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Characteristics of Stars Use the following H-R diagram to answer questions 1-3. Write your answers in the spaces provided. A High AS 1. Which star has the greatest brightness? CO 2. vVh,ichhas the lowest brightness? The aismnw. Stars C and D have the same brightness. from ea (-\tl "What would you need to know to deter- eO F. ~~ Temperature Low~~ High ~~ Low mine their relative magnitudes? Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper. 4& 4. Explain how astronomers measure the distance to nearby stars. ,..y ";"'\'p"d OJ. P"'f("'G\/lG\)( (measul'.'e. now WlU.cn. .5+«r5 apf¥ar. -to move ClCiCfin~+- CI bGl~q,v ',' 5. "What are the main character"lstlcs used to classify stars? J s+ars that l4rlt- mtJch flJ~r siz.e ,-re.mperQ11.Ire elM brjf/fh~ss OlVV().,; 6. How' would you classify the sun b'<1sedon each of these characteristics? mt.lS,s, ' 7 ., n1editAWi Sil£. s+ar, ~OOO "C brf ~h{- ~ 'h+,erm.edl ateAsmr It very I"w; .•. Building VocabuRary -T€mp- too!er :pf"l ~rr:ri€'SS d er ~+e ". l . 1.1 .- ';J',fil From the list below, choose the ,term that best completes each sentence. galaxy parallax absolute magnitude universe giant star Hertzsprung-Russell diagram 7. A star's brightness as if it were a standard distance is its light-year' apparent magnitude main sequence Qbso(yte maSf'iitude I0.)('1 8. A huge group of stars, such as the Milky 'Nay, is a(n) ~ .9. The unit used to measure distances between stars is a(n) 10. The region of the Hertzsprung-Russell J! . ~n+ - year. diagram with the most stars is the ((lain 5e~uence 11. A graph of stars showing temperature y-a..'Cisis a(n) 12. Heftz.spOAYlj -: ~Usse.lI cliGt5ram Parallax 13. The on the x-axis and brightness on the \.Anive.rse is used to determine the distance to nearby stars. is all of space and everything in it. 14. The brightness of a star as s~en from Earth is its apparent ntt3n J+Uclelh(jJh~.t"S5 15. Because of its large size, the star Aldebaran is often called a(n) , jiAA+15fQr !.mt! i'l 5-rar , Lives of Stars Fill in each blank with the correct letter from the diagram. , . . ......... ~: .: '.. .. '" " :··':Gas;:,'·, , • :~::. &:',:"•.• : ' -, :">,' 04st ", ' • -,, Birth of star - )0 ---- ...• ) 0 ...'" :.: ..: 3 : : : ..: -,' .... A'·' e ---1) c B .. Time-------------------------------- • E o ~ 1. Red giant or supergiant 8. A 3. Part of a nebula £ 4. vVhite dwarf, neutron star, or black hole C S. The stage the sun is in 2. Where fusion begins Fill in the blank. 6. How long a star lives and what it becomes at the end of its life depend primarily on its mass .• Building Vocabulary From the list below, choose the term that best matches each phrase. e 7. pulsar C 8. white dwarf b 9. nebula d h 10. protostar 11. supernova S 12. neutron star Q 13. black hole f 14. quasar a. exerts s~h a strong gravitationalpull netic radiation can escape that no electrornag- b. a huge cloud of gas or dust in space c. what an average-sized star becomes at the end of its life d. the earliest stage of a star's life e. emits pulses of radio waves f. shines brightly in the center of a distant galaxy because of the friction of material spiraling around it g. formed from the leftover material after a giant star explodes, with three times the mass of the sun, but a diarneter of only about 20 kilometers h. an explosion that occurs at the end of a giant star's life iagram GoaD 0 Reinforce your understanding of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. Think Abotllt It The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram shows a plot of many stars' temperature against luminosity. Note that the hottest temperatures are to the left. Luminosity is compared to our Sun, which has a luminosity of 1. 1000000 10000 c: :::l C/J ~ 0 .9 "0 100 (j) Co Q. E 0 o l::.c:;; 0 c: 'E :::l -l 1 100 _1_ 10000 o B 25000 A 10000 Temperature F 6000 G K 3000 M (0C) What to Do After studying the diagram, answer the following questions. Questions 1. On the above diagram, locate and label the main sequence, white dwarfs, red giants, and supergiants. 2. Our Sun is a G2 star, about a quarter of the way along the G category. Locate our Sun on the diagram. 3. What colour stars are most numerous? Red stars Stellar Evolution Goal • Reinforce your understanding of how stars evolve. What to Do While reading "The Evolution of Stars" on page 468 of SCIENCEPOWERTM 9, answer the following questions. 2. r, 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 11. "What determines -r~ 12. Describe the outcome of a supernova? oLJ-COY'vL12.- Df-- u. SU.ptlfLDVa.. 4fendS the two end results of the cores of massive stars. 14-- k 6iJLux 6 ~r M6S 0 vcr IAP~) , 3 601Cd' 3 resLd-is fv\.-t.$ us 6Yl Ik i ¥f Stages in the Formation of Star§ GoaR •• Reinforce your understanding of the stages in the formation of stars, What te Do a Using the list of terms below, complete the following concept map on the formation of Star. You can use terms more than once. Write the correct term in each space. O'as gravitational helium hydrogen centre compress dust fusion 1. D--t <): . o· and crus in a J 2. As the cloud begins to . 3. When the }i ell UW\, increases roam sequence . nebula pressure stable temperature 10 billion 10000000°C t t10.: n e blJ. Co NprtsS, the temperature k V'.