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By Jennifer Linde May 18, 2010 Diffusion across membranes Partial Pressures of O2 and CO2 in the external environment Problems with diffusion—desiccat ion and size constraint http://img.sparknotes.com/content/testprep/bookimgs/sat2/biology/0002/diffusion.gif Characteristic of annelids Diffusion brings O2 into the organisms By products of respiration diffuse out into the environment http://universe-review.ca/I10-82-annelid.jpg A substitute for blood born gas distribution to and from the respiratory organ Network of tubing Trachea http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3359/3509697749_4bd4250816.jpg Arise from spiracles Supported by Chitin Spiracles valve Gills Exchange of gases Organs Mouth Gill arches: cartlilaginous and found on both sides of the head Filaments: extent from the gill arches Lamellae: lateral projections arising form gill filaments http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/1115/1141942/fig31-1.jpg Swim bladder and the lung Hydrostatic mechanism Ascending and descending in the water http://universe-review.ca/I10-82-bladder.jpg Gill baskets act as both respiratory organ and filters food particles http://www.marlin.ac.uk/images/taxonomy_descriptions/Tunicata.jpg Have lungs and gills Live in stagnant water Estivation Similar to hibernation Builds a muddy cocoon http://argoul.blog.lemonde.fr/files/2009/04/lungfish-respiration.1240565385.jpeg Gills Originally used as filter feeding devices Primitive fish Bony fish Lungs Movement from aquatic to terrestrial life Skin can be used for other purposes Metamorphosis from gill-breathing to lung-breathing in single specimen Gives a phylogenetic insight http://cnx.org/content/m19974/latest/graphics1.png More efficient bronchi, lungs and air sacs Movement of air through the sacs to the lungs and out of the body using the abdominal and costal muscles Trachea, http://www.pleasanton.k12.ca.us/avhsweb/thiel/apbio /review/images/bird_resp.gif Enters through the nose or mouth Nasal passages to nasal pharynx, pharynx, trachea, glottis, epiglottis, larynx, bronchus, left and right lung, bronchioles and alveoli http://www.jerichoschools.org/seaman/webquests-0809/images/respiratorydetail.gif Aveoli Heavily supplied with capillaries Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange http://www.coventry.ac.uk/ec/~nhunt/180sor/howgate/ Image20.gif Lung is passive and the diaphragm and intercostals are active Phrenic nerve Inhalation Exhalation http://mcat-review.org/breathingmechanism.gif Tidal Air Inspiratory Reserve reserve Vital Capacity Residual volume Expiratory During rest… During Activity… Inspiration center controls Excitatory impulses through phrenic nerve to diaphragm and intercostals Impulses stop muscles relax causing passive exhalation Expiration center has 2 functions Hering-Breuer Reflex Send impulses to muscle in chest and abdomen Pneumotaxic center Carotid artery and aortic arch sensors Medulla Sensors Changes in CO2 and O2 and pH http://www.emptynosesyndrome.org/pics/imageres003.jpg Carbon dioxide enters the blood from the tissue and oxygen enters the tissue from the blood Oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide moves into the lung http://www.chemistry.wustl.edu/~courses/genchem/Tutorials/Hemoglobin/fi gure7.jpg Fried, G. and Hademenos, G. Schuam’s. 2009. Outline of Biology. New York: McGraw Hill chapter 20. The pictures come from various web sites which are sited under each picture