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Contents
About the Authors xv
Preface xvi
PART I IDEAS AND RIGHTS
The Roots of American Individualism:
Opportunity and Discord 22
Golden Opportunity 22
Social Conflict 23
Who We Are: Individualism and Solidarity? 23
WHAT DO YOU THINK? INDIVIDUALISM VERSUS
SOLIDARITY 24
1 Ideas That Shape American
Politics 2
The Spirit of American Politics 4
Who Governs? 4
How Does American Politics Work? 5
Ideas 5
Institutions 5
Interests 6
Individuals 7
What Does Government Do? 7
Who Are We? 8
A Nation of Ideas 10
Liberty 10
“The Land of the Free” 11
The Two Sides of Liberty 11
The Idea of Freedom Is Always Changing 13
WHAT DO YOU THINK? NEGATIVE VERSUS POSITIVE
LIBERTY 13
Self-Rule 14
One Side of Self-Rule: Democracy 14
Another Side of Self-Rule: A Republic 15
A Mixed System 16
Limited Government 16
The Origins of Limited Government 17
And Yet . . . The United States Has a Big
Government 17
Limits on Government Action 18
When Ideas Clash: Self-Rule and Limited
Government 19
WHAT DO YOU THINK? SELFRULE VERSUS LIMITED
GOVERNMENT 19
Individualism 20
Community versus Individualism 21
The American Dream 25
Spreading the Dream 25
Challenging the Dream 26
Is the System Tilted Toward the Wealthy? 26
Does the American Dream Promote the
Wrong Values? 27
Equality 27
Three Kinds of Equality 29
How Much Economic Inequality Is Too
Much? 29
Opportunity or Outcome? 30
Religion 32
Still a Religious Country 32
So Many Religions 33
The Politics of Religion 34
How Do Ideas Affect Politics? 36
Ideas in American Culture 36
The Ideas in Political Institutions 37
Culture or Institutions? 38
Conclusion: Culture and Institutions,
Together 39
2 The Constitution 42
The Colonial Roots of the Constitution 45
Why the Colonists Revolted 47
The Colonial Complaint: Representation 47
The Conflict Begins with Blood on the
Frontier 48
The Stamp Tax and the First Hints of
Independence 49
The Townshend Acts Worsen the
Conflict 49
The Boston Tea Party 50
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Revolution! 50
A Long Legacy 51
The Declaration of Independence 52
The Principle: “We Hold These
Truths . . .” 52
Grievances 52
The First American Government: The
Articles of Confederation 53
The National Government 53
Some Success . . . 54
. . . And Some Problems 54
WHAT DO YOU THINK? YOUR ADVICE IS NEEDED 55
The First Step: Annapolis Convention 55
Secrecy 56
The Constitutional Convention 57
How Much Power to the People? 57
National Government versus State
Government 58
Big States versus Small States 59
The Virginia Plan 59
The New Jersey Plan 60
The Connecticut Compromise 61
The President 62
Committee or Individual? 62
The Electoral College 62
Separation of Powers 63
“A Principle of Which We Were Ashamed” 64
The Three-Fifths Compromise 65
The Slave Trade 66
Fugitive Slaves 66
“The National Calamity” 66
An Overview of the Constitution 68
Preamble 68
Article 1: Congress 68
Article 2: The President 69
WHAT DO YOU THINK? HAVE WE ACHIEVED THE
CONSTITUTION’S GOALS TODAY? 69
Article 3: The Courts 70
Article 4: Relations Between the States 70
Article 5: Amendments 70
Article 6: The Law of the Land 71
Article 7: Ratification 71
The Missing Articles 71
Ratification 71
The Anti-Federalists 72
The Federalists 72
Two Strong Arguments 74
A Very Close Vote 74
Changing the Constitution 77
The Bill of Rights 77
The Seventeen Amendments 78
The Constitution Today 78
Conclusion: Does the Constitution Still
Work? 81
WHAT DO YOU THINK? HOW STRICTLY SHOULD WE
INTERPRET THE CONSTITUTION? 81
