Download MEDICINAL PLANTS USED FOR THE TREATMENT OF VARIOUS

Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 4(1): 58-64, 2008
© 2008, INSInet Publication
Ethno- Medical Uses of Plants in the Treatment of Various Skin
Diseases in Ovia North East, Edo State, Nigeria
1
R.K.A. Egharevba and 2M.I. Ikhatua
1
2
Department of Crop Science, University of Benin.
Department of Forestry and Wildlife, University of Benin.
Abstract: This study was investigated in 9 rural communities in Ovia North East Local Government Area
of Edo State. The investigation included names and plant parts used , ailments cured, preparation and
administration of these herbs. Facts were obtained with the aid of well structured questionnaires and
interviews of old and experienced rural people as well as herbalists. The use of traditional medicine was
observed to be widespread and prevalent in most area studied over orthodox medicines. An inventory of
41 plant species from 29 families for which 13 were trees, 11 shrubs and 17 herbaceous plants were
observed, an indication of high plant biodiversity. There were 57 medicinal plant uses out of which leaves,
stem bark, seeds/roots, fruits, flowers/buds were used in 35, 10, 7, 3 and 2 cases respectively. The
findings are documented.
Key words: Ethnobotany, medicinal plants, skin diseases, herbalists, traditional medicines
efficient compared to conventional modern medicines.
In his contribution Eisenberg et. al[8 ] estimated that
in United States of America. the total number of visits
to unconventional healers in 1988 was 425m compared
to 388m visits to primary health care physicians.
Results revealed by Iwu et al[1 4 ] indicated that these
plant resources are scattered and need to be
consolidated. Okafor [2 0 ] also stressed that most
indigenous plants are found in the wild and semi-wild
habitats and are presently suffering from genetic
erosion due to large scale deforestation activities of the
Nigerian people.
This study was aimed at identifying some
medicinal plants used in treating skin diseases by
healers in Ovia North East Local Government Area of
Edo State. According to Adodo [1 ] many of us do not
know how important the skin is apart from it being a
protective outer cloak for the body. This investigation
will assist in making information available on how
these drugs obtained from medicinal plants are prepared
and administered. Also relevant is the documentation of
the local and common names for easy communication
and if and where possible to preserve these plants in
the University’s herbarium.
INTRODUCTION
Medicinal plants in Nigeria were considered by
several researchers Gbile [9 ] and Iyamabo [1 3 ] to form an
important component of the natural wealth of the
country. The tropical rainforest of which Nigeria is a
part has been described by Sofowora [2 4 ] as a reservoir
of phytomedicines. Many of these plants as explained
by Gill[1 0 ] and Iwu et al[1 4 ] contained substances that
can be used for therapeutic purposes if used by man.
Ransome-Kuti[2 3 ] estimated that the ratio of Doctors to
patients in Nigeria was 1:200,000. and hence the need
for rural areas in particular to use medicinal plants.
These plants have traditionally been used by
N igerians because they are natural products,
environmentally friendly, easily available, cheap and
curative than many sub standard orthodox medicines
imported into the country today. Sometimes these
conventional medications have been confirmed by
Murray [1 9 ] to have toxic effects on humans and
according to Maingi et. al.[1 8 ] there is the development
of resistance by man and animals to some of these
drugs by target parasites as well as high cost of the
drugs. Chema and W ard [7 ] reiterated that with these
misgivings on some orthodox medicines, herbal
remedies have become a reasonable alternative. As
recorded by Kafaru [1 5 ] these ancient indigenous
practices were discovered by a series of “trial and
error” which then could not be proven by scientific
theories though but the results have been beneficial and
M ATERIALS AND M ETHODS
The study was carried out in nine rural
communities of Ovia North East Local Government
Area,. Edo State, Nigeria. Edo state is located within
Corresponding Author: R.K.A. Egharevba, Department of Crop Science, University of Benin.
58
Res. J. Agric. & Biol. Sci., 4(1): 58-64, 2008
Table 1: D istribution of sam pling intensity of the m edicinal plants in the area of study.
