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D r u g s : Uses and A b u s e s
STIMULANTS
The History of Amphetamines and Methamphetamines
Amphetamines were created in 1887, but their stimulant properties were not discovered until 1927.
An amphetamine was marketed in 1932 as a Benzedrine inhaler for nasal decongestion, and as tablets
for weight reduction. When the original Benzedrine inhaler was first marketed, it contained 250 mg of
amphetamines soaked into a cotton wick inside a sealed plastic inhaler, and was used as an effective
nasal decongestant. However, people soon noticed its stimulant properties and began to inhale it as a
pick-me-up. They would also break it open and consume the amphetamines. These abuses prompted a
change in the inhaler’s active ingredient.
Though laws were passed to control its use, amphetamine consumption continually rose in the United
States. In 1958, 75,000 pounds of amphetamines were produced, enough to supply every American
citizen with about 20 doses.
Methamphetamines were first produced in 1919. The Germans began using methamphetamines for
medical purposes in 1938. Within two years of its introduction, methamphetamine tablets were being
manufactured and distributed to miliary personnel and civilian factory workers in England and Japan
as well as in Germany to increase alertness and efficiency. They were not regularly distributed to U.S.
forces until the Korean War.
In the 1970s, a freebase form of smokable methamphetamines, called “ice,” hit the streets. Brought to
Hawaii by Filipino gangs in the late 1970s, ice is almost pure methamphetamine. In 1989, ice came to
California, and is now available in major cities throughout the U.S.
In 1970, the Controlled Substances Act severely restricted the legitimate manufacture and prescription
of amphetamines and methamphetamines. It became increasingly difficult for drug abusers to get
amphetamines, although there was still a great demand for them. At that time, some drug companies
produced high dose non-prescription stimulants that looked almost exactly like the prescription products. These “look-alike drugs” contained caffeine, phenylpropanolamine, and/or ephedrine, the oldest
known stimulant (used in China as early as 5,000 years ago).
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D r u g s : Uses and A b u s e s
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As amphetamines and methamphetamines became more tightly controlled by drug laws, illicit
chemists (“cookers”) began to make variations of the two stimulants in order to escape the strict laws
and penalties applying to amphetamines and methamphetamines. Since these new chemicals (called
“designer drugs”) were not named in the law, drug dealers caught possessing them couldn’t be convicted. Two of the most popular, M DA and MDMA, are sold under the street names XTC, Ecstasy, and
Adam. It didn’t take long for the laws to be changed, but in the interim many other variations of the
amphetamines were tried by humans with unexpected and sometimes deadly results.
The History of Cocaine
The Incas of South America probably were the first to use cocaine. Up to 5,000 years ago, they began
to chew the leaves of the coca bush. Today inhabitants of the Andes Mountains still chew coca leaves
mixed with lime from ashes. This natural source gives a low dose of cocaine with effects similar to
drinking several cups of strong coffee.
Cocaine could only be taken in leaf form until 1858, when it was isolated from the plant material by
German chemist Albert Niemann. Shortly after it was purified, people began to inhale it into the nose
(“snorting”) and to inject it. Cocaine was added to various medicines and was an ingredient in CocaCola until 1903. The term “dope,” as in “Let’s have a dope,” was originally a nickname for Coca-Cola,
according to some sources.
The first use of cocaine in its pure form led to the first major epidemic of cocaine use at the end of
the 1800s and the beginning of the 1900s. At first, many people thought that cocaine was a harmless
drug. As more and more people tried it and became addicted, it gained a reputation as a highly dangerous, very addictive drug. In the early 1900s, the terms “dope” and “dope fiend” were used to
describe cocaine and the cocaine user who often resorted to extreme measures to obtain the next
dose. The drug’s bad reputation, combined with stricter laws against sales and possession, led to
declining use in the first few decades of the 20th century. By 1930, 60 years after people in the U.S.
began using cocaine, use of the drug in this country practically disappeared.
In the 1960s cocaine again began to be seen as a harmless stimulant. “Freebasing” was developed,
enabling users to convert the injectable white cocaine salts into a smokable form. Cocaine use began
leveling off in the mid-1980s when a new and easily made form called “crack” was developed. Crack
produced a greater high, but also proved to be even more addictive. The advent of crack drove the high
cost of cocaine lower, leading to increased use of the original drug.
• Miller, Penney and Trent Tschirgi. “What is the History of Amphetamine?” 1992. METNET Drug Information Base.
Online. University of Maryland. 20 April 2000.
• Dreyer, Dennis and Trent Tschirgi. “What is the History of Cocaine?” 1990. METNET Drug Information Base.
Online. University of Maryland. 20 April 2000.
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Questions
1.
Give examples of legal and illegal stimulants.
2.
How do stimulants affect the brain?
3.
