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BYZANTINE EMPIRE • The double-headed eagle is a common symbol in heraldry. • It is most commonly associated with the Byzantine Empire. • In Byzantine heraldry, the heads represent the dual sovereignty of the Emperor (secular and religious) and/or dominance of the Byzantine Emperors over both East and West. The Collapse of the Western Roman Empire BYZANTIUM BECOMES THE NEW ROME Constantine I, renamed the city Constantinople and in the year 330 he made it the capital of the Empire. Because of this, he is thought of as the founder of the Eastern Roman Empire or the Byzantine Empire. Constantine built a new imperial residence at Byzantium for two main reasons: - In Byzantium he could respond to the danger of the Germanic tribes. -To be close to his rich eastern provinces. • • • • Easy to defend On a peninsula Strong Walls Surrounded by a moat CONSTANTINE I, became a Roman emperor in 306 and ruled an ever-growing portion of the Roman Empire until his death 337. Constantine brought to an end 300 years of persecution, during which Christians had to worship in secret and faced arbitrary arrest and martyrdom in the coliseums. He is best remembered for : • the Edict of Milan in 313, which fully legalized Christianity in the empire. • the Council of Nicaea in 325 which he chaired. These actions completely changed the conditions under which Christians lived. He inaugurated a new era, in which Christians enjoyed the power and patronage of the Roman state. Constantine's Vision- Raphael The Fifty Bibles of Constantine were Bibles in Greek language commissioned in 331 Review Questions # 1 Q.-Why did Constantine decide to create a new eastern capital for the Roman Empire? OBJECTIVES: 1. The rise of Emperor Justinian, his achievements and life in Constantinople. 2. To characterize Byzantine education. 3. To identify the causes of the Byzantine Empire’s collapse. 4. To explain why the Eastern and Western churches created two traditions. Procopius The Secret History In his official writing, court historian Procopius described Justinian as a serious, hardworking ruler. But in “the secret history” he portrayed Justinian as “cruel, hypocritical, devious, two-faces ruler”. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS: Q. - How could a historian like Procopius give two such a different accounts of the same person? Which do you believe? • Justinian I Procopius JUSTINIAN I (482 – 565) : a new line of Caesars Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Augustus commonly known as Justinian the Great, was Byzantine Emperor from 527 to 565. • During his reign, Justinian decided to revive the Empire's greatness and reconquer the lost western half of the classical Roman Empire. • Justinian and the next Byzantine emperors exercise absolute power as heads of church and state. JUSTINIAN ACHIEVEMENTS: BUILDING THE NEW ROME 1. Justinian’s legal scholars created a uniform code of laws based on Roman laws. 2. Justinian builds, repairs, and beautifies buildings in Constantinople. 3. Constantinople bustles with commerce and culture. 1) Justinian Code of Laws The Body of the Law, was organized into 4 parts: 1. 2. 3. 4. The Code -(in Latin) The Digest -(in Latin) The Institutes - (in Latin) The Novellae - (in Greek) Review Question #2 Q.- Why do you think Justinian decided in the late 520s that it was right time to reform the Roman law? Think about: the situation of the empire; the role of laws in societies; the state of roman laws before reform. Answer: • The Byzantine Empire had a separate government and character from that of the West. It needed its own organized system of laws to regulate the life in this new era. Roman law was disorganized and contradictory and so needed reform. 2) Justinian created a massive building program. He built Constantinople into a great wealthy city with markets, palaces, and churches. Hagia Sophia The name Hagia Sophia comes from the Greek Ἁγία Σοφία and means Holy Wisdom. The emperor Justinian gave two scientists Isidorus and Anthemius the task of designing Hagia Sophia (AD 532 - 537), which was to be the new cathedral of Constantinople. The two scientists started their design by dividing the square-shaped church into three rectangles: A pendentive (as shown in green) enables the construction of a circular dome over a square room or an elliptical dome over a rectangular room. Hagia Sophia was build for five years and is the supreme masterpiece of Byzantine architecture. Small arched windows were cut into the base of the dome and the dome was reinforced with ribs and buttresses. For support, smaller half domes were placed against the arches. Hagia Sophia Hagia Sophia HIPPODROME The hippodrome offered wild chariot races and circus acts. It could held about 60,000 spectators. MOSAICS The church was richly decorated with mosaics throughout the centuries. They either depicted the Virgin Mother, Jesus, saints, or emperors and empresses. Other parts were decorated in a purely decorative style with geometric patterns. Review Questions # 3 • • • • What is an “icon”? Who banned the use of icons? Who restored icons to Eastern churches? Explain the meanings of “iconoclast” and “excommunication”. 3. BIZANTIUM WAS LEARNING CENTER The University in Constantinople taught Greek, Latin, rhetoric, medicine, history, philosophy and geometry to women as well as men. Byzantine students helped preserve classic works of Greek and Roman literature. CYRILLIC ALPHABET • In 9th century the two brothers Cyril & Methodius invented the Cyrillic alphabet for the Slavic languages. • With an alphabet , Slavs would be able to read the Bible in their own tongue. • An important Slavic nation was forming. March 24 The University of Sofia “Kliment Ohridsky” Review Questions #4 Q.- Why do you think governments so often build magnificent buildings like Hagia Sophia? Q.- What were some important features of life in Constantinople? Q.-Who invented the Cyrillic alphabet and what was its purpose? EMPRESS THEODORA -500-548 Review Questions #5 Q.- Theodora was considered as one of the most powerful woman in Byzantine history. Make a small research and found out why she was so influential and powerful? Q.-Compare Theodora with Hatshepsut, the female pharaoh of Egypt. What makes these women similar and different? THE CHURCH SPLIT 1. Differences between the Eastern and Western churches divide Christianity into two separate traditions. 2. Missionaries convert many Slavs to Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Differences Between Two Christian Traditions Roman Catholic Eastern Orthodox • Services are conducted in Latin. • Services are conducted in Greek or local languages. • The pope has authority over all other bishops. • The patriarch and other bishops head the church as a group. • The pope claims authority over all kings and emperors. • The emperor claims authority over the patriarch and other bishops of the empire. • Priests may not marry. • Priests may be married. • Divorce is not permitted. • Divorce is permitted under certain conditions. Review Questions # 6 Q.- Which church seemed to allow for greater diversity among its members? Why? Q.- Who would have more political power: the pope or the patriarch? Q.-How do you think the schism in the church might affect political relations between the Byzantine Empire and western Europe? The Fall of the Byzantine Empire • In 542 an Illness destroys a huge percentage of Byzantium’s population- the bubonic plague. • Centuries of foreign attacks from East and West reduce the Byzantine Empire- 1453 Review Questions #7 Q.- Which people attacked the Byzantine Empire? What part of the empire did they invade? Q.- Use the cluster web like one below and explain why did Byzantium fell? Why did Byzantium fell?