Area of Study Rural Areas/peri urban
N um ber of identified H erbalists
54% Sam pling Intensity U gbowo
U gbowo
11
6
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Isiohor
18
10
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Evbom ore
24
13
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Iguosa
20
11
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------O luku
16
9
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------U tekon
27
15
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Iyowa
23
12
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Evboneka
19
10
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------N IFO R
16
9
Total
174
95
Source: Field survey:2005.
latitude 5 0 45 1 and 7 0 8 1 North and longitude 5 0 4 1 and
6 0 52 1 East. The climate is tropical and the vegetation
is lowland rainforest with a mean annual rainfall of
2300mm. The communities are University of Benin
(Uniben) Ugbowo, Isiohor, Evbomore, Iguosa, Oluku,
Utekon, Iyowa, Evboneka and NIFOR (Table 1 and
figure 1 map) The University of Benin is located in the
Ugbowo vicinity. The areas selected had a lot of
farmers and home gardeners who are self employed.
The people complained that during the course of their
work that dermatitis was mainly a problem.
indigenous knowledge was documented. In coming data
were carefully scrutinized before collection. The data
from the nine communities
were collated using
Hannagan’s [1 1 ] method of coding in processing the
questionnaires. T he coded
information was
summarized in form of tables.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Results: In the survey, 41 plant species from 29
families were identified. A total of 57 commonly used
.prescriptions for skin diseases were noted. Mixtures of
plants were used in some cases. Several medicinal
plant parts were used in herbal preparations such as
leaves, stem and barks, fruits, seeds and roots Of all
these, the leaf was found to be used in about 70-75%
of the cases..
Table 2 gives a synopsis of medicinal plants and
their uses as observed in this study.
The botanical names are arranged alphabetically.
These plants include some wild and uncultivated
ones (Xylopia aethopica (Guinea pepper) Plukenetia
conophorum (African walnut), Monodora myristica,
(African nutmeg) Afromomium melequenta (Alligator
pepper) and some semi-wild plants such as Dacryodis
edulis, etc. They also include ornamental plants like
Lawsonia inermis( Dye) and herbs.
The parts of plants used for medicinal preparations
vary from leaves, stem barks, seeds, roots , fruits. and
flowers respectively. These are found in Table 3.
The leaves were observed to be top priority as
used in 35 medicinal preparations followed by stem
bark 10 ,seeds and roots 7., fruits 3 and flower buds 2.
The leaf is therefore the most efficacious part used in
medicinal preparations.
Sampling M ethod: Prior to the survey of the locations,
random sampling was used of which 174 participants
were identified amongst whom were old, experienced
people including male farmers, women and herbalists.
The number obtained was large for accurate
information and so random sampling intensity was used
to obtain 54% of the total for ease of administration
and so questions were given to 95 recipients (Table 1)
Observations were also made during guided tours and
transect walks.
An inventory was taken and oral interviews
were conducted in response to well structured
questionnaires designed
on identification and
documentation of plants and their uses, local names for
ease of communication, ailments cured, preparation
and administration of the herbs, etc. In this process
the
medicinal
plant
characteristics were also
discussed
for
better
knowledge of the plants
involved.
Species were scientifically identified with the aid
of The useful plants of W est tropical Africa [6 ], Nigerian
W eeds [4 ] Nigeria Trees [1 6 ] and Medicinal plants of
Nigeria booklet[3 ]. Analysis of data was done and
59
Res. J. Agric. & Biol. Sci., 4(1): 58-64, 2008
Fig 1: A m ap of Edo state showing study areas.
Table 2: Ethnom edical uses of Plants for skin diseases in O via N orth East Local Governm ent Area, Edo State
Botanical
Fam ily
Com m on
Local
Parts
M ajor
Preparation & Adm inistration
N am es
N am e
N am e
U sed
Cure
Afromom ium m elegueta Zingerberaceae
Alligator pepper
Ehiendo
Leaves
Sm all
1 leaf decoction rubbed
(Bini)
pox and
on fungal infection.
Atare
chicken box 2 Boil leaves and use in bathing.