What effects do stimulants produce? Describe some adverse side effects of stimulant use.
4.
Discuss some reasons why stimulants are abused.
5.
What treatments are amphetamines used for, and what form do they come in?
Are amphetamines addictive?
6.
How do amphetamines affect the body? What side effects do they produced?
7.
Describe some long-term effects associated with a m p h e t a m i n e s. What is “Amphetamine
Psychosis”?
8.
What is Ritalin’s primary use, and how is it being abused today?
9.
List some slang terms for methamphetamine and its different forms.
10.
Describe some side effects of methamphetamine use. How many times must a person
use methamphetamine before he/she can become addicted?
11.
How does nicotine affect the body?
12.
What is nicotine’s primary use in nature?
13.
Is nicotine addictive? Describe withdrawal symptoms associated with nicotine.
14.
What is the most commonly used drug today? What are its most common forms?
15.
Describe some of the effects and side effects that caffeine produces.
16.
Give some withdrawal symptoms associated with caffeine.
17.
What was cocaine first used for?
18.
What effects/side effects are produced by cocaine?
19.
What is crack? What adverse side effects are associated with using crack?
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Answer Key
1.
Give examples of legal and illegal stimulants.
Legal: Caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines. Illegal: Methamphetamine, cocaine, crack.
2.
How do stimulants affect the brain?
There is a part of the brain, referred to as “the primitive brain,” where our survival and instinct
drive comes from (e.g., the need for food, water, and sexual behavior). The brain’s neurotransmitter dopamine is also located there, and is responsible for sending rewarding signals every
time we satisfy these needs. Stimulants hijack the dopamine neurotransmitter and cause users
to feel like these needs have been satisfied without giving the body any food or water.
3.
What effects do stimulants produce? Describe some adverse side effects
associated with stimulants.
Stimulants produce feelings of excitement and euphoria, increased heart and respiratory rates,
elevated blood pressure, and dilated pupils. Adverse side effects include delusions, paranoia,
and depression.
4.
Discuss some reasons why stimulants are abused.
Because they decrease appetite, they are abused to lose weight; and because they delay
fatigue, they are used to stay awake. Cocaine, crack, and methamphetamine are abused
for the sheer pleasure of mental and physical arousal.
5.
What treatments are amphetamines used for, and what form do they come in?
Are amphetamines addictive?
Stimulants are legally prescribed to treat obesity, attention deficit disorder, and narcolepsy.
They come in capsules, tablets, or pills—and yes, they are addictive.
6.
How do amphetamines affect the body? What side effects do they produced?
Amphetamines raise the blood pressure by causing the body to release epinephrine, or adrenaline. They can make you feel alert and energetic. Side effects include blurry vision and dry mouth.
7.
Describe some long-term effects associated with a m p h e t a m i n e s .
What is “Amphetamine Psychosis”?
Long-term effects include insomnia, weight loss, and anxiety. “Amphetamine Psychosis”
is a side effect of long-term use characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and paranoia.
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8.
What is Ritalin’s primary use, and how is it being abused today?
Ritalin is given to children diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
It’s being abused by people who don’t have ADHD, but like the way the drug makes them feel.
9.
List some slang terms for methamphetamine and its different forms.
Ice, glass, chalk, meth, crank, crystal, and zip are some slang terms used to describe methamphetamines. It comes as a white powder, pill, or rock.
10.
Describe some side effects of methamphetamine use. How many times must
a person use methamphetamine before he/she can become addicted?
Weight loss, dehydration, and malnutrition are all side effects of methamphetamine use.
Long-term use can cause memory loss, paranoia, hallucinations, and neurological damage.
It only takes one time to become addicted.
11.
How does nicotine affect the body?
Nicotine stimulates the brain, increases the heart rate, and elevates blood pressure.
12.
What is nicotine’s primary use in nature?
Nicotine is an insecticide that occurs naturally in certain plants to deter bugs.
13.
Is nicotine addictive? Describe withdrawal symptoms associated with nicotine.
Yes, nicotine is addictive. Withdrawal symptoms include anxiety, restlessness, hostility, lack
of concentration, decreased heart rate, and cravings.
14.
What is the most commonly used drug today? What are its most common
forms?
Caffeine is generally considered the most commonly used drug in the world. It is most
commonly found in coffee, colas, chocolate, and headache, cold, and allergy medications.
15.
Describe some of the effects and side effects that caffeine produces.
As a central nervous system stimulant, caffeine can increase alertness, improve endurance,
and boost mood. It can also relieve headaches and reduce asthma symptoms. Side effects
may include insomnia, anxiety, aggravated stomach ulcers and heartburn, and intensified
panic attacks. It is also a diuretic.
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D r u g s : Uses and A b u s e s
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16.
Give some withdrawal symptoms associated with caffeine.
