Download Characteristics of Stars

Characteristics of Stars
Use the following H-R diagram to answer questions 1-3.
Write your answers in the spaces provided.
A
High
AS
1. Which star has the greatest brightness?
CO
2. vVh,ichhas the lowest brightness?
The aismnw. Stars C and D have the same brightness.
from ea (-\tl "What would you need to know to deter-
eO
F.
~~
Temperature
Low~~
High
~~
Low
mine their relative magnitudes?
Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.
4&
4. Explain how astronomers measure the distance to nearby stars.
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','
5. "What are the main character"lstlcs used to classify stars?
J s+ars that l4rlt- mtJch flJ~r
siz.e ,-re.mperQ11.Ire elM brjf/fh~ss
OlVV().,;
6. How' would you classify the sun b'<1sedon each of these characteristics?
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7
., n1editAWi Sil£. s+ar,
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brf ~h{- ~ 'h+,erm.edl ateAsmr
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very
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.•. Building VocabuRary
-T€mp- too!er
:pf"l ~rr:ri€'SS
d er ~+e ".
l
.
1.1
.- ';J',fil
From the list below, choose the ,term that best completes each sentence.
galaxy
parallax
absolute magnitude
universe
giant star
Hertzsprung-Russell
diagram
7. A star's brightness as if it were a standard distance is its
light-year'
apparent magnitude
main sequence
Qbso(yte maSf'iitude
I0.)('1
8. A huge group of stars, such as the Milky 'Nay, is a(n) ~
.9. The unit used to measure distances between stars is a(n)
10. The region of the Hertzsprung-Russell
J!
.
~n+ - year.
diagram with the most stars is the
((lain 5e~uence
11. A graph of stars showing temperature
y-a..'Cisis a(n)
12.
Heftz.spOAYlj -: ~Usse.lI cliGt5ram
Parallax
13. The
on the x-axis and brightness on the
\.Anive.rse
is used to determine the distance to nearby stars.
is all of space and everything in it.
14. The brightness of a star as s~en from Earth is its
apparent ntt3n J+Uclelh(jJh~.t"S5
15. Because of its large size, the star Aldebaran is often called a(n)
,
jiAA+15fQr !.mt!
i'l
5-rar
,
Lives of Stars
Fill in each blank with the correct letter from the diagram.
, . .
......... ~: .: '.. ..
'"
" :··':Gas;:,'·,
, • :~::. &:',:"•.• : '
-, :">,' 04st ", ' • -,,
Birth of star
- )0 ---- ...•
) 0
...'" :.: ..: 3 : : : ..: -,'
.... A'·'
e
---1)
c
B
..
Time--------------------------------
•
E
o
~
1. Red giant or supergiant
8.
A
3. Part of a nebula
£
4. vVhite dwarf, neutron star, or black hole
C
S. The stage the sun is in
2. Where fusion begins
Fill in the blank.
6. How long a star lives and what it becomes at the end of its life depend
primarily on its
mass
.• Building Vocabulary
From the list below, choose the term that best matches each phrase.
e
7. pulsar
C
8. white dwarf
b
9. nebula
d
h
10. protostar
11. supernova
S
12. neutron star
Q
13. black hole
f
14. quasar
a. exerts s~h
a strong gravitationalpull
netic radiation can escape
that no electrornag-
b. a huge cloud of gas or dust in space
c. what an average-sized star becomes at the end of its life
d. the earliest stage of a star's life
e. emits pulses of radio waves
f. shines brightly in the center of a distant galaxy because of
the friction of material spiraling around it
g. formed from the leftover material after a giant star
explodes, with three times the mass of the sun, but a diarneter of only about 20 kilometers
h. an explosion that occurs at the end of a giant star's life
iagram
GoaD
0
Reinforce your understanding of the Hertzsprung-Russell
diagram.
Think Abotllt It
The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram shows a plot of many stars' temperature against luminosity. Note that the
hottest temperatures are to the left. Luminosity is compared to our Sun, which has a luminosity of 1.
1000000
10000
c:
:::l
C/J
~
0
.9
"0
100
(j)
Co
Q.
E
0
o
l::.c:;;
0
c:
'E
:::l
-l
1
100
_1_
10000
o
B
25000
A
10000
Temperature
F
6000
G
K
3000
M
(0C)
What to Do
After studying the diagram, answer the following questions.
Questions
1. On the above diagram, locate and label the main sequence, white dwarfs, red giants, and supergiants.
2. Our Sun is a G2 star, about a quarter of the way along the G category. Locate our Sun on the diagram.
3. What colour stars are most numerous?
Red stars
Stellar Evolution
Goal • Reinforce your understanding
of how stars evolve.
What to Do
While reading "The Evolution
of Stars" on page 468 of
SCIENCEPOWERTM 9, answer the following questions.
2.
r,
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
11. "What determines
-r~
12. Describe
the outcome of a supernova?
oLJ-COY'vL12.-
Df--
u.
SU.ptlfLDVa..
4fendS
the two end results of the cores of massive stars.
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k
6iJLux
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3 601Cd'
3 resLd-is
fv\.-t.$ us
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Ik
i
¥f
Stages in the Formation
of Star§
GoaR •• Reinforce your understanding of the stages in the formation of stars,
What te Do
a
Using the list of terms below, complete the following concept map on the formation of Star. You can use terms
more than once. Write the correct term in each space.
O'as
gravitational
helium
hydrogen
centre
compress
dust
fusion
1.
D--t
<):
.
o·
and
crus
in a
J
2. As the cloud begins to .
3. When the
}i ell UW\,
increases
roam sequence
. nebula
pressure
stable
temperature
10 billion
10000000°C
t t10.:
n e blJ.