3 Federalism and Nationalism 84
Forging Federalism 88
Who Holds Government Authority? 90
Advantages of State-Level Policy 91
The Advantages of National Policy 92
WHAT DO YOU THINK? PRESERVING LOCAL VALUES OR
CONTINUING A TERRIBLE INJUSTICE? 93
How Federalism Works 94
The Constitution Sets the Ground Rules 94
The Constitution Empowers National
Authority 94
The Constitution Protects State Authority 95
The Constitution Authorizes Shared
Power 95
Dual Federalism (1789–1933) 96
Cooperative Federalism (1933–1981) 98
New Federalism 99
Battles Over Federalism Today 100
Drowned in the Bathtub? 100
Unfunded Mandates 101
Federalism and the Parties 101
WHAT DO YOU THINK? INTERGOVERNMENTAL
LOBBYING, AMERICAN STYLE 102
Federalism in the Courts 103
Nationalism, American Style 105
The Imagined Community 105
The Rise of American Nationalism 106
Size 106
Authority 107
Independence 107
Conclusion: Who Are We? 108
4 Civil Liberties 112
The Rise of Civil Liberties 115
Civil Rights and Civil Liberties 115
The Slow Rise of Rights 116
Privacy 118
Penumbras and Emanations 118
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WHAT DO YOU THINK? IS THERE A RIGHT TO
PRIVACY? 119
Roe v. Wade 119
Sexuality Between Consenting Adults 120
Freedom of Religion 121
The Establishment Clause 122
Free Exercise of Religion 123
WHAT DO YOU THINK? MAY THE CHRISTIAN YOUTH
CLUB MEET IN SCHOOL? 124
Freedom of Speech 126
A Preferred Position 126
WHAT DO YOU THINK? DAVID’S LAW 126
Political Speech 127
Symbolic Speech 128
Limits to Free Speech: Fighting Words 129
Limited Protections: Student Speech 130
Freedom of the Press 131
Prior Restraint 131
Obscenity 133
Libel 133
The Right to Bear Arms 134
A Relic of the Revolution? 134
The Palladium of All Liberties? 134
The Rights of the Accused 135
Americans Behind Bars 135
WHAT DO YOU THINK? END THE DEATH PENALTY? 136
The Fourth Amendment: Search and
Seizure 137
The Fifth Amendment: Rights at Trials 138
The Sixth Amendment: The Right to
Counsel 139
The Eighth Amendment: The Death
Penalty 140
Fighting Terrorism and Protecting
Liberty 142
Surveillance 142
Conclusion: The Dilemma of Civil
Liberties 143
Race and Civil Rights: Revolt Against
Slavery 152
The Clash Over Slavery 152
Abolition 152
Economics 152
Politics 153
Dred Scott v. Sandford 153
The Second American Founding: A New Birth of
Freedom? 154
Freedom Fails 155
The Fight for Racial Equality 157
Two Kinds of Discrimination 157
The Civil Rights Campaign Begins 158
The Courts 158
The Civil Rights Movement 160
WHAT DO YOU THINK? WOULD YOU HAVE
PROTESTED? 161
Congress and the Civil Rights Act 161
The Achievements of the Civil
Rights Era 163
Affirmative Action in the Workplace 163
Affirmative Action in Education 164
WHAT DO YOU THINK? HIGHER EDUCATION AND
AFFIRMATIVE ACTION 165
Voting Rights Today 165
Where Are We Now? 166
Gender 168
Suffrage 168
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 168
The Courts 170
Progress—But How Much? 171
Reproductive Politics 171
Hispanics 172
Challenging Discrimination 172
The Politics of Immigration 173
The Controversy Over Language 174
Political Mobilization 175
Asian Americans 177
Asian Stereotypes 178
Native Americans 179
5 The Struggle for Civil Rights 146
Winning Rights: The Political Process 149
Seven Steps to Political Equality 149
How the Courts Review Cases 150
Suspect Categories 150
Quasi-suspect Categories 150
Nonsuspect Categories 151
The Lost Way of Life 179
Indians and the Federal Government 180
Social Problems and Politics 180
Groups without Special Protection 182
People with Disabilities 182