Common withdrawal symptoms are headaches, tiredness, inability to concentrate,
and irritability.
17.
What was cocaine first used for?
In 1855, it was used medically as an anesthetic and to treat ailments ranging from asthma
to digestive disorders. It also was added in small doses to certain beverages such as wine
and Coca-Cola.
18.
What effects/side effects are produced by cocaine?
Cocaine creates an intense high, and it does so quickly. Users feel smart, aware, awake,
and full of energy. However, it also has powerful side effects including sudden death, violent
behavior, hallucinations, and collapse of the nasal structure.
19.
What is crack? What adverse side effects are associated with using crack?
Crack is a form of cocaine that is mixed with baking soda and heated into a smokable form.
Crack is 90% pure cocaine, while powder cocaine is only 15% to 25% pure. Crack can cause
high blood pressure, brain damage, heart attacks, and strokes. In fact, a stroke is six times
more likely if you’re smoking crack.
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D r u g s : Uses and A b u s e s
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Discussion Starters
1.
Discuss what constitutes legal and illegal stimulant abuse.
2.
Discuss acceptable uses for legal stimulants.
3.
Who could you go to if you or a friend had any questions about or problems with legal
and/or illegal stimulants?
Additional Resources
National Institute on Drug Abuse: Club Drugs
www.clubdrugs.org
Cocaine Anonymous
www.ca.org
Crack Cocaine Recovery Forum
www.crackrecoveryforum.com
Life or Meth
www.lifeormeth.org
Prescription-Drug-Rehab.com
www.prescription-drug-rehab.com
Anti-Smoking Teen Websites and Teen Anti-Tobacco Resources
www.notobacco.org
www.streetdrugs.org
www.streetdrugs.org
The Official D.A.R.E. Web Site
www.dare.com
Teen Drug Abuse
www.teendrugabuse.us
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Additional Resources at www.films.com
Available from Films Media Group • www.films.com • 1-800-257-5126
Cocaine
• 17” x 22” poster (available laminated or framed)
• Part of the poster series Drugs: A Destructive Force
• Order # 37036
This is poster 1 of the 8-part poster series Drugs: A Destructive Force. This
series speaks directly to young people about the risks and tragedies linked
with drug abuse. In addition to several types of dangerous substances, the
deadly pitfalls of drunk driving are also examined. Posters include Cocaine,
Alcohol, Marijuana, Smoking, Prescription/OTC Drugs, Hallucinogens,
Inhalants, and Drunk Driving. A Cambridge Educational Product. © 2007.
Smoking
• 17” x 22” poster (available laminated or framed)
• Part of the poster series Drugs: A Destructive Force
• Order # 37039
This is poster 4 of the 8-part poster series Drugs: A Destructive Force. This
series speaks directly to young people about the risks and tragedies linked
with drug abuse. In addition to several types of dangerous substances, the
deadly pitfalls of drunk driving are also examined. Posters include Cocaine,
Alcohol, Marijuana, Smoking, Prescription/OTC Drugs, Hallucinogens,
Inhalants, and Drunk Driving. A Cambridge Educational Product. © 2007.
Prescription/OTC Drugs
• 17” x 22” poster (available laminated or framed)
• Part of the poster series Drugs: A Destructive Force
• Order # 37040
This is poster 5 of the 8-part poster series Drugs: A Destructive Force. How
can substance abuse educators combat the allure of cocaine, LSD, tobacco,
and other killers? By communicating the downside of drugs in no uncertain
terms. This eight-poster series speaks directly to young people about the
alarming risks and all-too-frequent tragedies linked with drug abuse. In addition to several types of dangerous substances—including prescription and
over-the-counter medication—the deadly pitfalls of drunk driving are also examined. Posters include
Cocaine, Alcohol, Marijuana, Smoking, Prescription/OTC Drugs, Hallucinogens, Inhalants, and Drunk
Driving. A Cambridge Educational Product. © 2007.
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D r u g s : Uses and A b u s e s
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Drug Posters
• Eight 17” x 22” posters (available laminated or unlaminated)
• Order # 10901
This series of brightly illustrated, attention-grabbing posters explains, in detail,
the harsh realities of substance abuse and the life-threatening decisions kids
make today. With compelling up-to-date factual information, these posters
cover the most popular drugs in teenage society. Use them to inform, explore
myths, and promote valuable discussions. Posters include Hallucinogens,
Inhalants, Narcotics, Phencyclidine (PCP), Sedatives, Steroids, Stimulants,
Marijuana. A Cambridge Educational Product. © 2000.
