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Trends in Optical Fiber Sensors 19/10/2015 17:30 Eagle Photonics Solutions Philip B. Kassey Head, R&D [email protected] Brief History The first attempts at guiding light on the basis of total internal reflection in a medium dates to 1841 by Daniel Colladon. He attempted to couple light from an arc lamp into a stream of water In 1930 the medical student Heinrich Lamm of Munich produced the first image transmitting fiber bundle. The well-known scientists A.C.S. van Heel, Kapany and H.H.Hopkins produced the first fiber optic endoscope on the basis of fiber cladding in 1954. 2 What is Fiber ? 3 TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION (TIR) 4 19/10/2015 Major Applications Of Fiber Optics Fiber Optics in Medical- Endoscopy Fiber Optics in Communication Fiber Optics in Sensors Typical Optical Fiber Measurement System Photo-detector Light source Focus lens Sensing element How they work Fiber optic sensors measure properties of their environment. They can measure anything which changes the way light travels through the fiber, or alters the light’s properties. What can they measure? Temperature Pressure Strain Displacement Acceleration Flow rate Vibration Chemical concentrations Electrical and Magnetic Fields Rotation rate Sensor Types Chemical Sensors Remote Spectroscopy Temperature Sensors Largest Commercially Available Sensors Range -40 Deg C To 1000 Deg C Strain Sensors Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs) Technology Long Period Gratings (LPGs) Extrensic Fabry Perot Interferometric (EFPI) Biomedical Sensors Spectroscopic Biomedical Sensors CO 2, O 2 and pH Can Be Measured Simultaneously Electrical And Magnetic Sensors Appealing- Inherent Dielectric Nature Less Sensitive To Electromagnetic Interference Rotation Sensor Based On The Sagnac Effect Two Types Ring Laser Gyroscope (Rlg) And Fiber Optic Gyroscope (Fog) Pressure Sensors Earlier Based On Piezoresistive Technique Displacement And Position Sensors Simple Sensors Rely On The Change In Retroreflectance Due To A Proximal Mirror Surface Also Referred As Liquid Level Sensors Methods of Measurement Amplitude and Intensity-Based Sensors Frequency and Wavelength-Varying Sensors Polarization and Phase-Modulating Fiber-Optic Sensing Intensity-Based Sensors Detect changes in light intensity, correlate change to change in pressure, or temperature, etc. • These systems have a poor ability to screen noise, leading to lower precision, but are simple and inexpensive systems. Frequency- and Wavelength-Varying Sensors Light changes in frequency or wavelength to parameter of interest. Low alteration of signal outside of sensing area. Wavelength measurement is very sensitive; not strongly affected by light loss in connections, or source intensity fluctuations. Wavelength-Varying Sensors… Fiber Bragg Grating: most common type. Characteristic reflected light wavelength dependent on grating spacing. Stress applied to fiber changes spacing. Polarization and Phase-Modulating FiberOptic Sensing Polarization modulation sensors are the most complicated and delicate instruments. Use Faraday Effect to measure magnetic fields, by measuring polarization rotation. Polarization unintentionally altered by other processes: bending, stretching, and twisting causes problems. Advantages of Fiber Sensors Large Bandwidth Efficient Transmission (Low Loss) Immunity To EMI/ RFI Security Of Information Both Point And Distributed Sensing Corrosive environments- silica fiber Small Size And Lightweight Flexibility Resistant To Hostile Environments Freedom From Cross-talks No Sparking And Fire Hazards Single Fiber Serves Both As Sensor And Data Comm.. Multiplexing & Spatially Distributed Sensing 16 High Performance New Trend of Optical