Sexual Orientation 183
Conclusion: By the People 184
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PART II POLITICAL BEHAVIOR
6 Public Opinion and Political
Participation 188
Sources of Public Opinion 191
Self-Interest: Voting Our Pocketbooks 191
Demography—Race, Gender, Age, and More 193
Party 194
Elite Influence 195
Wars and Other Focusing Events 195
Measuring Public Opinion 197
Early Polling Bloopers 197
Polling 101 197
Do Opinion Surveys Influence Us? 199
Public Opinion in a Democracy 201
Ignorant Masses 201
The Rational Public 202
WHAT DO YOU THINK? CAN WE TRUST
THE PUBLIC? 202
Do the People Know What They Want? 203
How Do the People Communicate Their
Desires? 203
Do Leaders Respond to Public Opinion? 203
Getting Involved: Electoral, Voluntary,
and Political Voice 205
Electoral Activities 205
WHAT DO YOU THINK? SHOULD EVERYONE
PARTICIPATE IN POLITICS? 206
Civic Voluntarism 208
Political Voice 209
What Inspires Political Participation? 210
Spurs to Individual Participation 211
Background: Age, Wealth,
and Education 211
Friends, Family, and Social Capital 213
Political Mobilization 214
Government Beneficiaries 214
Context 215
What Discourages Political Participation? 215
Alienation 215
Institutional Barriers 216
Complacency 217
Shifting Mobilization Patterns 218
The Internet, Social Media, and Gen Y
Participation 219
Scenario 1: Rebooting Democracy 220
Scenario 2: More Hype and Danger Than
Democratic Renaissance 221
Conclusion: Government by the People 222
7 The Media 226
American Media Today: Traditional Formats
Are Declining 229
Where People Go for News 229
Newspaper Decline 230
The First Mass Media 230
Should We Worry? 231
Radio Holds Steady 232
Television: From News to Infotainment 232
The Rise of Cable 233
Infotainment 233
The Rise of the New Media 234
Is the Media Biased? 237
Reporters Are Democrats 237
Profits Drive the News Industry 238
Drama Delivers Audiences 238
Sex and Scandal 239
The Skeptical Media 239
How Governments Shape the Media 240
The First Amendment Protects Print Media
From Regulation 240
Regulating Broadcasters 241
Protecting Competition 242
How the Media Shapes Politics 243
News Stories Reinforce Existing Beliefs 243
The Political Agenda 243
Priming the Public 244
Framing the Issue 244
The Media’s Electoral Connection 245
The Campaign as Drama 245
Candidate Profiles 246
Conclusion: At the Crossroads of the
Media World 247
WHAT DO YOU THINK? DOES THE MEDIA ENHANCE
DEMOCRACY? 248
8 Campaigns and Elections 250
How Democratic Are American
Elections? 253
Frequent and Fixed Elections 253
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520,000 Elected Officials 254
Financing Campaigns: The New Inequality? 255
WHAT DO YOU THINK? TOO MANY ELECTED
POSITIONS? 256
Too Much Money? 256
Election Spending in Context 256
Major Donors: Easier to Give 257
Presidential Campaigns and Elections 260
Who Runs for President? 260
Presidential Campaigns Have Three Phases 262
Winning the Nomination 262
WHAT DO YOU THINK? WHY IOWA AND NEW
HAMPSHIRE? 263
Organizing the Convention 264
The General Election 264
Winning Presidential Elections 264
Economic Outlook 265
Demographics 265
War and Foreign Policy 266
Domestic Issues 266
The Campaign Organization 266
Congressional Campaigns and Elections 267
Candidates: Who Runs for Congress? 267
The Power of Incumbency 270
Congressional Election Results 271
Redrawing the Lines: The Art of the
Gerrymander 271
Nonpartisan Districting and Minority
Representation 272
How to Run for Congress 275
Key
Key
Key
Key
1: Money 275
