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Study Guide – Unit 3: Cells I. II. III. IV. V. VI. Cell Structure & Function Cell Transport Cell Division Asexual & Sexual Reproduction Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis Vocabulary: cell membrane, cellulose, cytoskeleton, eukaryotic cell, ion channel, ion pump, mitochondria, phospholipid bilayer (phospholipid membrane), prokaryotic cell, endocytosis, exocytosis, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, binary fission, diploid cell, haploid cell, fermentation, ADP, autotroph, calvin cycle, chlorophyll, chloroplast, stroma, thylakoids 1. In diffusion, molecules move from an area of ______ concentration to an area of _______ concentration. 2. In __________, water molecules diffuse through a selectively permeable membrane. 3. Moving materials through a cell membrane without using energy is called ____________ transport. 4. The green pigment in chloroplasts, called ___________, absorbs light energy from the sun. 5. T F Besides the energy in sunlight, plant cells need water and carbon dioxide to make sugar. 6. What are the two products of photosynthesis? 7. What is the chemical equation for the process of photosynthesis? 8. T F Respiration that takes place inside of cells is the same as breathing air in and out of the lungs. 9. What are the reactants of respiration? 10. The Kreb’s Cycle and ETC take place in the ____________ of the cell. 11. T F Anaerobic fermentation releases more energy than aerobic respiration. 12. What are two types of fermentation? 13. Sodium is being pumped out of a nerve cell from an area where there are 19 units of sodium to an area where there are 155 units of sodium across a membrane. This is an example of _______ transport. 14. What stage of the cell cycle usually lasts the longest? 15. One product of fermentation in yeast cells is a. alcohol b. lactic acid c. oxygen d. glucose 16. Each identical strand in a chromosome is called a(n) _______________. 17. What three statements describe the cell theory? 18. What is the main characteristic that distinguishes eukaryotes from prokaryotes? 19. Name two structures that all cells have. 20. What kind of information do chromosomes hold? 21. What are microtubules and microfilaments? 22. What distinguishes rough ER from smooth ER? 23. What are the functions of: the ER: the Golgi apparatus: chloroplasts: mitochondria: lysosomes: 24. How does active transport differ from diffusion? 25. List the levels of biological organization from most simple to most complex. 26. In many cells, the structure that controls the cell’s activities is the ____________. 27. Cell membranes are constructed mainly of a. lipid bilayers b. protein pumps c. carbohydrate gates 28. Would you expect skin cells to contain more or fewer mitochondria than muscle cells? Explain. 29. How do plant cells differ from animal cells? 46. The process of cell division results in two ___________ cells. 47. Pairs of identical chromatids are attached to each other at an area called the _________________. 48. If a cell has 12 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will each of its daughter cells have after mitosis? 30. How do autotrophs obtain energy? Heterotrophs? 31. What are the main products of the Calvin cycle? 32. Which substance from the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis is a source of energy for the Calvin cycle? 49. At the beginning of cell division, a chromosome consists of two _______________. 50. Describe (or draw) the structure of the nucleus using the words: nucleolus, nuclear membrane, nuclear pores, chromatin, DNA. 33. Photosynthesis occurs in the _____________ of a cell, which contains stacks of _____________, together called _____________ in fluid called ____________. 34. The light-dependent reactions take place in the _____________. The Calvin cycle takes place in the _______________. 35. What are the products of glycolysis? 36. How many molecules of ATP are produced in the entire breakdown of glucose? 37. The first step in releasing the energy of glucose in the cell is known as _______________. 38. The net gain of energy from glycolysis is __ ATP molecules. 39. Because fermentation takes place in the absence of oxygen, it is said to be ____________. 40. The Kreb’s cycle takes place within the _____________. 41. What is the function of the spindle? 42. Describe what happens during each of the four phases of mitosis. 43. Describe what happens during interphase. 51. What does the nucleolus make? What do ribosomes makes? 52. What is the difference between cilia and flagella? 53. What is the difference between ion channels and ion pumps? 54. ____________ is a form of transport that brings large substances into a cell (membrane contracts, folds around a particle outside the cell, forming a pocket). _____________ is used to move substances out of a cell, via a sac, or vesicle, that engulfs the substance. 55. Normal human cells contain ___ individual, or ___ pairs, of linear chromosomes. 56. Mitosis produces cells ____________ to the parent cells, which are ___________ (2N). Meiosis produces cells genetically _____________ from the parent cells which are __________ (1N). Mitosis produces ____ (#) cells, whereas meiosis produces ____ (#) cells. Mitosis produces ____ (type) cells, whereas meiosis produces _____ (type) cells. 57. Compare and contrast sexual vs. asexual reproduction. 58. What happens during Prophase I of meiosis I? 44. How do prokaryotic cells divide? 45. How is cytokinesis different in plant cells vs. animal cells? Suggestions: • Begin studying well in advance! Study in small amounts each night. Do this study guide early! • Try to explain concepts to someone else. Write out everything you know on paper. • Complete the review questions in the Techbook. • Read the unit again! • Review labs & ask for help if needed! • Watch the relevant videos for the unit on my website under “Flipped Classroom” • Study vocab cards early. Be able to apply the information!