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Chapter 28 Female Reproductive Organs • Primary female sex organs are ovaries • Accessory sex organs are: • • • • • Uterine (Fallopian) tubes Uterus Vagina Clitoris Mammary glands Ovaries • Anchored by folds of peritoneum: 1. Broad ligament – drapes over uterus 2. Ovarian ligament – suspends ovary from uterus Ovarian Follicles • Within cortex are thousands of ovarian follicles – consist of an oocyte surrounded by follicle cells • Several types of based on stages of development Primordial Follicle • Most primitive type • Consists of primary oocyte surrounded by single layer of flattened cells Primary Follicle • Consists of primary oocyte surrounded by 1-2 layers of cuboidal cells Secondary Follicle • Contains: – – – • Antrum contains serous fluid – • primary oocyte many layers of follicle cells fluid-filled space called an antrum increases in volume as time to ovulation nears Two protective structures surround the primary oocyte: 1. Zona pellucida – binds sperm 2. Corona radiata Vesicular (Tertiary) Follicle • Mature follicle or a Graafian follicle • Contains: – secondary oocyte surrounded by zona pellucida and corona radiata – enlarged antrum – many layers of follicle cells • When fully mature, ruptures – ovulation Corpus Luteum • Following ovulation, remnants of follicle become corpus luteum – secretes progesterone and estrogen • stimulates growth of uterine endometrium Corpus Albicans • If no implantation of embryo, corpus luteum regresses – turns into white connective tissue scar called corpus albicans Ovarian Follicles Uterine Tubes • Uterine tubes (fallopian tubes) extend laterally from both sides of uterus • Contain ciliated columnar epithelium – Move oocyte through tube • Secondary oocyte usually fertilized in lateral part of uterine tube • Takes pre-embryo ~3 days to reach the uterus Uterine Tubes and Uterus Uterus • Angled anterosuperiorly across urinary bladder – anteverted • If positioned posterosuperiorly (projecting toward the rectum), called retroverted – May occur in older women Functions of the Uterus 1. Site of implantation 2. Supports and protects the developing embryo/ fetus 3. Ejects the fetus during labor Regions of the Uterus • Regions of the uterus: 1. Fundus – curved superior region between uterine tubes 2. Body – majority of uterus 3. Cervix – narrow inferior portion, projects into vagina • Cervical os - opening Support of the Uterus • • Muscles of pelvic floor Round ligaments – run thru inguinal ligament and connect to labia majora – • Keep uterus anteverted Weakness of support can result in prolapse of the uterus – protrudes through the vagina Wall of the Uterus • Uterine wall comprised of three layers: 1. Perimetrium – outermost layer of CT 2. Myometrium – thick, middle tunic comprised of smooth muscle 3. Endometrium – mucosa composed of simple columnar epithelium • Two layers: – – Basal layer – permanent layer closest to myometrium Functional layer – changes in thickness during menstrual cycle and is shed as menses Layers of Endometrium Vagina • Connects uterus to outside of body • Opening of vagina = vaginal orifice • Near opening, folds of mucosa form membranous barrier called the hymen External Genitalia • Collectively called the vulva External Genitalia • Mons pubis - immediately anterior to pubic symphysis • Labia majora - paired, thickened folds of skin – covered with hair – possess sebaceous and sweat glands – homologous to scrotum of male • labia minora - paired folds medial to labia majora – devoid of hair External Genitalia • Space between labia minora = vestibule • Within vestibule reside the urethral opening and the vaginal orifice External Genitalia • Clitoris - small (< 2 cm), erectile body located superior to urethral opening – homologous to penis – Prepuce forms hood-like covering Mammary Glands • Produce and secrete breast milk • Nipple - contains multiple openings • Areola - pigmented ring of skin surrounding the nipple Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System • Primary sex organs are testes • Accessory organs include glands, ducts and tubules leading from testes to penis • Penis is organ of copulation Scrotum • Scrotum - skin-covered sac enclosing testes – cooler temperature • Sperm develop at ~3 C below normal body temperature • Cremaster muscle – raise/lower testes for temp regulation Spermatic Cord • Suspends testis from body • Consists of: 1. 2. 3. 4. Ductus (vas) deferens Testicular artery/veins Cremaster muscle Autonomic nerves • Passes thru inguinal ligament – Superficial inguinal ring Testes • Two functions: 1. Production of sperm 2. Production/secretion of androgens • • primarily testosterone Testes covered by tunica albuginea – Thick, fibrous capsule Seminiferous Tubules • Seminiferous tubules contain two types of cells: 1. Spermatogonia - population of dividing germ cells • continuously produce sperm 2. Sertoli cells – non-dividing support cells • • • assist with sperm development Form the blood-testis barrier beginning at puberty Interstitial (Leydig) Cells • In spaces in between seminiferous tubules – Produce androgens (testosterone) Ducts in the Male Reproductive System • Beginning at testis and extending through penis, ducts are: 1. Epididymis • Stores sperm and aids in sperm maturation 2. Ductus (vas) deferens • Carries sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct 3. Ejaculatory duct • • • Formed by junction of ductus deferens and seminal vesicle Located within prostate gland Conducts sperm and seminal fluid to urethra 4. Urethra • Transports semen (and urine) out of body Ducts in the Male Reproductive System Accessory Glands • Three glands secrete fluids that mix with sperm – • seminal fluid Secretions nourish sperm and neutralize acidity of the vagina 1. Seminal vesicles 2. Prostate gland 3. Bulbourethral glands Seminal Vesicles • Paired glands located on posterior surface of urinary bladder – lateral to ampulla of ductus deferens • Secrete viscous, whitish-yellow, alkaline fluid containing fructose and prostaglandins Prostate Gland • Inferior to urinary bladder • Secretes directly into prostatic urethra • Secretion contains: – lubricant – nutrients for sperm – antibacterial protein – prostatic-specific antigen (PSA, enzyme that helps liquify semen) Bulbourethral Glands • Located on either side of membranous urethra • Secreted mucin for lubrication – enters spongy urethra at base of penis Semen • Seminal fluid from three glands combines with sperm to make up semen – called ejaculate when released during intercourse • 3-5 ml contains 200-500 million sperm Penis • Root - internal, attached portion of penis • Body (shaft) - elongated portion of penis • Glans - tip of penis – surrounds external urethral orifice – Glans covered by prepuce (foreskin) Penis • Three parallel, cylindrical erectile bodies: 1. Paired corpora cavernosa terminate at distal shaft of penis 2. Single corpus spongiosum • • surrounds penile (spongy) urethra continues into glans Penis