Fibers in Musical Instruments 17 19/10/2015 Optical Fiber Guitar Developed at Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, Canada with the supervision of Prof.Raman Kashyap 18 19/10/2015 COMMERCIALISED APPLICATIONS Fencing Fiber-based Intrusion Detection The FIDS System Provides: 20 Highly reliable and sensitive system Virtually 100% Detection Rate Negligible False Alarm rate Negligible Nuisance Alarms Highest Performance-to-Cost Ratio Alarm Activation only by Direct Assault Low sensitivity to climatic conditions Immunity from electrical interference Environmentally Esthetic Appearance Long-life Guarantee Uniform performance over long distances Completely safe Easy and fast to install Fencing Based Intrusion Detection System 21 Buried Fiber Optic Intrusion Detection System Speckle Image Buried Multi-mode Fiber Laser CCD Camera PRINCIPLE Speckle pattern is formed due to interference of various modes of propagating light rays in multimode optical fiber cable which shifts if the cable is perturbed. This shift in speckle pattern is analysed to detect intrusion BELOW GROUND SENSOR CABLES CAN BE LAID INSTEAD PERIMETER FENCES IF DETECTION IS THE PRIME OBJECTIVE LANDSLIDE MONITORING USING FIBER OPTICS SENSORS Detection of Initiation & Early Warning Fiber Optic Microbend Sensors Hydrogel Fiber Optic Cable Remote Real Time Monitoring early stages of Landslides Photonic Techniques of OTDR based sensing 23 Micro bend based Landslide Monitoring & Early Warning System Near Haridwar Mansa Devi Digital Data Link Remote Monitoring and Control Principle of OTDR Incident light (Pulse) Laser Transmitted light Detector Fiber core scattering light Back scattering light z Distance 25 z = tV / 2 t : two-way propagation delay time V : velocity of light in the fiber Strain Distribution Strain (%) Deformation Grav el 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 Sand Deformation 20mm 40mm 60mm 80mm 100mm 120mm 140mm 160mm 180mm 200mm 43m 42m 41m 40m 39m 38m 37m 36m Distance from instrument (m) 35m 34m 19/10/2015 17:30 Optical Fiber Sensor Systems based on Fiber Bragg Gratings : FBG Sensors In Smart Skin Applications FBG SENSOR EMBEDDED FBG SENSORS IN AIRCRAFT 27 28 The SOFO displacement center shown here monitoring crack development in the 17th century Gandria Church in Switzerland. EU project SMITS(Smart Monitoring in Train Systems): High speed train on the French National Railway instrumented with fiber optic contact force measurement (Paris, Vendome). Optical Fiber Sensors in Power Plants, Oil and Gas Pipe Lines Sensors require no electrical power and are immune to electrical interference and intrinsically safe 30 Multiple measurands (Strain, Temperature, Pressure) on a single fiber are possible. Fiber Optic Tail Rotor Control System for ALHs EFPI SENSORS FOR HEALTH MONITORING OF PROPELLER BLADES OF AN ICEBREAKER USCGS POLART STAR ICE BREAKER FIBER OPTIC EFPI STRAIN GAGE Fire Detection and Warning System for Aircraft Features µ controller Based Modular Configuration SMA/Bimetal Sensor Fast Response Low Hysterisis Rugged & Compact Precise Hazardous Zone Isolation Actuation Temp. 3000c Various Other Applications On Chain Fences On Walls On Palisade Fences Securing pictures in galleries Surveillance of areas Boarder Security Optical Communications Future Fiber to Home, all controlled by Fiber Optics 35 THANK YOU FOR YOUR PATIENCE Questions? 36 Contact us at: Eagle Photonics Pvt. Ltd. Head Office : Branch Office : # 38, 22nd Main Road, 14th Cross, Padmanabhanagar, Bangalore – 560070. India Ph.: +91-80- 26395002, 26395003, Fax. +91-80-26395003 Email: [email protected] Website: www.eaglephotonics.com Plot No: 31, First Floor, Sector- 19C, Vashi, Navi Mumbai – 400705, Maharashtra, India Ph: +91 – 22- 27841425 Mob No: +91-9833073463