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Winter in the Habitat Garden Catkins, Seeds & Fruits Hazelnut catkins Corylus cornutus Red alder catkins Alnus rubra Pine siskin feeding on alder catkins Vine maple seeds Acer circinatum Snowberry Symphoricarpos albus Kinnikinick berries Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Oceanspray seedheads Holodiscus discolor Rose hips Rosa species Winter in the Habitat Garden Catkins, Seeds & Fruits Hazelnut catkins– Corylus cornutus Red alder catkins Alnus rubra Pine siskin feeding on alder catkins Vine maple seeds– Acer circinatum Snowberry- Symphoricarpos albus Kinnikinick berriesArctostaphylos uva-ursi Oceanspray seedheads– Holodiscus discolor Rose hipsRosa species Winter in the Forest Barks, Branches and Buds Big leaf maple bark Acer macrophyllum Western red cedar bark Thuja plicata Bitter cherry bark Prunus emarginata Black cottonwood bark Populus balsamifera Red alder bark Alnus rubra Indian plum branches and buds Oemlaria cerasiformis Cottonwood branch and buds Populus balsamifera Black hawthorn branches Crataegus douglasii Red osier branch and form Cornus stolonifera Winter in the Forest Evergreen Ferns & Shrubs Deer fern Blechnum spicant with Coast strawberry Fragaria chiloensis Sword fern Polystichum munitum Licorice Fern Polypodium glycyrriza Evergreen huckleberry Vaccinium ovatum Salal Gaultheria shallon Dull Oregon Grape Mahonia nervosa New growth Winter in the Forest Signs of Spring Swamp lantern, also called skunk cabbage (Lysichiton americanum), makes an early show in our wetlands. Osoberry (Oemleria cerasiformis), also called Indian plum, is the first native shrub to flower in the Westside lowland forest. Pacific chorus frog heralds in the new year with its song. Native violets (viola species) begin their sweet scented bloom in late winter. Trillium (Trillium ovatum) and Siberian miners lettuce (Claytonia sibirica) bloom together in a habitat garden. Salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis) has a bright pink blossom which attracts hummingbirds home from their southern winter migrations. Wood sorrel (Oxalis oregana) carpets the forest floor and provides a nearly year round bloom in habitat gardens. Western coltsfoot (Petasites palmatus) first shows as thick buds that transform into tall stalks of white flowers which are then followed by large leaves. Each One Teach One - Wildlife Habitat Snag ! Snags are tree trunks that are still standing after the tree has died. ! Snags can stand for as many years a s the tree was living. ! Woodpeckers make holes in snags, which helps insects to begin living in the snag. ! Woodpeckers and other birds use the holes in snags to make nests. The top of the snag will become hollow which makes good homes for bats and sometimes black bears. ! even The inside of a snag can warm up through decomposition to 80 degrees. ! Each One Teach One - Wildlife Habitat Snag ! Snags are tree trunks that are still standing after the tree has died. ! Snags can stand for as many years a s the tree was living. ! Woodpeckers make holes in snags, which helps insects to begin living in the snag. ! Woodpeckers and other birds use the holes in snags to make nests. The top of the snag will become hollow which makes good homes for bats and sometimes black bears. ! The inside of a snag can warm up through decomposition to 80 degrees. ! even Each One Teach One Beaked Hazelnut The Senses- shapes, textures and smells • The leaves are oval shaped with small teeth along the edges. • The leaves of hazelnut are usually very soft and fuzzy. • The leaves turn yellow in fall before falling off. • The young branches are very flexible. • The nuts are very hard to find and are covered with a leafy skin. • Beaked hazelnuts have catkins that hang from the branches in the winter. They are green in fall and turn bright gold in late winter. Life & Growth • Hazelnuts like to grow along edges of forests and along trails. • Hazelnuts are small trees that do not get much taller than 12 foot tall. • Hazelnuts grow in drier areas near water or in dry upland forests. • Hazelnuts grow fast and usually grow in groups with other shrubs and small trees. • Hazelnuts grow from the nuts that fall to the ground and also from suckers that spread from the clump. Each One Teach One Dull Beaked Oregon Hazelnut Grape Ethnobotany- native plant uses • The Berries nutsare from harvested hazelnut in trees late summer were a favorite and usedfood for of dried the berries, Native Americans, drinks and jams. and were Theyharvested are tart sweet in late sour summer tasting. and stored carefully for winter. • Hazelnut The bark is species important are grown medicine commercially for eye infections, today and stomach the nutsinfections are usually andcalled cuts. filberts. • Hazelnut The bark also branches makes area split very into strong fineyellow fiber to dyebeand used was forused basketry. by Native TheyAmericans make veryto strong dye wool blankets and robes, and for basketry decoration. baskets. • The long very branches young leaves can also and the be twisted flowersinto are edible rope. in small quantities for salads and snacks. • The crushed leaves are also good medicine for small cuts. Wildlife and Habitat andareHabitat •Wildlife Hazelnuts a favorite food of many species of wildlife especially squirrels, stellars jays, •raccoons, The berries crowsare and important ravens. food for mammals such as bear, coyote, red fox and raccoon. • Crows Many birds and ravens eat thesometimes berries such crack as junco, the nut sparrow, by dropping towhee, them finch, fromgrouse, the skyand onto robins. a hard surface. • Squirrels Deer and will elk eat gather the young many nuts leaves. and store them for winter. • Other Butterflies smalland animals bees feed such on as the mice pollen and chipmunks from the flowers. eat the nuts that have fallen to the ground. • Rabbits and beavers eat the bark and new shoots. Each One Teach One Black Cottonwood The Senses- shapes, textures and smells • • • • • • Leaves are shaped like a heart or spade. Leaves are shiny and