Co NprtsS,
the temperature
k V'.~(o.lur< in the centre reaches 10
f Il.C rease.-)
01;I)
O1J0
4C.
be~.
4. The increased
pres
>I,.t.rf...
star. The sur becomes
. and the energy production stops the
sk,('! e..
grul/lf-a.·hirta..,!
and begins to shine brightly.
5. On a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, the sur is now located on the
1IY761 n ;j4y Ul/l C~
I
collapse-of the
-~e.llowI tnfifmediQ+e
~,
The Sun
=
•. Understanding
lVila,inI'~;eas
~
sm~
H-\'eo/cle --" 10 b,Uiof' '1ears
"V
4-.Co b,\Hon yeors old
Label the diagram of the sun below.
4.
.cn
.tJ
-) htdo seen du (i "j
an eclipse
• Building Vocabulary
Match each term with its definition by writing the letter of the correct definition
in the right column on the line beside the term in the le~ column. ,
.
f'
a. the layer of the sun s atmosphere that makes light.
__
,.
7. solar flare
~)
8. core
c. the layer of the sun's atmosphere that looks like a11,~19
during an eclipse
9. chromosphere
d. areas of gas on the sun that are cooler than the gases
, around them
d..;....
, b. the layer of the sun's atmosphere that has a r~ci~h~gLCl'tf
_10. sunspot
-----
e. reddish loops of gas that
l!uk sunspots
in pairs or groups
f. explosions that occur when the loops b~~
suddenly connect
11. corona
12. nuclear fusion
-sunspots
g. a stream of p'artides . produced by the corona
~:;;;
h. the
__ 0...,;...
_ 13. photosphere
~r
of the sun
L the joining
atoms to form heliu~
- .. of h}'drogen
~~.
~-.
--
e.
15.
Au. _l(Q.~
pro minenC-et
vvnUl sdQ( PQ("-HcAes en+« co("f+,'s
- AurorQ 13oreQ'i~ -+ Nor-H1e.rn l-tjh-f-s
-
~yorQ
Aus-fra'i5~
Southern
L\qtl+-S -
atmosphere
~)
Characteristics of Stars and their lifecycles (Answers)
1. All stars are born in a
nebula
_
gravity
is the major factor in the
formation of stars.
3. A nebula is
a huge collection of dust and gas attracted by the
force ofgravity
_
4. An example of a dark nebula where stars are born is _the Eagle
nebula or pillars of creation
_
5. There are several characteristics that can be used to describe stars
such as _size or mass_, _temperature and colour
, and
_brightness or tuminosity
_
6. A star can vary in size from very small called _a dwarf
, to
mid-size called _intermediate mass or main sequence.: _ and
massive called _super giant"---_---:_
7. The unit used to measure the size of stars is
solar mass__
The Sun is 1 _solar mass.
_
.8. An example of a super massive star is _Bete/eguese or Rigel or
Antares,
_
9. Astronomers determine the temperature of stars by their
_colour
. The coolest stars are _red
, their
temperature is about_3500
°C_ and an example would be
__ Betelgeuse~
_
1O.Very hot stars are _blue-white
in colour. Their temperature
is about
10000 °C_and an example is _Rigel __
11. Brightness or _luminosity
is another characateristic of
stars. An example of a super bright star is __ Rigel or Eta
Carinae,
_
12. Using these star characteristics, the Sun would be yellow_
(colour), _above average in size (1 solar mass)_size, _6000_°C, and
_above average
in brightness.
13. A graph plotting the characteristics of stars is called a
___ Hertzsprung-Russell
diagram.
14. Brightness or luminosity is plotted on the Y- axis and
"
temperature
is plotted on the X- axis.
15.The diagonal or S shape region in the centre of the H-R diagram is
called the __ main sequence
and this shows stars
in the prime of their lives .
. 16.ln these stars, the force of Jlravity
pushing in equals the
force of nuclear _fusion__ pushing out and so the star is stable.
17. When a nebula grows and the force of gravity attracts more and
more dust and gas, the temperature warms and a
-protostar
is formed.
18. Eventually, the temperature reaches 10 000 000 °C and nuclear
_fusion
occurs. A star is born!
2. The force of
is.The length of time a star lives and its fate depends on its
_mass.
_
20.A small mass star such as a
red dwarf
has a very
long lifespan, about __ 100billion
years because
it uses its fuel up very slowly.
21. When a red dwarf runs out of fuel it becomes a
while
dwarf
and then a black _dwarf
_
22. An intermediate mass star, like the Sun lives for about_10
billion_ years.
23.When it runs out of the fuel, the core will contract and the outer
layers of the star will expand to form a _red giant
24. The outer layers of the star will peel away forming a -planetary
nebula
. Examples of other stars that have already met this fate
are _the Hourglass nebula_., _the cars eye nebula
or _the
ring nebula.
_
25. Eventually, the core will become a _ white dwarf
which
is found _on the bottom Pi§kt l'eFtof the H-R diagram
and then it will become a __ black dwarf
_
26. A massive star such as __ a blue supergiant
lives for
only
7 million
years. These super massive stars "live
fast and die young".
27. When a massive star runs out OF-hydrogenfuel, other elements are
fused such as _He_, _C_ ,_81_' _. Eventually, the core contains
iron and is extremely unstable, a huge explosion called a
_supernova
occurs.
28.The end state of such a massive star depends on the size of the
core. A smaller core of 1.4 to 3 solar masses will produce a
_neutron star
and a larger core of over 3 solar masses
will produce a _black hole.
_
29. The most numerous stars are the red dwarfs
and
this is because they _have such long lifespans.
_