Download Homework 1 BSC 1010 Fall 2011

BSC 1010 Fall 2011 Homework 1!
Name:_______________________
General Biology I
BSC 1010
Fall 2011
Homework 1
Connect Due Date:____9/15/2011 11:59PM___________
Instructions
Complete this homework assignment as the material is covered in class. You may refer
to any of the course resources including the text, lecture notes, and Connect. In order
to receive credit for this homework assignment you must enter and submit your final
answers online through Connect before the due date.
Multiple Choice Portion
1.Experiments are carried out to test the hypothesis by changing one variable at a time
and including a(n) _____ condition in which the variable is unaltered.
a. experimental
b. altered
c. control
d. stable
2.The area of science that studies life and its processes is called
a. biology.
b. astronomy.
c. geology.
d. archeology.
e. anthropology.
1
BSC 1010 Fall 2011 Homework 1!
Name:_______________________
3.Which of the following characteristics are not necessary to being
"alive"?
a. order
b. sensitivity
c. growth, development, and reproduction
d. regulation
e. movement
4.A suggested explanation that might be true and is subject to testing by further
observations is a(n)
a. experiment.
b. generality.
c. hypothesis.
d. scientific principle.
e. theory.
5.The scientific process involves
a. the acceptance of all hypotheses.
b. rejection of hypotheses that are inconsistent with experimental results.
c. the acceptance of only data consistent with the hypothesis.
d. the acceptance of hypothesis as a fact even after subsequent non-confirmation
with experimental results.
e. the formulation of theories without experimentation or obtaining proof.
6.Darwin described which of the following as "those individuals that possess superior
physical, behavioral, or other attributes are more likely to survive than those that are not
so well endowed," and thus more likely to pass their traits to the next generation?
a. biological diversity
b. geometric progression
c. natural selection
d. superior beings
e. survival of modifications
2
BSC 1010 Fall 2011 Homework 1!
Name:_______________________
7.A key contribution to Darwin's thinking was the concept of limits put on the geometric
growth of populations by nature, originally proposed by
a. Charles Lyell.
b. Thomas Malthus.
c. Karl Popper.
d. Peter Raven.
e. Russel Wallace.
8.Modern pieces of evidence that corroborate Darwin's theory of evolution include all of
the following except
a. new measurements of the age of the earth.
b. an understanding of the mechanism of heredity.
c. comparative studies of animal structures.
d. similarities in DNA of related species.
e. human population growth.
9.The same basic array of bones is modified to give rise to the wing of a bat and the fin
of a porpoise. Such anatomical structures are called
a. analogous.
b. uniform.
c. homologous.
d. inherited.
e. evolutionary modifications.
10.A critical requirement of Darwin's theory is
a. an uncontrolled growth in all species.
b. that the earth is relatively young.
c. all individuals of any given species be identical.
d. genetic variation is possible in nature.
e. all species are made at the same time.
3
BSC 1010 Fall 2011 Homework 1!
Name:_______________________
11.Structures that have similar structure and function but different evolutionary origins
are called
a. homologous.
b. analogous.
c. inherited.
d. uniform.
e. evolutionary modifications.
12.A medical scientist is designing an experiment to test the results of a new drug that
she hypothesizes will greatly reduce and possibly eliminate the side effects of a new
cancer treatment. If this experiment is to be set up correctly, she must
a. divide the patients into two groups and give each group the same amount of the
new drug.
b. divide the patients into two groups and give one group the new drug and give
the other group nothing.
c. divide the patients into two groups and give one group the new drug and the
other group a drug that has no effect (for example, a tablet that only contains
sugar).
d. divide the patients into two groups and give one group the new drug for one
week and the other group a different drug for one week.
e. divide the patients into two groups and give one group one-half of the dosage of
the new drug and the other group nothing.
13.Hierarchical organization in living organisms goes from lowest to highest in which of
the following statements.
a. molecule; cell; organ; population; community
b. organelle, organism; community; population
c. atoms; cell; organism; ecosystem; species
d. ecosystem; population; organism; cell
e. cell; organ; tissue; species
14.The cell theory is one of the foundations of biology. Which of the following
statements is not consistent with this theory?
a. All organisms are made up of more than one cell.
b. Cells arise from other cells through the process of cell division.
c. Cells carry genetic material passed to daughter cells during cellular division.
d. Energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within cells.
4
BSC 1010 Fall 2011 Homework 1!