light green on the top, and whitish underneath. Leaves turn yellow in fall, and turn can turn a deep black when they fall on the ground. Buds on branches in fall through spring are very sticky and have a fragrant smell. The seeds of cottonwood float through the air and look and feel like cotton. The bark of older cottonwoods is dark gray and is deeply furrowed (like hills and valleys). Life & Growth • Black cottonwood grows very fast but usually lives less than 100 years. • They can grow as tall as 150 feet. • They often grow in groups, but may grow alone. • Black cottonwood likes to grow in areas near water. • Black cottonwood prefers to grow in sun or part shade but doesn’t like deep shade. • When the leaves fall to the ground they turn a deep black, which helps to keep the soil warm in winter from solar heat. Each One Teach One Black Cottonwood Ethnobotany- native plant uses • The sticky buds are important medicine for cuts, burns and colds. • The sticky buds can be used as a sealant or as glue for attaching arrowheads and feathers to arrows. They were also used to make baskets waterproof. • The cottony seeds can be used to mix with wool for spinning, or gathered to make pillows. • The large trunks can be used to make dugout canoes. This was the tree the Lewis & Clark expedition most often used to make their dugouts. • Cottonwood roots and branches were used to make the hearth and drill for friction fires. • Many Native American people ate the sweet inner bark in spring. Wildlife and Habitat • Ducks eat the cottony seeds when they land in the water. • Great blue herons, bald eagles and other large birds often make their nesting platforms in black cottonwood trees. • Crows gather in huge flocks and nest in cottonwood trees in winter. • Bees collect the bud resin for their hives to help seal out infection and decay. • Birds and mammals collect the cottony seeds to add to their nests. Each One Teach One Big Leaf Maple The Senses- shapes, textures and smells • • • • • • • Leaves are shaped like a hand with five fingers (called lobes). Leaves are often very large, sometimes over almost 1 foot wide. Leaves turn shades of yellow, brown and green in autumn before falling off. Big leaf maple seeds are paired and shaped like a V. (Careful touching them, the young seeds have tiny stickers.) Big leaf maple seeds have wings that are beautiful to look at closely. Flowers in spring hang in clusters and are light green to white in color. They have a nice smell. Bark is grey brown with ridges and valleys and often has soft moss growing on it. Life & Growth • • • • • • Big leaf maple grows fast and can live for several hundred years. Big leaf maple grows almost 100 feet tall and very wide. Big leaf maple grows near water or in dry forests. Maple seeds fly through the air like helicopters and can travel a long distance before landing. Big leaf maple trees are often has many kinds of moss and licorice fern growing on them. Big leaf maple trees Each One Teach One Big Leaf Maple Ethnobotany- native plant uses • Leaves are so large they can be used to prepare food on, as containers for food, or as emergency picnic plates. • Wood is very strong and dense. It is used to make very strong paddles for canoes and other important tools. • The sprouted seeds in spring can be used in salads or as a trail snack. • The sap can be used to make maple syrup, though it is not the same as the sugar maple tree. • The flowers are edible and can be used in salads, and other wild food recipes. Wildlife and habitat • Big leaf maple often has cavities in its trunk, which make important homes for many animals such as raccoon, squirrel, woodpeckers and owls. • Big leaf maple seeds are important food for many birds such as finches, grosbeaks and nuthatches, and mammals such as squirrels and chipmunks. • The flowers are important to butterflies and bees. • Many birds make their nests on the large protective branches of big leaf maple. • Young seedlings are eaten by many animals such as voles, rabbits and birds. Each One Teach One Red Cedar The Senses- shapes, textures and smells • • • • • • The leaves are triangular in shape. Leaves are flat and look like scales on a snake. Look closely and they also look like flat braids. Bark is reddish brown, rough and stringy. Some people say it looks like beef jerky. Crushed leaves have a nice cedar smell. Branches of cedar trees are very flexible and strong. The wood of cedar tree is light, splits easily and has a nice cedar smell. Life & Growth • Red cedar can live to be over 1000 years old and is an important tree in an old growth forest. • Red Cedar can live in wetlands or dry upland forests. • Red cedar can grow in shade, part shade or full sun. • Red cedar cones are small and look like green rose buds when young. • Older red cedar cones are brown and face up on the branches. • Cedar seeds are inside the scales of the cone and when the cone opens the seeds have ‘wings’ which help them fly to a new place to grow. Each One Teach One Red Cedar Ethnobotany- native plant uses • The inner bark of cedar can be prepared into soft material that Native Americans used for blankets, robes, skirts and even baby diapers. • The wood of cedar tree is easy to split and carve. It is used for making houses, canoes, and carved art such as masks, house posts and totem poles. • Branches and roots of cedar are very flexible and make strong rope and baskets. • Native Americans sometimes called Red Cedar the ‘Tree of Life’ because it provided shelter, transportation and clothing. Wildlife and Habitat • Cedar seeds are important food for many small birds such as pine siskin, thrush and nuthatch, and small mammals such as Douglas squirrel. • The soft shreddy bark is used to line nests to make them warm and soft by ravens, crows and Douglas squirrel. • Many animals nest in the boughs of cedar trees such as raccoon, owls, squirrel, and many birds. • Black bear will climb up cedar trees to hide when scared. • Beaver, bear, rabbit and porcupine like to eat the sweet inner bark from young trees. • Deer and elk will eat the young leaves.