt Me 262 , Me163 Komet rocket fighters
Radar
Sonar
Missles – V1 flying bomb “Buzz Bomb”, V2 ballistic missile
Aircraft carriers
Assault weapons – MP 44
Submachine gun
G. Napalm
H. penicillin
I. Synthetic rubber
J. Magnetron which is now used in microwave ovens
k. Atomic bomb – Little boy Hiroshima, Fat Man Nagasaki
L. SPAM
M. Helicopters
N. Operational Battle Tanks
O. Synthetic motor oil
P. Aluminum
V. Main Battles/Events
A. European Theater
1. Phony War – Sitzkrieg
2. USSR under Stalin takes –
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland
3. Apr. 9, 1939 Hitler takes Den and Norway
4. May 1940 Hitler takes low countries
5. France
- Maginot Line
- Dunkirk
-France Surrenders on June 22
- Occupied France and Vichy France
- Charles deGaulle
6. Great Britain –
- Germans assemble
- Luftwaffe vs. RAF
- Battle of Britain / Blitz
Date:July 1940 to May 1941 (with main daylight
battles taking place in August to October)
Location:United Kingdom airspace, mostly over
southern England
Result:British strategic victory
Combatants United Kingdom Germany
Commanders Hugh Dowding, Hermann Göring
Strength approx 700 fighters (at the
beginning)1,260 bombers; 320 dive-bombers;
1,090 fighters (at the beginning)
Casualties1,550 aircraft; Civilian: 27,450 dead,
32,140 wounded1,890 aircraft
7. Axis invasion
- Fall 1940 Italy invades Eg & Greece
- March 1941 Ger. Allies w
- Apr. 1941 Ger. Invades Yugo
- May 1941 Ger invades Greece
- June 1941 Ger signs Turkey
- June 22, 1941 Ger invades USSR
(Barbarossa)
- Stalingrad – Turning point
- (US and Pearl Harbor)
8. North Africa –Nov. 1942 - Rommel
9. “Soft Underbelly” – Sept. 1943 - Anzio
10. “Round the Clock Bombing”
Little Friends
11. D-day/Normandy/Operation Overlord
Band
12. Battle of the Bulge - December 16, 1944 to January 25, 1945
13. May 7-8, 1945 Ger. Surrenders
13. Dec. 7,1941 – Pearl Harbor and …
a. Gen. Yamamoto
b. Dec. 8 – “This day will live in infamy” FDR
c. Other US and British military installations attacked also
d. Bataan Death March - 72,000 prisoners taken together, killing rate of one
in four up to two in seven (25% to 28.5%)
14. Doolittle Raids - April 18, 1942. Left from carrier Hornet, Doolittle led a
flight of 16 B-25 bombers on a daring raid over Japan, hitting targets in
Tokyo, Yokohama, and other cities, scoring a moral huge victory.
15. Battle of Coral Sea - May 4-8, 1942 - air and naval engagement between
the US, Australians and Japanese on May 7-8, 1942.
• major turning point in Pacific, stopped the Japanese advance to Australia.
• first naval battle fought without the opposing ships making contact,
16. Battle of Midway - June 4-7, 1942, effectively destroyed Japan’s naval
strength when the US destroyed four of its aircraft carriers. Japan’s navy
never recovered and it was on the defensive after this battle. US on offense.
Chester W. Nimitz
Yamamoto Isoroku
3 carriers,
~25 support ships,
233 carrier aircraft,
127 land-based aircraft
4 carriers,
2 battleships,
~15 support ships (heavy and
light cruisers, destroyers),
248[2] carrier aircraft, 16
floatplanes
Did not participate in battle:
2 light carriers,
5 battleships,
~41 support ships (Yamamoto
"Main Body", Kondo "Strike
Force" plus "Escort" and
"Occupation Support Force")
carrier sunk,
1 destroyer sunk,
98 aircraft destroyed[citation needed],
307 killed[3]
4 carriers sunk,
1 cruiser sunk,
248 carrier aircraft destroyed,
3,057 killed
16. Island hopping – Macarthur and Nimitz
17. Japanese atrocities – Rape of Nanking, Philippines, testing disease,
experimenting on soldiers, prisoners of war.
18. Atomic bombing of Japan
a. Hiroshima Aug. 6, 1945 – 140,000
b. Nagasaki Aug. 9, 1945 – 80,000
19. V-J Day – Aug. 14, 1945
VI. Conference - Feb. 4–11, 1945
A. Yalta – Big 3 met to met at Yalta in the Crimea to plan the
final defeat and occupation of Nazi Germany. Germany
was to be divided into zones - U.S., British, French, &
Soviets. Allies stated they had no duty to Germans except
minimum subsistence, German military industry would be
abolished or confiscated, and major war criminals to be
tried at an international court, which subsequently
presided at Nüremberg. More details on UN. Eastern Eur.
would hold elections to determine new gov’t. USSR would
help with Japan.
• B. Potsdam - topics - administration of defeated
Germany, the demarcation of the boundaries of Poland,
the occupation of Austria, the definition of the Soviet
Union’s role in eastern Europe, the determination of
reparations, and the further prosecution of the war
against Japan. The good will characterized former
wartime conferences was missing at Potsdam, each
nation was most concerned with its own self-interest,
and Churchill was suspicious of Stalin. Stalin will reverse
on many of the earlier agreements.