Name:_______________________
15.You are interested in studying the function of GABAA receptors and how certain
deficits in GABAA receptor signaling result in anxiety-related behaviors in humans. Since
many of the experiments you want to do cannot be performed on humans, you choose
to study these processes in mice. In this case, mice can be considered what type of
experimental organism?
a. a variable
b. a control
c. an applied
d. a model
16.While you are riding the ski lift up to the top of the mountain on a very cold day you
start to shiver involuntarily. You know that the shivering is your body′s attempt to help
regulate your body temperature and is an example of what type of mechanism?
a. energy utilization
b. sensitivity
c. homeostasis
d. evolutionary adaptation
17.You are interested in studying the function of GABAA receptors and how certain
deficits in GABAA receptor signaling result in anxiety-related behaviors in humans. Since
many of the experiments you want to do cannot be performed on humans, you choose
to study these processes in mice. In this case, mice can be considered what type of
experimental organism?
a. a variable
b. a control
c. an applied
d. a model
18.The number of protons in a given atom is equal to its ______ number.
a. atomic
b. mass
c. hydrogen
d. molecular
5
BSC 1010 Fall 2011 Homework 1!
Name:_______________________
19.There are 92 naturally occurring _______, each made up of atoms which contain a
specific number of protons and a different arrangement of electrons.
a. minerals
b. elements
c. metals
d. molecules
20.The ______ of water molecules determines its chemistry and thus the chemistry of
life.
a. closeness
b. cohesiveness
c. wetness
d. polarity
21.________ is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration in
the solution.
a. pH
b. water
c. temperature
d. solubility
22.A substance that acts as a reservoir for H+ ions, opposing any increase or decrease
in concentration, is a(n) _______.
a. buffer
b. acid
c. base
d. antacid
23.Carbon-12, Carbon-13 and Carbon-14 are examples of _______________.
a. radioactivity
b. isotopes
c. isomers
d. molecules
6
BSC 1010 Fall 2011 Homework 1!
Name:_______________________
24.Elements that have atoms with the same atomic numbers but different number of
neutrons are called
a. polymers.
b. ions.
c. molecules.
d. radioactive.
e. isotopes.
25.In chemical reactions, the gain of an electron is called
a. oxidation.
b. reduction.
c. polymerization.
d. ionization.
e. covalent bonding.
26.When atoms gain or lose electrons, they become negatively or positively charged.
They are known as
a. molecules.
b. isotopes.
c. ions.
d. radioactive.
e. unstable atoms.
27.When two atoms share a pair of electrons, the bonding is referred to as
a. ionic.
b. covalent.
c. unstable.
d. hydrogen.
e. polar.
7
BSC 1010 Fall 2011 Homework 1!
Name:_______________________
28.Water molecules are polar with ends that exhibit partial positive and negative
charges. Such opposite charges make water molecules attract each other through
bonds called
a. ionic bonds.
b. covalent bonds.
c. hydrogen bonds.
d. unstable bonds.
e. radioactive bonds.
29.The area around a nucleus where an electron is most likely to be found is called
a. electrical space.
b. energy level.
c. polar space.
d. radioactive field.
e. orbital.
30.Sodium has 11 electrons arranged in three energy levels. The outer level has only
one electron. In order to become stable, the atom loses an electron thus exposing the
previous level with 8 electrons and subsequently becomes an ion with
a. 1 negative charge.
b. no charge.
c. 8 negative charges.
d. 1 positive charge.
e. 8 positive charges.
31.In the crystal matrix of ordinary salt, the sodium and chlorine are held together by
a. atomic bonds.
b. covalent bonds.
c. ionic bonds.
d. hydrogen bonds.
e. nonpolar bonds.
8
BSC 1010 Fall 2011 Homework 1!
Name:_______________________
32.Two carbon atoms might be joined to each other by the sharing of two pairs of
electrons, forming a(n)
a. single bond.
b. ionic bond.
c. carbon bond.
d. double bond.
e. quadruple (4 point) bond.
33.Water is extremely important in living things for all of the following reasons except
a. it adheres to substances (wets them) because it is polar.
b. it is an excellent buffer.
c. it has high specific heat and resists temperature change.
d. it is a good solvent; most things dissolve in it.
e. it has high heat of vaporization and low density of ice.
34.Nonpolar molecules tend to aggregate in water because they are forced to come into
close proximity with each other due to
a. ionizing interactions.
b. hydrophilic interactions.
c. hydrophobic interactions.
d. dissolving interactions.
e. sticky interactions.
35.When water ionizes, it produces equal amounts of hydrogen and hydroxide ions,
which can reassociate with each other. Water is thus a(n)
a. acid.
b. base.
c. alkali.
d. base and an acid.
e. buffer.
9
BSC 1010 Fall 2011 Homework 1!
