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Name_______________________________ Reproductive System Notes – Ch 16 The Gonads Gonads – primary sex organs __________ in males ___________ in females Gonads produce gametes (sex cells) and secrete hormones ____________ – male gametes _____________ (eggs) – female gametes MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ______________ Duct system: _________________ Ductus deferens (________________) __________________ Accessory Organs _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ External genitalia ______________ ______________ Testes Coverings of the testes ______________________________ – covering that surrounds each testis ______________ – extensions of the capsule that extend into the lobules Each lobule contains one to four seminiferous tubules Tightly coiled structures Function as sperm-forming factories Empty sperm into the _________ ______________ Sperm travels through the rete testis to the epididymis __________________ cells produce androgens such as testosterone Epididymis Comma-shaped, tightly coiled tube Found on the superior part of the testis and along the posterior lateral side Functions to mature and store sperm cells (at least _______ days) Expels sperm with the contraction of muscles in the epididymis wall to the vas feferens Ductus deferens (vas deferens) Carries sperm from the epididymis to the ________________ duct Passes through the inguinal canal and over the urinary bladder Moves sperm by ________________ ______________ cord – ductus deferens, blood vessels, and nerves in a connective tissue sheath Ends in the ejaculatory duct with unites with the urethra ____________________ – cutting of the ductus deferens at the level of the testes to prevent t ransportation of sperm _______________________________________________ Anatomy & Physiology – Taylor 1 Name_______________________________ Urethra Extends from the base of the urinary bladder to the tip of the penis Carries both _________ and __________ Sperm enters from the ejaculatory duct Regions of the urethra: ______________ urethra – surrounded by prostate ______________ urethra – from prostatic urethra to penis ______________ (penile) urethra – runs the length of the penis Seminal Vesicles Located at the base of the bladder Produces a thick, yellowish secretion (60% of semen) _____________ (sugar) Vitamin ____ ___________________ Other substances that nourish and activate sperm Prostate Gland Encircles the upper part of the urethra Secretes a _________ fluid Helps to activate sperm Enters the urethra through several small ducts Bulbourethral Glands Pea-sized gland inferior to the prostate Produces a thick, clear ___________ Cleanses the urethra of ___________ urine Serves as a ______________ during sexual intercourse Secreted into the penile urethra Semen Mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions Advantages of accessory gland secretions: Fructose provides ___________ for sperm cells Alkalinity of semen helps _______________ the acidic environment of the vagina Semen inhibits _______________ multiplication Elements of semen enhance sperm _________________ External Genitalia Scrotum Divided sac of skin outside the abdomen Maintains testes at 3℃ _______ than normal body temperature to protect sperm viability Penis Delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract Regions of the penis: ______________ __________________ (enlarged tip) ______________ (foreskin) Folded cuff of skin around proximal end Often removed by circumcision Internally there are three areas of ____________ erectile tissue around the urethra _______________________________________________ Anatomy & Physiology – Taylor 2 Name_______________________________ Spermatogenesis Production of sperm cells Begins at _______________ and continues throughout life Occurs in the ____________________ tubules Spermatogenesis (stem cells) undergo rapid mitosis to produce more stem cells before puberty ____________________________ hormone (FSH) modifies spermatogonia division One cell produced is a __________ cell The other cell produced becomes a primary spermatocyte Primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis _____________ spermatids are produced Spermatogenesis Late spermatids are produced with distinct regions __________ – contains DNA covered by the acrosome ___________ ________ Sperm cells result after maturing of spermatids Spermatogenesis takes _____ to _____ days Anatomy of a Mature Sperm Cell The only human ______________ cell _________ is found in the head Testosterone Production The most important hormone of the testes Produced in ______________ cells Functions of testosterone: Stimulates reproductive organ development Underlies sex drive Causes secondary sex characteristics: Deepening of _________ Increased ________ growth Enlargement of skeletal _____________ Thickening of ___________ FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM _______________ Duct System _____________ tubes (fallopian tubes) _______________ _______________ External genitalia Ovaries Composed of ovarian follicles (sac-like structures) Structure of an ovarian follicle _____________ __________________ cells _______________________________________________ Anatomy & Physiology – Taylor 3 Name_______________________________ Ovarian follicle stages _______________ follicle – contains an immature oocyte _______________ (vesicular) follicle – growing follicle with a maturing oocyte _______________ – when the egg is mature, the follicle ruptures Occurs about every ____ days The ruptured follicle is transformed into the _____________________ Support for the Ovaries _______________ ligaments – secure ovary to lateral walls of the pelvis _______________ ligaments – attach to uterus _______________ ligament – a fold of the peritoneum, encloses suspensory ligament Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes Receive the ovulated oocyte Provide a site for fertilization Attaches to the uterus Does not physically attach to the _____________ Supported by the __________ ligament Uterine Tube Function _______________ – finger-like projections at the distal end that receive the oocyte Cilia inside the uterine tube slowly move the oocyte towards the uterus (takes _______ days) __________________ occurs inside the uterine tube Uterus Located between the urinary bladder and ____________ Hollow organ Functions of the uterus: ____________ a fertilized egg ____________ the fertilized egg ____________ the fertilized egg Support for the Uterus ___________ ligament – attached to the pelvis ___________ ligament – anchored anteriorly ________________ligaments – anchored posteriorly Regions of the Uterus __________ – main portion ____________ – area wher uterine tube enters ___________ – narrow outlet that protrudes into the vagina Walls of the Uterus _______________ Inner layer Allows for implantation of a fertilized egg Sloughs off if no pregnancy occurs (menses) _______________ – middle layer of smooth muscle ______________ layer – outer visceral peritoneum Vagina Extends from cervix to exterior of body Behind bladder and in front of rectum Serves as the __________ canal Receives the penis during sexual intercourse ___________ – membrane that partially closes the vagina until it is ruptured _______________________________________________ Anatomy & Physiology – Taylor 4 Name_______________________________ External Genitalia _________________ Fatty area overlying the pubic symphysis __________ – skin folds Labia majora Labia minora _______________ Enclosed by labia majora Contains opening of the urethra and the greater vestibular glands (produce mucus) ________________ Contains erectile tissue Corresponds to male penis Oogenesis The total supply of eggs are present at __________ Ability to release eggs begins at _____________ Reproductive ability ends at ______________ Oocytes are matured in developing ovarian follicles ___________ – female stem cells found in a developing fetus Oogonia undergo mitosis to produce primary oocytes Primary oocytes are surrounded by cells that form primary follicles in the ovary Oogonia no longer exist by the time of birth Primary oocytes are inactive until puberty Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) causes some primary follicles to ____________ ___________ starts inside maturing follicle Produces a secondary oocyte and the first _________ body Meiosis is completed after ovulation only if sperm penetrates _______ additional polar bodies are produced after ___________ penetrates Menstrual (Uterine) Cycle Cyclic changes of the endometrium Regulated by cyclic production of _____________ and progesterone Stages of the menstrual cycle ___________ – functional layer of the endometrium is sloughed _______________ stage – regeneration of functional layer ______________ stage – endometrium increases in size and readies for implantation Hormonal Control the Ovarian and Uterine Cycles (see Figure 16.12) Estrogens Produced by __________ cells Cause secondary sex characteristics Enlargement of accessory organs Development of ___________ Appearance of __________ hair Increase in ______ beneath the skin Widening and lightening of the _____________ Onset of _______________ _______________________________________________ Anatomy & Physiology – Taylor 5 Name_______________________________ Hormone Production by the Ovaries _________________ Produced by the corpus luteum Production continues until Lutenizing hormone (LH) diminishes in the blood Helps maintain _______________ Mammary Glands Present in both sexes, but only functions in females Modified _________ glands Function to produce ________ Stimulated by sex hormones (mostly estrogens) to increase in size Anatomy of Mammary Glands __________ – central pigmented area __________ – protruding central area of areola __________ – internal structures that radiate around nipple ______________ glands – clusters of milk-producing glands within lobules ________________ ducts – connect alveolar glands to nipple Stages of Pregnancy and Development Fertilization Embryonic development Fetal development Childbirth Fertilization The oocyte is viable for _________ hours after ovulation Sperm are viable for __________ hours after ejaculation Sperm cells must make their way to the uterine tube for fertilization to be possible Mechanisms of Fertilization Membrane receptors on an oocyte pulls in the head of the first sperm to make contact The membrane of the oocyte does not permit a __________ sperm head to enter The oocyte then undergoes its second meiotic division Fertilization occurs when the _____________ material of a sperm combines with that of an oocyte to form a zygote The Zygote _________ cell of a new individual The result of the fusion of ________ from sperm and egg The zygote begins rapid mitotic cell divisions The zygote stage is in the _____________ tube moving toward the uterus The Embryo Developmental stage from the start of cleavage until the _________ week The embryo first undergoes division without growth The embryo enters the uterus at the ____-cell state The embryo floats freely in the uterus temporarily Uterine secretions are used for nourishment _______________________________________________ Anatomy & Physiology – Taylor 6 Name_______________________________ Blastocyst Ball-like circle of cells Begins at about the _______-cell stage Secretes ______________________________ (hCG) which prods the corpus luteum to continue producing its hormones Functional areas of the blastocyst: Trophoblast – large fluid-filled sphere Inner cell mass Primary germ layers are eventually formed: ___________ – outside layer Gives rise to nervous system and epidermis of skin ___________ – middle layer Gives rise to mucosae and glands ___________ – inside layer Gives rise to virtually everything else The late blastocyst implants in the wall of the uterus (by day ____) Development from Ovulation to Implantation (Figure 16.15) Development After Implantation (Figure 16.16) Chorionic ______ (projections of the blastocyst) develop Cooperate with cells of the uterus to form the placenta The embryo is surrounded by the __________ (a fluid-filled sac) An umbilical cord forms to attach the embryo to the placenta Functions of the Placenta Forms a barrier between mother and embryo (__________ is not exchanged) Delivers nutrients and oxygen Removes waste from embryonic blood Becomes an endocrine organ (produces hormones) and takes over the corpus luteum Estrogen Progesterone Other hormones that maintain pregnancy The Fetus (beginning of ninth week after fertilization) All _________ systems are formed by the end of the ___________ week Activities of the fetus are growth and organ specialization A stage of tremendous growth and change in appearance Effects of Pregnancy on the Mother Physiological changes ______________ System Kidneys have additional burden and produce more urine The uterus compresses the bladder ___________________ System Nasal mucosa becomes congested and swollen Vital capacity and respiratory rate increase ___________________ System Body water rises Blood volume increases by 25 to 40 percent Blood pressure and pulse increase Varicose veins are common _______________________________________________ Anatomy & Physiology – Taylor 7 Name_______________________________ Childbirth (Partition) ___________ – the series of events that expel the infant from the uterus Initiation of labor: ____________ levels rise Uterine contractions begin The placenta releases prostaglandins _____________ is released by the pituitary Combination of these hormones produce contractions Stages of Labor ___________ Cervix becomes dilated Uterine contractions begin and increase The amnion ruptures (“water breaks”) ______________ Infant passes through the cervix and vagina Normal delivery is head first _______________ stage Delivery of the placenta _______________________________________________ Anatomy & Physiology – Taylor 8