2: Organization 276
3: Strategy 276
4: Message 277
Conclusion: Reforming American
Elections 278
9 Interest Groups and Political
Parties 282
Interest Groups and Lobbying 285
What Private Interest Groups Do 287
What Public Interest Groups Do 289
What Do Interest Groups Do for Democracy? 290
Lobbying the Federal Branches of
Government 291
Rise of the Issue Network 293
Intergovernmental and Reverse Lobbying 293
Lobbying the Courts 294
Lobbying on Judicial Confirmations 294
Filing Amicus Curiae (“Friend of Court”)
Briefs 295
Sponsoring Litigation 295
Interest Groups and Power 295
Lobbyist Spending 296
Political Parties and U.S. Government 299
What the Parties Do 299
Parties Champion Ideas 299
Parties Select Candidates 299
Parties Mobilize the Voters 299
Parties Organize Governing Activity After the
Election 300
Parties Help Integrate New Groups Into the
Political Process 300
Two-Party America 300
Third Parties in American Politics 302
America’s Party Systems: Origins and
Change 303
Beginnings: First Party System
(1789–1828) 303
Rise: Second Party System
(ca. 1828–1860) 304
War and Reconstruction: Third Party System
(1860–1896) 304
Business and Reform: Fourth Party System
(1896–1932) 306
Depression and New Deal: Fifth Party
System (1933–1968) 307
The Sixth Party System: The Parties at
Equal Strength (1972–Present) 307
Party Identification . . . and Ideas 308
Building Party Identification 309
The Power of Party Attachment 311
WHAT DO YOU THINK? PERSONALITY AND PARTY 312
Voting/Participation 312
Filtering 312
Ideology 312
Organizing the Parties 313
The Party Bureaucracy 313
Party in Government 313
Party in the Electorate 314
The Big Tent 314
Party Competition . . . and Partisanship 316
Parties Rise Again 316
Competition and Partisanship Intensifies 316
WHAT DO YOU THINK? PARTISANSHIP 318
Conclusion: A Political System Ripe for
Reform? 319
1. Regulating Lobbyists 319
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WHAT DO YOU THINK? ASSESSING THE INFLUENCE OF
LOBBYISTS 319
2. Reduce Partisanship in Government 320
Presidential Action: Separated Powers, Once
More 351
Why Is Congress So Unpopular? 352
Partisan Polarization in Congress 352
Divided Government 354
PART III POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS
WHAT DO YOU THINK? IS A PARTISAN CONGRESS
A GOOD THING? 355
10 Congress 324
Introducing Congress 327
Two Houses, Different Styles 328
The House and Senate Have Some Unique
Roles 329
WHAT DO YOU THINK? SENATE FILIBUSTERS 329
Congressional Representation 330
Trustees and Delegates 330
Do the Right Thing 331
Do What the People Want 331
WHAT DO YOU THINK? TWO VIEWS OF
REPRESENTATION 332
Elections: Getting to Congress—And
Staying There 332
Congressional Elections 333
Home Styles: Back in the District 334
Congress at Work 335
The City on the Hill 335
Minnows and Whales: Congressional
Leadership 337
House Leadership 337
Senate Leadership 339
Committees: Workhorses of Congress 340
The Enduring Power of Committees 340
Leadership and Assignments 342
Legislative Policy Making 343
Drafting a Bill 344
Submitting the Bill 345
Committee Action 346
1. Committees Hold Hearings on Policy
Topics 346
2. Committees Prepare Legislation for
Consideration on the House or Senate
Floor 347
3. Committees Also Kill Legislation, Deleting
Items That Are Judged Less Important
or Not Particularly Urgent—Or Not
Politically Viable 347
4. Committees’ Work Extends beyond
Legislation to Oversight 348
Floor Action 348
Conference Committee 350
Conclusion: Congress and the Challenge
of Governing 355