Name:_______________________
36.Compared with a pH of 7, a solution of pH 5 has
a. 1/100 of the hydrogen concentration.
b. 5/7 of the hydrogen concentration.
c. very nearly the same concentration.
d. 2 times the hydrogen concentration.
e. 100 times the hydrogen concentration.
37.A biological researcher is conducting a chemical experiment. He is having trouble
with the reaction because too much product is produced and this causes the reaction to
slow down. You can see that there is plenty of catalyst in the reaction container. Which
solution would you propose to keep the reaction moving along quickly?
a. Increase the temperature.
b. Decrease the temperature.
c. Add more reactants.
d. Remove some of the reactants and add more catalyst.
e. Increase the temperature and remove some of the reactants.
38.One mole of a substance contains 6.02 x 1023 molecules. The atomic number of Li is
3 and the atomic mass is approximately 7. If you have three moles of Li, how many
grams does it weigh?
a. 9
b. 21
c. 1.806 x 1024
d. cannot determine from the information provided
39.On the first day of organic chemistry class the person sitting next to you exclaims
that he is excited about the class because he is very interested in organic farming
practices. You tell him that in the context of this class, organic refers to
a. agricultural farming practices.
b. trace elements such as zinc and iodine.
c. the 92 naturally occurring elements on Earth.
d. carbon-containing compounds.
10
BSC 1010 Fall 2011 Homework 1!
Name:_______________________
40.Consider the following electronegativity values:
Boron (B) = 1.8
Carbon (C) = 2.5
Chlorine (Cl) = 3.2
Selenium (Se) = 2.6
Which of the following bonds is the most polar?
a. B―Cl
b. C―Cl
c. Se―Cl
d. cannot determine from the information provided
41.The reaction (H2 + F2 → 2HF) is an example of a redox reaction. In reality, two half
reactions are occurring. The half reaction (H2 → 2H+ + 2e-) is a(n) _______________.
a. reduction reaction
b. oxidation reaction
c. redox reaction
d. potential energy reaction
42.You have recently discovered a new element, and find that this particular element
has seven electrons in its outer energy level. What does this information tell you about
the reactivity of this element?
a. The element is non-reactive.
b. The element is mildly reactive.
c. The element is highly reactive.
d. You cannot determine reactivity from the information provided.
11
BSC 1010 Fall 2011 Homework 1!
Name:_______________________
43.Salt is often used to melt ice on roads during the winter because it lowers the
freezing/melting point of water. Based on what you have learned about the nature of
chemical bonds and the properties of water, how does salt exert this effect?
a. When salt dissolves in water, individual Na+ and Cl- ions break away from the
salt lattice and become surrounded by water molecules. Hydrogen bonds are
broken, and the salt ions interfere with interactions between H and O. As a
result, it is more difficult for water molecules to bond and form ice.
b. When salt dissolves in water, individual Na+ and Cl- ions break away from the
salt lattice and become surrounded by water molecules. Hydrogen bonds are
formed, and the salt ions bond with
H and O. As a result, it is more difficult for water molecules to bond and form
ice.
c. When salt dissolves in water, individual Na+ and Cl- ions break away from the
salt lattice and become surrounded by water molecules. Hydrogen bonds are
broken, and the salt ions bond with
H and O. As a result, it is more difficult for water molecules to bond and form
ice.
44.Organic molecules contain a specific carbon-based core to which specific groups of
atoms with definite chemical properties are attached. These groups of atoms are called
________ groups.
a. carbon
b. extension
c. functional
d. chemical
45.Three of the four macromolecules present in living systems are ________ which
means they are built by linking together small, similar chemical monomers.
a. polymers
b. functional
c. evolved
d. carbon-based
46.Proteins that can carry out catalysis in organisms are called ________.
a. catalysts
b. reactants
c. cofactors
d. enzymes
12
BSC 1010 Fall 2011 Homework 1!
Name:_______________________
47.A modified form of cellulose found in the exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans is
known as _________.
a. chitin
b. glucose
c. protein
d. glycogen
48.Non-polarity and insolubility characterize biological compounds known as
_________.
a. carbohydrates
b. lipids
c. proteins
d. nucleic acids
49.__________ are polymers containing up to 20 different kinds of naturally occurring
amino acids.
a. lipids
b. proteins
c. carbohydrates
d. nucleic acids
50.The covalent bonds connecting monomer units in sugars can be formed by the
removal of a water molecule. A reaction referred to as __________________.
a. conjunction
b. hydration
c. dehydration
d. hydrolysis
51.This atom in its unbound state has four valent electrons. These electrons readily
form single, double, and even triple bonds among themselves to become stable. This
atom is
a. carbon.
b. hydrogen.
c. oxygen.
d. nitrogen.
e. phosphorus.
