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Transcript
Earth’s Tilt and Seasons Axis: imaginary line that passes through Earth’s center and the North & South Poles Earth’s axis tilt = 23.5° • causes Earth’s seasons • causes ‘length’ of day to change throughout the year 23.5° Plane of orbit 23.5° Rotation: Earth’s spinning on its axis • causes night & day • Earth rotates every 24 hours Revolution: movement of one object around another • Earth revolves around the sun every 365.25 days Orbit: an object’s path as it revolves around another object • Earth’s orbit around the sun is slightly elliptical, not perfectly circular • When we are tilted toward the sun, we have summer. • When we are tilted away from the sun, we have winter 23.5° Plane of orbit 23.5° Equator: imaginary line encircling the Earth like a belt at 0° latitude • All lines of latitude are measured as north or south of the equator. Label your map! Tropic of Cancer: latitude 23.5° N Tropic of Capricorn: latitude 23.5°S Label your map! Arctic Circle: latitude 66.5° N Antarctic Circle: latitude 66.5°S Label your map! Solstice: 2 days of the year when the noon sun is directly overhead at either 23.5° S or 23.5° N 1. Summer: longest “day” of year (daylight) Around June 21st 2. Winter: shortest “day” of year (daylight) Around Dec. 21st Equinox: 2 days of the year when the noon sun is directly overhead at the equator (equal amt. of day & night) 1.Vernal (spring) Around March 21st 2.Autumnal (fall) Around Sept. 21st Copy this diagram into your notes. Seasons simulator What season is it at your house in this animation? Climate & Global Wind Patterns Weather: current condition of Earth’s atmosphere at a particular time & specific place Climate: average weather over a long period of time (decades/centuries) “Climate is what you expect, weather is what you get.” • Because sun’s rays strike earth at different angles, we have unequal heating of the earth’s surface Two factors that influence climate 1. Temperature 2. Precipitation 4 Factors influencing a climate’s TEMPERATURES 1. Latitude 2.Altitude 3.Distance from water 4. Ocean currents 1. Latitude: distance on a map measured north & south of the equator in degrees Polar Label your map! Polar GAH! The spelling on this illustration is terrible. Stupid internet! 3 BASIC CLIMATE ZONES A. Tropical zone = HOT • near equator b/t Tropic of Cancer (23.5°N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23.5°S) Label your map! B. Temperate zones (2 ) have seasons, not always hot or cold b/t Tropic of Cancer (23.5°N) and Arctic Circle (66.5°N) AND b/t Tropic of Capricorn (23.5°S) and Antarctic Circle (66.5°S) Label your map! C. Polar zones (2) = COLD b/t Arctic Circle (66.5°N) and North Pole (90°N) AND b/t Antarctic Circle (66.5°S) and South Pole (90°S) Label your map! 2. altitude: distance above earth’s surface; measured from sea level higher altitudes = cooler temps. Mt. Kilimanjaro latitude = 3°S 3. distance from LARGE bodies of H2O (oceans or inland seas) closer to H2O = more moderate climate 4. ocean currents: flow of water in a particular direction in the ocean • warm currents carry warm H2O; • cold currents carry cold H2O Gulf Stream: warm H2O ocean current starts at tip of Florida and warms eastern U.S. & western Europe desert H2O Copy this diagram to show windward (wet) & leeward (dry) sides of 2. prevailing winds: winds that blow in one general direction Aerosols in the atmosphere (video) a. Trade winds • flow toward equator from about 30°N & 30°S latitude • blow from the east to the west • can bring storms like hurricanes across the ocean from Africa to the U.S. • used by trading ships to quickly get across the ocean from Europe to the New World 60°N 30°N 0° 30°S 60°S Label your map! b. Westerlies • blow between 30 ° and 60 ° latitude in both the N and S hemispheres • move from west to east • move weather across the U.S. and Canada http://www.ssec.wisc.edu/data/us_comp/m ovie-large.php 60°N 30°N 0° 30°S 60°S c. Polar Easterlies • Dry and extremely cold air from the poles • Flow between the poles and the Westerlies, in both N and S hemispheres. • Blow from east to west 60°N 30°N 0° 30°S 60°S Label your map! 60°N 30°N 0° 30°S 60°S The Coriolis Effect • caused by