Acalypha wilkesiana
Euphorbiaceae
Copper leaf
(Y oruba)
Leaves
Sores
1.The decoction of leaves used
to rub sm all pox and chicken pox.
2.Powdered seeds added to Vaseline
and rubbed on skin rashes,
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ageratum conzoides
Com positae
Goat weed
Im i-esu
leaves
W ounds,
1.Ground leaves, and apply
(Y oruba)
rashes,
to affected W ound.
ulcers
2D ecoction of leaves with
water apply to to rashes.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Allium cepa
Liliaceae
O nion
Alubarha
Bulb
Rashes
1C rushed onion juice
(Bini)
and
applied to rashes.
Y abasa
scorpion
2. Onion juice rubbed on the stings
(Ibo)
bites.
Alubosa
(Yoruba)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Aloe bateri
Liliaceae
Aloe vera
Leaves
Boils
1.U se leaf gel as a poultice on boils
and
2.Squeeze leaves and rub
dandruff
gel on scalp.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
60
Res. J. Agric. & Biol. Sci., 4(1): 58-64, 2008
Table 2: Continued
Alstonia boonei
Apocynacea
Cam wood
U khu
Stem bark Snake bite
The infusion of the bark alone is
(Bini)
and arrow
drunk As a rem edy for these.
Awun
poison.
(Yoruba)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Am aranthus spinosus
Am aranthaceae
Prickly
Inine (ibo)
W hole
Sores,
1. Ashes from burnt plant
am aranthus
Tete elegun plant
andeyewash good for sores
(Y oruba)
2. Juice from the plant
used as eye wash
Anarcardium occidentale Anarcardiaceae
Cashew
Ekashu
m ature
Body
Slice m ature leaves, infuse in
(Edo)
leaves
Swellings
local gin In a bottle and rub
in
swollen rheum atic or arthritis parts.
rheum atism
and arthritis
Bryophyllum pinnatum
Crassulaceae
Airplant or
Idan
Leaves
W ounds.
Leaves are slightly warm ed in fire
ressurection
wesin
and applied to wounds.
plant
(Edo)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Capsicum frutescence
Solanaceae
H ot pepper
Ehien
R ipe
W ounds
P ow dered m ixe d w ith p a lm oil a n d
(Bini)
fruits
D og
applied to cuts and w ounds.
Atarodo
/seeds
bites
(Yoruba)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Caladium bicolor
Araceae
Jesus blood
Edeu
Leaves
Boils
Fire the rhizom e applied locally
m um uo
treat boils and abscesses.
(Ibo)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cassia alata
Caelsapinia
Ringworm
Akoria
Leaves
Ezcem a,
1 D ecoction of leaves and kerosene
ceae
plant,.
ovbi ore
Ringworm
applied to eczem a, ringworm etc.
(Bini)
2.Decoction of leaves and young
Asurun
shoot added to black soap to bathe.
oyibo
(Yoruba)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Carica papaya
Caricaceae
Pawpaw
U hro
Leave
Sores
The roasted leaf pulp is placed on
(Bini)
sores for healing.
Ibepel
(Yoruba)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Celosia argentaeae
Am arantha
Cockscom b,
Sokoyokoto Leaves
Rashes
1 The juice of the leaves are used
ceae
quailgrass
(Yoruba)
for rashes.
Ebe-afor
2. Seeds ground into paste
(Bini)
and applied
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chrom laena odorota
Com positae
Awolowo
Akintola
Leaves
W ounds
Squeeze leaves and put on cuts
weed siam
taku
and Insect
from wounds and stings.
weed.
(Y oruba)
stings
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cnestis Spp.
Connaraceae
Esinsin
Leaves
R ashes
B le n d and m ix w ith cam w ood a n d
(Y oruba)
black soap: rub on skin
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Corchorous olitorius
Tiliaceae
Jute plant
Ebiyoyo
seeds
Abscesses
Paste from ground seeds used to
(Bini)
and
rub on abscesses and swellings.
Ewedu
sw ellings.
(Yoruba)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Colocasia esculentum
Araceae
Cocoyam
Ewiebo
Leaves
Snake
1.poultice from the roots is used
(Ishan)
and
bite and
for snakebite.
