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Name _____________________ Earth/Space Science Final Assessment Study Guide Assessment Date_____________________ Key Vocabulary: Sun- medium sized star that shines on the Earth Axis- imaginary line that passes through the North and South Poles tilted at 23.5 degrees Rotation- spinning on an axis Counterclockwise- direction the Earth rotates and the moon and Earth revolve Revolution- To move in a curved path around something. Earth revolves around the sun. This contributes to why we have seasons. Tilted Axis- An imaginary line around which an object rotates. Earth’s axis is always tilted 23.5 degrees. This contributes to why we have seasons. Spherical Planet- The shape of planet Earth. Orbit- A curved path of one object around another object in space. Earth’s orbit curves around the sun. Earth- The third planet from the sun. Moon- Satellite that moves around the earth once each month and reflects light from the sun. Atmosphere- The mixture of gases that surround the planet. Troposphere- Layer of the atmosphere in which we live. The layer that supports most life, contains the most usable air, and has the most weather. Key Ideas: A. What causes day and night? • What causes day and night? (Earth rotating on its axis) • When does day occur? (When the sun strikes that part of the Earth) • When does night occur? (When the sun is on the opposite side of Earth) • What direction does the Earth rotate? (Counterclockwise) • How long does it take for the Earth to make a full rotation? (24 hours) B. What causes seasons? • What causes seasons? (The Earth revolving around the sun on a tilted axis) • The Earth orbiting the sun on its tilted axis causes the sun’s rays to either hit directly in the Northern hemisphere or the Southern hemisphere. • The tilted axis results in direct sunlight in summer and less direct sunlight in winter. • The Earth’s distance from the sun does not affect seasons. C. How do the sun, Earth, and moon interact? • Most objects in the solar system are in a regular and predictable motion. • The Earth orbits the sun counterclockwise as the moon orbits the Earth counterclockwise. • The moon’s orbit around Earth takes about 28 days. • Be able to put pictures of the moon phases in the appropriate order of the lunar cycle • Lunar eclipse – when the moon passes in the shadow of the Earth (becomes a reddish color) • Solar eclipse – when the moon passes in between the sun and the Earth, casting a shadow on part of Earth (it does not block out all of Earth!) • • • The sun is the central and largest body of the solar system. The Earth is one of several planets that orbit the sun. The planets within our solar system: Remember My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nachos o Inner planets (rocky and dense) - Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, o Outer planets (gaseous and large) – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune D. How does the Earth move within our solar system? • The path that one object takes around another is called an orbit. • The Earth has a slightly elliptical orbit. • Rotating is a circular motion of an object on a fixed axis. • Revolving is a complete orbit or lap of one body around another body. • The Earth orbits, rotates, and revolves within our solar system. E. What are the characteristics of Earth? • Earth’s Water o 75% (¾) of Earth’s surface is covered by water o 97% Earth’s water is in oceans/seas = salty water o 3% is freshwater = not salty water → Most of freshwater is stored as ice (polar ice caps, glaciers, snow) → most of the liquid water is found as groundwater (water underground) while the rest is in lakes, rivers, wetlands and the atmosphere • Earth’s Land or Layers – (be able to label the layers of the Earth) o crust – thinnest layer, the layer on which we live o mantle – largest layer o outer core – liquid layer o inner core – “center” of Earth, solid made mostly of iron • Earth’s Air or Atmosphere o troposphere – 1. layer closest to Earth’s surface 2. shallowest, but contains most of the air in the atmosphere 3. most weather forms here 4. most life exists here o two gases, nitrogen and oxygen, make up 99% of Earth’s atmosphere 1. oxygen supports life F. How are stars like the sun? • Stars are balls of gas that look like points of light in the night sky due to their distance from the Earth. • The sun is a medium sized star. • Some stars are 1,000 times more massive than the sun. • The great distance from the Earth makes both the sun and other stars appear to be much smaller than they actually are. • A star’s color is determined by its surface temperature (red=coolest, blue=hottest) • The sun is the closest star to Earth