Download Endocrine System Bookwork KEY

Endocrine System Bookwork KEY
Multiple Choice:
2. B
5. A B C D
Short Answer:
1a. Nervous = fast (milliseconds to seconds)
Endocrine = slower (minutes to days), longer lasting
1b. NS = electrical stimulation
ES = chemical messengers (hormones)
1c. NS = short-term processes, such as stimulation of muscle
contraction and glandular secretion.
ES = controls processes that go on for a longer period of time
such as growth, development, metabolism and the functioning of
the reproductive system.
3. Hormone—substances that arouse the body by altering
cellular activity (such as raising or lowering normal
metabolic processes). Steroids are lipid soluble, nonsteroid are water soluble.
5. Negative feedback, the process by which the products of a
chemical reaction “feedback” and inhibit their further synthesis,
regulates the activity of all endocrine glands controlled by
anterior-pituitary-tropic hormones, as well as those controlled by
blood levels of nonhormonal substances. Most simply, when a
hormone is at low levels in the blood, its synthesis is stimulated
either by the release of an anterior-pituitary-tropic hormone
(e.g., thyroxine production and release are stimulated by TSH) or
by changing blood levels of certain substances (e.g., PTH
production is stimulated by low book calcium levels and insulin
release sis stimulated by high levels of blood glucose). As blood
levels of the stimulated hormones increase, the stimulus
substance is either turned off (in the case of tropic hormones) or
ceases to exist (because hormonal action results in a “correction”
of the blood levels of the trigger substances). Once there is no
stimulus, the previously stimulated endocrine organ decrease its
hormone output, and hormone levels drop once more. The cycle
repeats again and again as hormone blood levels increase and
decrease via the process of negative feedback.
9. Hypothalamus—received neuronal information and is directly
upstream of pituitary in the bloodstream, secretes releasing and
inhibiting hormones.
14. ADH and aldosterone. ADH is produced by the
hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary;
cause the kidney tubules to increase their uptake and
retention of water (from the kidney filtrate).
Aldosterone, an adrenal cortical hormone, regulates sodium
ion (and secondarily, potassium ion) concentration in the
blood. When sodium ion concentration is too low,
aldosterone is released and causes the renal tubules to
increase their reabsorption of sodium ions (and water
follows by osmosis).
16. a. Lower estrogen = menopause, and they then become
more susceptible to osteoporosis and arteriosclerosis.
b. general efficiency lowered = hypothyroid,
c. growth hormone low = muscle atrophy,
d. pineal gland calcifies = lower resistance to stress and
infection
e. lower insulin production/malformation = type 2 diabetes
Clinic #2 and 3 or #4 and 6
2. Diagnosis is hyposecretion of GH. The prescription is
commerciall pituitary GH. GH should stimulate bone growth
as long as the epiphysial plates are still open.
3. Pitocin and oxytocin stimulate contraction of the smooth
muscle of the uterus, thereby increase strength of uterine
contractions
4. The catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine. The
cause is usually a tumor. The catecholamines promote a rise
in blood sugar (hyperglycemia) whereas thyroid hormones
trigger glucose catabolism.
6. Cushing’s syndrome—hypersecretion of glucocorticoids from
the middle region of the adrenal cortex