11 The Presidency 358
Defining the Presidency 362
Defining by Controversy 362
The President’s Powers 362
Is the President Too Powerful? 364
An Imperial Presidency? 364
A Weak Office? 365
What Presidents Do 366
Commander in Chief 366
Top Diplomat 368
The First Legislator 369
Recommending Measures 369
State of the Union 370
Presidential “Batting Average” 371
Veto 371
Signing Statements 373
Chief Bureaucrat 374
Economist in Chief 375
The Head of State 375
Party Leader 376
The Bully Pulpit: Introducing Ideas 377
The Impossible Job 378
Presidential Leadership: Success and Failure
in the Oval Office 378
Managing the Public 378
Approval Ratings 379
WHAT DO YOU THINK? RANKING THE PRESIDENT 380
Presidential Greatness 382
Greatness in Context: The Rise and Fall of
Political Orders 384
Step 1: A New Order Rises 385
Step 2: The Order Refreshed 385
Step 3: The Old Order Crumbles 385
The President’s Team: A Tour of the White
House 386
The Political Solar System: Presidential
Appointments 386
The Vice President 386
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The Cabinet 388
The Executive Office of the President 389
The Office of Management and Budget
(OMB) 389
The Council of Economic Advisers 390
The National Security Council (NSC) 390
The Offices in the Executive Office of the
President 390
The Heart of Power: The White House Office 391
Reforming the Bureaucracy 425
Open Up the System 425
Reinventing Government 425
WHAT DO YOU THINK? SHOULD WE PRIVATIZE MORE
GOVERNMENT FUNCTIONS? 426
Privatization 426
Conclusion: The Real Solution Lies with
You 427
WHAT DO YOU THINK: TOO MANY PRESIDENTIAL AIDES? 393
The First Spouse 393
Conclusion: The Most Powerful Office
on Earth? 395
12 Bureaucracy 398
How the Bureaucracy Grew 402
Before the Bureaucracy 402
War 403
Morality 403
Economics 404
Geography 404
Race 404
The Bureaucratic Model 404
Hierarchy 404
Division of Labor 405
Fixed Routines 405
Equal Rules for All 406
Technical Qualifications 406
Bureaucratic Pathologies 406
The Democratic Dilemma 408
What Bureaucracies Do 409
Rule Making 409
Implementation 411
How the Bureaucracy Is Organized 412
The Cabinet Departments 412
The Rotating Bureaucracy 414
Other Agencies 416
Executive Agencies 416
Independent Regulatory Commissions 416
An Army of Their Own 418
Private Contractors 419
Who Controls the Federal Bureaucracy? 420
The People 421
The President 421
Congress 421
Interest Groups 423
Bureaucratic Autonomy 423
Democracy Revisited 424
13 The Judicial Branch 430
Who Are We? A Nation of Laws . . . and
Lawyers 434
Embracing the Law—And Lawsuits 434
Declining Trust 434
Courts in American Culture 434
Organizing the Judicial Branch 436
Divided We Rule 436
State and Local Courts 436
Judicial Selection 437
WHAT DO YOU THINK? HOW SHOULD STATES SELECT
THEIR JUDGES? 438
Federal Courts 438
Specialized Courts 440
Diversity in the Federal Judiciary 441
WHAT DO YOU THINK? IDENTITY ON THE BENCH 442
The Court’s Role 443
Judicial Review 443
Activism versus Restraint 444
The Judicial Process 446
Too Much Power? 446
Or Still the “Least Dangerous” Branch? 447
The Supreme Court and How It
Operates 448
Hearing Cases 449
Selecting Cases: Formal Requirements 449
Selecting Cases: Informal Factors 450
Conference Sessions and Written
Decisions 451
Supreme Court Clerks 451
Confirmation Battles 452
Judicial Decision Making and
Reform 454
The Role of Law 454
Ideology and Partisanship 455
Collegiality and Peer Pressure 456
Institutional Concerns 456
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Nineteen Cases You Should Know 457