Stimulants: The Mechanics of Pleasure
• VHS/DVD
• Part of the series Drugs and the Brain
• Close captioned
• Preview clip online at www.films.com (Search on 36365)
• Correlates to educational standards
• Order # 36365
This program explores the workings of the human nerve center under the influence of cocaine, amphetamines, and other stimulants, and shows how our understanding of brain disorders and drug addiction
has increased by studying these drugs. Profiling the pioneering work of Bruno Giros, Gaetano Di Chiara,
Nora Volkow, Wolfram Schultz, Barry Everitt, Trevor Robbins, and others, the program provides viewers
with a detailed history of the discovery and development of euphoria-inducing substances. (52 minutes)
© 2005.
Crackhead University
• VHS/DVD
• Preview clip online at www.films.com (Search on 36007)
• Correlates to educational standards
• Order #36007
The experts in this eye-opening program don’t have PhDs or high-paid teaching positions, but they
know firsthand—and express in vivid language—the overpowering highs and punishing lows of crack
cocaine addiction. Exploring the crumbling streets of inner-city Newburgh, NY, the program lets streetwise experience speak for itself, compiling a collection of tragic yet faintly hopeful personal stories,
and describing in detail what happened to this once-prosperous community when crack appeared on
the scene. The result is a visual textbook, brimming with the cold, hard facts of addiction, that viewers
will find hard to forget. Contains harsh language and mature themes. (70 minutes) © 1999.
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Package @ 2007
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D r u g s : Uses and A b u s e s
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Hooked: America on Meth
• VHS/DVD
• Part of the series Young Addicts: Drugs, Alcohol, and America’s Future
• Preview clip online at www.films.com (Search on 36235)
• Close captioned
• Correlates to educational standards
• Order # 36235
This ABC News program reports on the Montana Meth Project, an organization undertaking an aggressive plan to “unsell” meth—with an ad campaign designed to frighten Montana’s youth into avoiding
the drug. Highlighting the campaign’s gritty imagery and language involving prison, rape, and prostitution, the report includes information on the project’s financing, how the ads play out in Montana’s teen
demographic, and the need for long-term antidrug programs. (11 minutes) © 2006.
We Love Cigarettes: Resisting the Romance of Smoking
• VHS/DVD
• Preview clip online at www.films.com (Search on 36460)
• Close captioned
• Correlates to educational standards
• Order # 36460
What causes smoking’s deadly allure? Is there a surefire method for breaking free of it? This program
examines humanity’s love affair with cigarettes, traveling around the globe to interview doctors and
counselors dedicated to fighting nicotine addiction…as well as a few individuals who defiantly promote
the habit. Artist and passionate smoker David Hockney, cold turkey guru Allen Carr, nicotine patch inventor Dr. Jed Rose, and Dr. Jeffrey Wigand—the tobacco whistleblower who inspired the movie The Insider
—are some of the interviewees. The program also features commentary from Dr. Linda Ferry, who discovered that the anti-depressant Zyban can reduce nicotine cravings. Original BBCW broadcast title:
We Love Cigarettes. (50 minutes) © 2006.
Addicted to OxyContin: A 48 Hours/MTV News Report
• VHS/DVD
• Preview clip online at www.films.com (Search on 33082)
• Correlates to educational standards
• “Excellent reporting and educational approach .... a great discussion starter.”
—Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling
• Order # 33082
Until recently, OxyContin didn’t even exist. Today, the DEA says abuse of this drug is growing faster
than the abuse of any other prescription remedy in decades. In a joint investigation with MTV, this
48 Hours broadcast focuses on Troy Swett, a young man who, ashamed of his $300-a-day habit, confessed his addiction and underwent rapid detox at the Waismann Institute. The program also reports
on 13-year-old Shauna Ulman, who, after taking what she thought was ecstasy, died of an overdose;
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D r u g s : Uses and A b u s e s
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it debates whether OxyContin is addictive when used as prescribed; and it tracks the rise in theft of
OxyContin from pharmacies and patients. Some content may be objectionable. Produced by CBS
NEWS. (42 minutes) © 2001.
Animated Neuroscience and the Action of Nicotine, Cocaine, and Marijuana
in the Brain
• VHS/DVD
• Preview clip online at www.films.com (Search on 8352)
• Correlates to educational standards
• 1998 CINE Golden Eagle Award
• Order # 8352
Using sophisticated 3-D animation, this program takes viewers on a journey deep into the brain to
study the effects of the three substances. The first part illustrates the major functions of the brain and
shows how neurons, communicate with each other. In the second part, animated molecules of nicotine,
cocaine, and marijuana travel a route from the external environment through the body to the brain,
where viewers learn about the
cellular targets of these drugs, and how each drug interacts with them and subsequently affects the
body. Images of actual neurons used in the animations create a realistic effect that helps viewers
understand the concepts presented. (25 minutes) © 1997.
The series Drugs: Uses and Abuses includes
• Sedatives
• Narcotics
• Stimulants
• Psychedelics and Hallucinogens
• Inhalants
• THC
• PCP and Ketamine
• Steroids
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Package © 2007
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