13
BSC 1010 Fall 2011 Homework 1!
Name:_______________________
52.Macromolecules are disassembled in ____________ reactions.
a. anabolic
b. hydrolysis
c. radioactive
d. denaturation
e. dehydration
53.Macromolecules that are used by organisms to store hereditary information are
called
a. transfer RNA molecules.
b. messenger RNA molecules.
c. ribosomal RNA molecules.
d. amino acids molecules.
e. DNA molecules.
54.DNA, RNA, and ATP contain functional units known as
a. peptides.
b. enzymes.
c. amino acids.
d. nucleotides.
e. fatty acids.
55.Carbohydrates are polymers formed of structural units called
a. amino acids.
b. fatty acids.
c. nucleic acids.
d. phosphate groups.
e. monosaccharides.
14
BSC 1010 Fall 2011 Homework 1!
Name:_______________________
56.Humans are unable to get metabolic energy from cellulose because
a. cellulose contains very little chemical energy.
b. cellulose is not part of a normal diet.
c. cellulose digesting enzymes are absent.
d. cellulose does not taste good.
e. cellulose is present in large quantities in the gut.
57.A common lipid for energy storage is
a. phospholipid.
b. steroid.
c. triglycerides.
d. cholesterol.
e. wax.
58.Three fatty acids bonded together with a glycerol are found in a(n)
a. alcohol.
b. enzyme.
c. phospholipid.
d. chlorophyll pigment.
e. triglyceride.
59.Biological membranes contain bilayers of which of the following lipids?
a. phospholipids
b. oils
c. prostaglandins
d. triglycerides
e. cholesterol
60.The specific amino acid sequence in a protein is its
a. zero order structure.
b. primary structure.
c. secondary structure.
d. tertiary structure.
e. quaternary structure.
15
BSC 1010 Fall 2011 Homework 1!
Name:_______________________
61.Alpha helix and beta pleated sheets are examples of which level of protein structure?
a. zero order
b. primary
c. secondary
d. tertiary
e. quaternary
62.Denaturation, a process in which a protein loses its native shape and function, is
likely to be caused by all of the following except
a. being transported from one cell to another in a living organism.
b. pH change.
c. temperature change.
d. ionic concentration change.
e. increase in hydrogen ion concentration.
63.The information storage molecules of cells are called
a. fatty acids.
b. membrane lipids.
c. enzymes.
d. hormones.
e. nucleic acids.
64.Which of the following is not a component of nucleic acids?
a. a five-carbon sugar
b. a six-carbon sugar
c. a phosphate group
d. phosphodiester bonds
e. an organic nitrogen containing base
16
BSC 1010 Fall 2011 Homework 1!
Name:_______________________
65.The nitrogen base not found in DNA is called
a. adenine.
b. cytosine.
c. guanine.
d. thymine.
e. uracil.
66.Fructose and galactose all have the same six carbon atoms, twelve hydrogen atoms,
and six oxygen atoms, just as glucose. A friend of yours says to you, "Since two of those
sugars have the same number of atoms, they should all have the same name." You
answer, "Yes. They do have the same atoms and the numbers are the same; however,
a. they are all polysaccharides and have slightly different functions within
organisms and therefore have different names."
b. they are named differently because of their quaternary structures, which is very
important in carbohydrates, especially glucose."
c. they are named differently because when heated above their optimal
temperature they become denatured and will not react with their substrates."
d. they are named differently because they are involved in different DNA
nucleotide formation."
e. they are named differently because they are alternate forms of the
monosaccharide, glucose."
67.DNA and RNA are similar in some respects and different in others. Which of the
following statements is not accurate about their similarities?
a. Both DNA and RNA nucleotides contain the nitrogen bases adenine, cytosine,
and guanine.
b. Both DNA and RNA always double helices.
c. Both DNA and RNA contain monosaccharide sugars on their respective
nucleotides.
d. Both DNA and RNA are involved in the "Central Dogma" of biology.
e. Both DNA and RNA contain phosphate groups on their respective nucleotides.
17
BSC 1010 Fall 2011 Homework 1!
Name:_______________________
68.DNA and RNA are similar in some respects and different in others. Which of the
following statements is not accurate about their similarities?
a. Both DNA and RNA nucleotides contain the nitrogen bases adenine, cytosine,
and guanine.
b. Both DNA and RNA always double helices.
c. Both DNA and RNA contain monosaccharide sugars on their respective
nucleotides.
d. Both DNA and RNA are involved in the "Central Dogma" of biology.
e. Both DNA and RNA contain phosphate groups on their respective nucleotides.