1. Marbury v. Madison (1803) 457
2. McCullough v. Maryland (1819) 457
3. Dartmouth College v. Woodward
(1819) 458
4. Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) 458
5. Santa Clara Co. v. Southern Pacific Railroad
(1886) 459
6. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) 459
7. Lochner v. New York (1905) 460
8. Muller v. Oregon (1908) 460
9. Schenck v. United States (1919) 460
10. National Labor Relations Board v.
Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation
(1937) 461
11. Korematsu v. United States (1944) 461
12. Brown v. Board of Education (1954) 461
13. Mapp v. Ohio (1961) 462
14. Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) 462
15. Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971) 462
16. Roe v. Wade (1973) 463
17. United States v. Nixon (1974) 463
18. Bush v. Gore (2000) 464
19. National Federation of Independent
Business v. Sebelius (2012) 464
WHAT DO YOU THINK? NAME ANOTHER LANDMARK
CASE 465
The Nineteen Cases—And the Power of the
Court 465
Conclusion: Democracy and the
Courts 465
PART IV POLICY MAKING
14 Domestic and Foreign Policy 468
Public Policy Making in Five (Not-So-Easy)
Stages 470
1. Agenda Setting 471
2. Framing 472
3. Policy Formation 473
Analyzing Policy, ex Ante 474
From Cost–Benefit Analysis to
Politics 474
4. Policy Implementation 476
Top-Down Delivery 476
Bottom-Up Delivery 477
5. Policy Evaluation and Feedback 477
Policy Feedback 477
U.S. Social Policy 478
Old-Age Insurance: Social Security 479
Unemployment Benefits 480
Health and Disability: Medicare/Medicaid 481
WHAT DO YOU THINK: SHOULD WE REFORM SOCIAL SECURITY
AND MEDICARE? 482
Economic Policy Making, I: Fiscal and
Monetary Policy 483
Fiscal Policy 484
Monetary Policy 485
Economic Policy Making, II: The Federal
Budget Process 486
American Foreign Policy Goals 489
American Foreign Policy Goal No. 1:
Security 490
The Military 490
Soft Power 490
WHAT DO YOU THINK? DOWNSIZING THE
MILITARY 492
Foreign Aid and National Security 492
American Foreign Policy Goal No. 2:
Prosperity 492
Free Trade 494
Energy 495
Economic Weapons 495
Foreign Policy Goal No. 3: Spreading American
Ideals 496
Who Makes Foreign Policy? 497
Congress 497
The President 498
The State Department 498
The Department of Defense 499
Intelligence 500
The National Security Council 500
Success or Fragmentation? 500
Grand Strategies Over Time 501
World War I and Isolationism (1918–1939) 501
World War II, the Cold War, and Multilateralism
(1942–1989) 503
The New World Order (1989–2003) 504
The War on Terror (Began 2001) 505
War in Afghanistan 506
War in Iraq 506
Terrorist Threats Today 506
WHAT DO YOU THINK? TERRORISTS AND THE RULE
OF LAW 507
Conclusion: Policy Matters 508
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APPENDIX I
The Declaration of Independence A-1
APPENDIX II
The Constitution of the United States of
America A-4
APPENDIX III
The Federalist Papers 1, 10, and 51 A-25
APPENDIX IV
Presidential Elections, Congressional Control,
1789–2012 A-35
Glossary G-1
Notes N-1
Credits 00
Index 00
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