Roots
rheum atism 2.Poultice from both roots and
leaves used for swellings of
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------D acryodes edulcs
Burseraceae
African
O runm wun
Bark
Sw ollen
A paste of the bark is a rem edy
pear
(Bini)
foot from
for swollen foot (jiggers).
O lum u
jigger
(Ishan)
infestation.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------D atura stramonium
Solanaceae
Green
Apikan
Leaves,
Sores
The crushed leaves and seeds are
thorn
(Yor)
seeds
and
m ixed w ith palm oil and applied
applr
stings
to severe cases of insect bites
Insect bites and stings.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
61
Res. J. Agric. & Biol. Sci., 4(1): 58-64, 2008
Table 2: Continued
Ficus exasperata
M oraceae
Am enm en
Leaves
Ringworm
Rub leaves on affected part.
(Bini)
Ipin
(Yoruba)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------H eliotropium
Boraginaceae
Cockscom b
O riigun
Leaves
wound
Rub leaves and juice on the
ovaliphoilum
(Yoruba)
wound of A scorpion Sting.
H ibiscus rosa
M alvaceae
G arden
Kekeke
Flower
Boils
Apply paste of flow er buds to boils.
sinersis
hibiscus
(Yoruba)
buds
Flava
(Ibo)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Justicia flova
Acanthaceae
Leaves
Skin
Boil leaves and use to bathe.
disease
Kalanchoe spp
Crassulaceae
Velvet
Leaves
Sores
Freshly pound leaves used to treat
leaf
and
sores and wounds.
tum ors
Law sonia inerm is
Lythraceae
H enna,
Lali
Leaves
Skin
The powder of the dried leaves used
Cypress
(Y oruba)
tonic
As a tonic astringent on the
shrub
skin by checking perspiration.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------M im osa pudica
Legum ino
Touch m e
Leaves
Guinea
1. Apply juice from leaves to
sease
not or
worm s
pically to infected parts.
sensitive
2. Apply leaves topically.
plant
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------M onodora myristica
Anonaceae
African
Ikposa
Seeds
Guinea
1. Seeds ground to powder and
nutm eg
(Bini)
worm s
used to treat the worm s.
Ariwo
2. D ecoction of seeds is drunk
(Yoruba)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------O ccim um
Labiataceae
Fever
EbeLeaves
Insect
Crush leaves.or Squeeze fresh
gratissim um
Plant
am wokho
bites.
leavess and rub on affected parts.
(B ini)
Effirin
(Yoruba)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Peproma pelllucida
Piperaceae
Reren
W hole
W ound
Local ju ice ap p lied to fresh w ound.
(Y oruba)
plant
Plukenetia
Euphorbia
African
O khue
Fruits
Snake
Eat the uncooked fruit
conophora
ceae
walnut
(B ini)
bite
Asala
(Y oruba)
W hole
Swellings,
The crushed plant is applied locally
Portulaca oleraceae
Portulacaceae
Papasan
plant
bruises and on swellings and affected parts.
(Yor)
whitlow.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Rauvolfa vomitora
Apocynceae
Swizzle
Akata
Seeds
Skin
1. Powder root and seeds:
stick or
(Bini)
roots
diseases
add to soap and use
serpent
Asofeyje
wood
(Yoruba)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sanseveria libenica
Agavaceae
M other
Pasankooko W hole
Bad
1. Grind leaf in a brass container
In Law’s
(Y oruba)
plant
sores
and let it be thick. Add to
tongue,
sores, relieves
Leopard
2 Powdered roots and water. D rink
Lily.
for tetanus
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Spondia m om bin
Anacandia
O gheghe
Bark
Athlete’s
Leaf and .Bark extracts used
ceae
(Bini)
foot
when in fused.