earth's rotation, currents seem to: o turn clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere o turn counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. • influences the direction of winds & ocean currents around the world Label your map! Weather you like it or not! (4m) National Geographic.com Weather 101 Weather: condition of the atmosphere at a particular time and place Meteorology: the study of weather Meteorologist: scientist who studies the weather AND tries to predict it All weather systems are powered by the SUN Air: consists of different gases, including H2O vapor, and other particles • it has mass & volume and exerts pressure • denser air has more pressure 5 Factors that affect weather: 1. humidity 2. cloud cover 3. temperature (heat) 4. air pressure 5. wind (spells “watch” backwards) 1. Humidity: amount of water vapor in the air • condenses into clouds which can result in precipitation • Warm air holds more water vapor than cold air, so it’s more humid in the summertime! dew point: temp. at which condensation occurs (both in the air or on the ground) hygrometer: instrument used to measure relative humidity 2. Clouds form when H2O vapor cools and condenses onto tiny particles in the air 3. Temperature measurement of amount of thermal energy affects weather by affecting: 1. air pressure 2. winds 3. humidity thermometer: instrument used to measure temperature satellite imagery 4. Air pressure: the force exerted by a column of air pushing down on an area affected by • altitude • higher atmosphere is thinner/less dense* • temperature • warmer air expands and is less dense *“ear popping” is caused by unequal air pressure Normal air pressure (at sea level): 14.7 psi Barometer: instrument used to measure air pressure 5. Wind: movement of air from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure WINDS ARE CAUSED BY DIFFERENCES IN AIR PRESSURE Anemometer: instrument used to measure wind speed Wind vane: instrument to show wind direction Wind map Air mass: a huge body of air with similar: • humidity (moisture content) • temperature • air mass properties depend on where on Earth it develops. AIR MASSES • Changes in weather are caused by the development and movement of large air masses. Maritime (m) • starts over water • brings in moist air Continental (c) • starts over land • brings in dry air Tropical (T) • starts near the equator • brings in warm air Polar (P) • starts in polar regions • brings in cold air AIR MASS GLOBE MAP 4 Types of Air Masses 1. Maritime tropical (mT) 2. Maritime polar (mP) 3. Continental tropical (cT) 4. Continental polar (cP) 1. Maritime 2. Continental 1. Tropical 2. Polar ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Jet stream • develops where air masses of drastically differing temperatures meet. • VERY strong current (stream) of winds high up in the atmosphere Pilots use them when flying from west to east to decrease travel time. Front: boundary where • air masses meet , but • do not mix Type depends on • kinds of the air masses, and • how they move. 3 basic types of fronts: 1. warm 2. cold 3. stationary The direction the symbol is pointing is the direction it is GOING! Hyperlink: weather fronts (4:44m) 1. warm front • warm air mass pushes into a slowly moving cold air mass. • cold air is denser, so warm air is pushed up. • can cause precipitation for days Warm Front 2. cold front • fast moving cold air mass runs into a slower warm air mass • denser cold air slides under less dense warm air. • associated with violent storms Cold Front 3. Stationary front • cold and warm air masses meet, but neither mass moves the other. • the two air masses face each other in a “standoff.” Weather Map #1 Weather Map #2 Tropical Weather 3 types based on wind speed 1. Tropical depression • storm with max. sustained winds of 38 mph • forms over warm tropical oceans • storm is numbered 2. Tropical storm • storm with max. sustained winds between 39 – 73 mph • storm is named • forms from a tropical depression 3. Hurricane • Largest storm on Earth • forms from a tropical storm • Sustained wind speeds of at least 74 mph • counter-clockwise winds • categorized from Category 1 (74-95 mph) to Category 5 (over 155 mph) Tracking Map FRONT SYMBOLS