~(o.lur< in the centre reaches 10 f Il.C rease.-) 01;I) O1J0 4C. be~. 4. The increased pres >I,.t.rf... star. The sur becomes . and the energy production stops the sk,('! e.. grul/lf-a.·hirta..,! and begins to shine brightly. 5. On a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, the sur is now located on the 1IY761 n ;j4y Ul/l C~ I collapse-of the -~e.llowI tnfifmediQ+e ~, The Sun = •. Understanding lVila,inI'~;eas ~ sm~ H-\'eo/cle --" 10 b,Uiof' '1ears "V 4-.Co b,\Hon yeors old Label the diagram of the sun below. 4. .cn .tJ -) htdo seen du (i "j an eclipse • Building Vocabulary Match each term with its definition by writing the letter of the correct definition in the right column on the line beside the term in the le~ column. , . f' a. the layer of the sun s atmosphere that makes light. __ ,. 7. solar flare ~) 8. core c. the layer of the sun's atmosphere that looks like a11,~19 during an eclipse 9. chromosphere d. areas of gas on the sun that are cooler than the gases , around them d..;.... , b. the layer of the sun's atmosphere that has a r~ci~h~gLCl'tf _10. sunspot ----- e. reddish loops of gas that l!uk sunspots in pairs or groups f. explosions that occur when the loops b~~ suddenly connect 11. corona 12. nuclear fusion -sunspots g. a stream of p'artides . produced by the corona ~:;;; h. the __ 0...,;... _ 13. photosphere ~r of the sun L the joining atoms to form heliu~ - .. of h}'drogen ~~. ~-. -- e. 15. Au. _l(Q.~ pro minenC-et vvnUl sdQ( PQ("-HcAes en+« co("f+,'s - AurorQ 13oreQ'i~ -+ Nor-H1e.rn l-tjh-f-s - ~yorQ Aus-fra'i5~ Southern L\qtl+-S - atmosphere ~) Characteristics of Stars and their lifecycles (Answers) 1. All stars are born in a nebula _ gravity is the major factor in the formation of stars. 3. A nebula is a huge collection of dust and gas attracted by the force ofgravity _ 4. An example of a dark nebula where stars are born is _the Eagle nebula or pillars of creation _ 5. There are several characteristics that can be used to describe stars such as _size or mass_, _temperature and colour , and _brightness or tuminosity _ 6. A star can vary in size from very small called _a dwarf , to mid-size called _intermediate mass or main sequence.: _ and massive called _super giant"---_---:_ 7. The unit used to measure the size of stars is solar mass__ The Sun is 1 _solar mass. _ .8. An example of a super massive star is _Bete/eguese or Rigel or Antares, _ 9. Astronomers determine the temperature of stars by their _colour . The coolest stars are _red , their temperature is about_3500 °C_ and an example would be __ Betelgeuse~ _ 1O.Very hot stars are _blue-white in colour. Their temperature is about 10000 °C_and an example is _Rigel __ 11. Brightness or _luminosity is another characateristic of stars. An example of a super bright star is __ Rigel or Eta Carinae, _ 12. Using these star characteristics, the Sun would be yellow_ (colour), _above average in size (1 solar mass)_size, _6000_°C, and _above average in brightness. 13. A graph plotting the characteristics of stars is called a ___ Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. 14. Brightness or luminosity is plotted on the Y- axis and " temperature is plotted on the X- axis. 15.The diagonal or S shape region in the centre of the H-R diagram is called the __ main sequence and this shows stars in the prime of their lives . . 16.ln these stars, the force of Jlravity pushing in equals the force of nuclear _fusion__ pushing out and so the star is stable. 17. When a nebula grows and the force of gravity attracts more and more dust and gas, the temperature warms and a -protostar is formed. 18. Eventually, the temperature reaches 10 000 000 °C and nuclear _fusion occurs. A star is born! 2. The force of is.The length of time a star lives and its fate depends on its _mass. _ 20.A small mass star such as a red dwarf has a very long lifespan, about __ 100billion years because it uses its fuel up very slowly. 21. When a red dwarf runs out of fuel it becomes a while dwarf and then a black _dwarf _ 22. An intermediate mass star, like the Sun lives for about_10 billion_ years. 23.When it runs out of the fuel, the core will contract and the outer layers of the star will expand to form a _red giant 24. The outer layers of the star will peel away forming a -planetary nebula . Examples of other stars that have already met this fate are _the Hourglass nebula_., _the cars eye nebula or _the ring nebula. _ 25. Eventually, the core will become a _ white dwarf which is found _on the bottom Pi§kt l'eFtof the H-R diagram and then it will become a __ black dwarf _ 26. A massive star such as __ a blue supergiant lives for only 7 million years. These super massive stars "live fast and die young". 27. When a massive star runs out OF-hydrogenfuel, other elements are fused such as _He_, _C_ ,_81_' _. Eventually, the core contains iron and is extremely unstable, a huge explosion called a _supernova occurs. 28.The end state of such a massive star depends on the size of the core. A smaller core of 1.4 to 3 solar masses will produce a _neutron star and a larger core of over 3 solar masses will produce a _black hole. _ 29. The most numerous stars are the red dwarfs and this is because they _have such long lifespans. _