Iyeye
Leaves
(Yoruba)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Talinum trianulare
Portulacaceae
W ater
Ebodundun
Leaves
Cuts,
M acerate leaves and \apply.
leaf
(Bini)
wounds
and
scabies.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Term inalia catapa
Com breta
Alm ond
Ebelebo
Bark
Leprosy
1Sap from the young leaves are
ceae
Tree
(Bini)
leaves
and
rubbed on affected parts.
scabies
2. M acerated leaves in palm
oil on leprosy.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sand
paper
plant
62
Res. J. Agric. & Biol. Sci., 4(1): 58-64, 2008
Table 2: Continued
Vernonia am ygdalina
Com positae
Bitter
leaf
Black
plum
Ebe-oriwuo Leaves
M easles
Extract of leaves in native gin
(Bini)
Juice
and rubbed on the skin.
Vitex doniana
Verbena
O riri
Leaves
Ringworm
Apply Juice of leaves on ringworm ..
ceae
(Bini)
Bark
U chekon
(Ibo)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Xylopia aethiopica
Anonaceae
African
U nien
Fruits
Rheum atism 1. Pound fruits and m ake into paste
guinea
(B ini)
and
and apply.
pepper
Eeru
Arthritis
2.Grind fruits and add to; pom ade,
(Yoruba)
rub on affected parts.
Table 3: Frequency of Plant Parts U sed for Herbal Rem edies
Plant Parts
Frequency
Leaves
35
Stem barks
10
Seeds/roots
7
Fruits
3
Flower buds
2
(1992) concluded that conservationists in Nigeria must
begin to address this area of genetic erosion at the
genetic level which is the most neglected and least
understood area of biological diversity.
Discussion: The results showed that the area of study
fig 1, consisted of various and incredible medicinal
plants. This corroborates the findings of Olapade and
Bakare [2 1 ] who believed that the forests contained a lot
of plants suitable as medicinal remedies A mixture of
plant parts from roots to leaves were used in herbal
preparation but the leaves were tops in priority. This is
because the use of medicinal plants ,as described by
Olumofin [2 2 ] is complex as different herbalists use
various combination of plants to cure different
ailments. The use of herbaceous plants for herbal
remedies was common as the respondents agreed that
it was easier to use these as they were not only easily
available for harvests but also easy to prepare by
grinding in various mortars or dissolved by gin used
(equivalent of alcohol). They can also be easily be
cooked by boiling. Hence in Table 4 a lot of plants
used were herbaceous. In case of trees, the barks or
juice are extracted after decortications process.
Many plant species were observed by old
informants to be disappearing due to human activities
in the forest which was confirmed by Anifowoshe and
Kalu [5 ] in their investigations and advocated that
medicinal plants should be focused for regeneration and
propagation. They suggested the establishment of Home
and Botanical gardens especially as the average
Nigerian faces harsh economic crisis and can ill afford
1.
REFERENCES
Adodo, A., 2004. Nature Power. A Christian
approach to herbal medicine. Generation Press
Limited, Lagos. 6 th Edition.
2. Allaby, M., 1998. Oxford dictionary of Plant
Sciences. Oxford University Press. Oxford.
3. Agoha, R.C., 1983. Medicinal Plants of Nigeria.
Printed by Offsetderrukkerij Faculteit der W iskunde
e n N a tu u ru e te ns c ha p p e n N igm e e ge n, T he
Netherlands.
4. Akobundu, I.C. and C.W . Agyakwa, 1998. A
handbook of W est African W eeds, African book
builders, 2 n d Ed., Ibadan.
5. Anifowoshe, E.I. and C. Kalu, 2003. Ethnomedical uses of plants among the Ekitis in
Irepodun/Ifelodun local government area, Ekiti
State. Journal of tropical Agric. Research,
6: 69-73.
6. Burkill, H.M., 1985. The useful plants of W est
tropical Africa. 2 n d Ed. Royal Botanical gardens.
7. Chema, S. and D. W ard, 1990 Cost effective
disease control routines and animal health
management in animal agriculture. Proc. FAO
Expert Consultation held in Rome. Italy., pp: 9.
8. Eisenberg, D.N., R.C., Kesler, C. Foster, E.E.
Norlock, D.R. Calkinsand and T.L Delbano, 1993.
Unconventional medicine in the United States:
Prevalence, costs and patterns or use. New Engl.