69.Proteins are created with
a. phosphodiester bonds
b. peptide bonds
c. a phosphate and two fatty acids bonded to glycerol
d. sugar polymers
70.DNA and RNA are similar in some respects and different in others. Which of the
following statements is not accurate about their similarities?
a. Both DNA and RNA nucleotides contain the nitrogen bases adenine, cytosine,
and guanine.
b. Both DNA and RNA always double helices.
c. Both DNA and RNA contain monosaccharide sugars on their respective
nucleotides.
d. Both DNA and RNA are involved in the "Central Dogma" of biology.
e. Both DNA and RNA contain phosphate groups on their respective nucleotides.
71.DNA and RNA are similar in some respects and different in others. Which of the
following statements is not accurate about their similarities?
a. Both DNA and RNA nucleotides contain the nitrogen bases adenine, cytosine,
and guanine.
b. Both DNA and RNA always double helices.
c. Both DNA and RNA contain monosaccharide sugars on their respective
nucleotides.
d. Both DNA and RNA are involved in the "Central Dogma" of biology.
e. Both DNA and RNA contain phosphate groups on their respective nucleotides.
18
BSC 1010 Fall 2011 Homework 1!
Name:_______________________
72.The oxidation of glucose (C6H12O6) by cellular respiration is an example of a
dehydration reaction. A simplified version of this reaction can be written as
a. 6H2O + 6CO2 → C6H12O6 + 6O2.
b. C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6H2O + 6CO2.
c. C6H12O6 → 6H2O + 6CO2.
d. C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2C.
73.DNA and RNA are similar in some respects and different in others. Which of the
following statements is not accurate about their similarities?
a. Both DNA and RNA nucleotides contain the nitrogen bases adenine, cytosine,
and guanine.
b. Both DNA and RNA always double helices.
c. Both DNA and RNA contain monosaccharide sugars on their respective
nucleotides.
d. Both DNA and RNA are involved in the "Central Dogma" of biology.
e. Both DNA and RNA contain phosphate groups on their respective nucleotides.
74.You recently identified a novel protein that contains several membrane-spanning
domains. Which of amino acids would you expect to be most common in these
domains?
a. nonpolar
b. polar uncharged
c. charged
d. aromatic
75.L-lysine is an essential amino acid and must be supplied in the diet. By comparison,
the stereoisomer D-lysine is not biologically active. Why can your body only utilize one
form?
a. Since the L form and D form are enantiomers, they will bind together and inhibit
utilization of the D form.
b. Since the L form and D form are chiral molecules, they will bind together and
inhibit utilization of the D form.
c. Antibodies recognize the D form and destroy it before your body can use it for
nutritional purposes.
d. Enzymes can only recognize a single, specific stereoisomer.
19
BSC 1010 Fall 2011 Homework 1!
Name:_______________________
76.Which of the following is a DNA sequence capable of pairing with CGATTAGT?
a. GCTAATCA
b. CGATTAGT
c. GCUAAUCA
d. CGAUUAGT
77.Margarine is made by hydrogenating vegetable oils so that they take on the
consistency of butter. Which of the following is the chemical basis for this change from a
liquid to a solid?
a. Fats are changed from unsaturated to saturated, allowing them to solidify.
b. Fats are changed from saturated to unsaturated, allowing them to solidify.
c. Trans-fatty acids are changed from unsaturated to saturated, allowing them to
solidify.
d. Trans fatty acids are changed from saturated to unsaturated, allowing them to
solidify.
78.Nucleic acids are created with
a. phosphodiester bonds
b. peptide bonds
c. a phosphate and two fatty acids bonded to glycerol
d. sugar polymers
79.The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) uses RNA, rather than DNA, to encode
genetic information. During infection, however, HIV uses an enzyme known as reverse
transcriptase to generate double-stranded DNA. Generally speaking, how would the
enzyme generate a double strand of DNA from a single strand of RNA?
a. Reverse transcriptase first catalyzes the synthesis of a DNA copy from the viral
RNA, and then catalyzes the synthesis of a second strand of DNA
complementary to the first one.
b. Reverse transcriptase first catalyzes the synthesis of a RNA copy from the viral
DNA, and then catalyzes the synthesis of a second strand of RNA
complementary to the first one.
c. Reverse transcriptase first catalyzes the synthesis of a DNA copy from the viral
RNA, and then catalyzes the synthesis of a second strand of RNA
complementary to the first one.
20
BSC 1010 Fall 2011 Homework 1!
Name:_______________________
80.Nucleic acids are created with
a. phosphodiester bonds
b. peptide bonds
c. a phosphate and two fatty acids bonded to glycerol
d. sugar polymers
21