Med journal, 328: 245-252.
9. Gbile, Z.O., 1985. Nigerian medicinal plants . 26 th
annual conference of Science Association of
Nigeria, Portharcourt. Manuscript, pp: 8.
10. Gill, L.S., 1992. Ethnomedical uses of plants in
Nigeria. Uniben Press, University of Benin, BeninCity, Nigeria.
11. Hannagan, T.J., 1980. Mastering Statistics, 2 n d (ed).
Publishers: Macmillan Master series, pp: 1-59,
152-260.
expensive orthodox medicines. As recorded by
Sorungbe [2 0 ], only about 39% rural communities in
Nigeria have access to modern health care services.
There is therefore the need for rejuvenation of these
plants to preserve their genetic diversity. As confirmed
by
Okafor [1 2 ] lack of conservation measures will
increase the number of endangered species resulting in
gradual extinction of numerous plant taxa that are
useful as herbal remedies. In his contribution, Heywood
63
Res. J. Agric. & Biol. Sci., 4(1): 58-64, 2008
12. Heywood, V.H., 1992. Taxonomy, biosystematics
and conservation. “In:Kapor-V ijav P. (ed)
Conservation Biology- a training manual for
Biological diversity and genetic resources. The
Commonwealth science council. Commonwealth
secretariat, London., 95-101.
13. Iyamabo, A.G. 1990. Keynote address at IUFRO
Symposium on productivity and utilization of
Gmelina arborea in W est Africa, Ibadan.
14. Iwu, M.W ., A.R. Duncan and C.O. Okunji, 1999.
New Antimicrobials of Plant Origin., pp: 457-462.
“In J. Janick (ed); Perspectives on new crops and
new uses. ASHS Press, Alexandra, VA.
15. Kafaru, E., 2000. Immense help from Nature’s
workshop. Guidelines on how to use herbs to
achieve a healthy living, as health is an individual
responsibility. Elikaf Health Services Ltd, and
printed by Academic Press PLC.
16. Kaey, R.W .J., C.F.A. Onochie and D.F. Stanford,
1989. Nigerian Tress Vol.2, Nigerian National
Press Ltd, Apapa, Lagos. 2 n d edition.
17. Lambo, J.C., 1979. The healing powers of herbs
with sp ecial reference to O b stetrics and
gynaecology.In “African M edicinal Plants”A.
Sofowora (ed). University of Ibadan Press, Nigeria.
18. Maingi, N.H, S.M. Bjorn, H.O., Thamsborg, P.
Bogh and H. Nansen, 1996. A review of
Anthelmintic Resistance in Nematode Parasites of
animals in Denmark. Vet. Parasitol., 66: 53-66.
19. Murray, M., 1995. The healing power of Herbs.
Prima Publishing. Rocklin, CA., pp: 162-171.
20. Okafor, J.C., 1991. Improving edible species of
forest products. Unasylvia, 42(165): 17-22.
21. Olopade, E.O and A.O. Bakare, 1992. Medicinal
plants in Ibadan under genetic erosion. In:
Akinsanmi, F.A. (ed). Proc. Of F.A.N. Conference.
Nov. 1992, pp: 55-59.
22. Olumofin, F., 1996. Traditional Healing and use of
Medicinal plants. Personal communication and
survey. Dept of Health services, University of
Benin., Edo State, Nigeria.
23. R ansom e-K uti,
O .,
19 91
Introduction
:
Strengthening the National and State Primary
Health Care. In: Ransome Kuti, O, A.O.O.
Sorungbe, K.S. Oyegbite and A Bamishaye (eds)
24. Sofowora, A. 1982. Medicinal plants and
traditional medicine in Africa. John W iley and
Sons, New York, pp: 56.
25. Sorungbe, A.O.O., 1991. Strengthening the
National and State PHC In: Ransome Kuti, O,
A .O .O . S o ru ngb e , K .S. O yegb ite, and
A.Bamishaye. (eds) Strengthening the primary
Healthcare at Local G ovt. level _Nigerian
Experience. National W orkshop, Lagos.
64