Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Unit 5 Cell Reproduction Lecture GN 1 slides: 1-35 Name: __________________________ There are differences in the ways and for what purpose organisms reproduce. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes reproduce Differently! Remember: Prokaryotes are ____________________________________ Eukaryotes are ____________________________________ Prokaryotes lack a _________________________, have a singular ____________________________________ and only reproduce __________________________by _________________________________. Steps in Binary Fission, ASEXUAL: (the ONLY way prokaryotes reproduce) 1. _____________________________________________________________ 2. DNA and cell __________________________________________________ 3. Each cell divides into ___________________________________________. Eukaryotes: have 2 ways to reproduce: Asexually and sexually. Let’s focus on the asexual way first. Eukaryotes contain a _________________________________________________________________________ Eukaryotic cells reproduce ASEXUALLY through________________________________________. This type of cell division provides new cells for ________________________________________________. The CELL CYCLE OF EUKARYOTES contains many steps: A cell grows and ______________________________________ It divides ___________________________________________ It divides the cytoplasm to form________________________________________________________________________. Please jump to slides 29-35 Lets take a close look at chromosomes before learning about the cell cycle. Slide 29: Before a cell can divide itself into 2 cells, it must duplicate it’s DNA. DNA needs to duplicate and __________________________________________________________________________. Chromosomes: Are a condensed form of ____________________________________. Chromatin is a threadlike ____________________________________________________________ When duplicated it is always paired ____________________________________________ Label me! These are images of what chromatin is like before, during and after doubling. 1. Double ______________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Condensed chromatin_____________________________________________________________________________ 4. Condensed chromatin during interphase. S PHASE where the DNA is duplicated. 5. Super coiled chromatin (now called a chromosome) (or sister chromatids) during Prophase. Organisms have different numbers of chromosomes. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes totaling 46 23 from the maternal, and 23 from paternal In Humans there are 2 types of Chromosomes: Autosomes and Sex Chromosomes Autosomes: ____________________________________________________________________________________ Sex Chromosomes: The 23rd pair . In females the sex chromosomes are the __________________________________. Males have ________________________________________________________________________________________ The presence of the Y chromosome is what makes a baby a BOY Is this the karyotype of a boy or of a girl? BACK TO CELL CYCLE !! slides 9-28. There are three main Stages in the cell cycle: 1st Stage:________________________________ Cell growth and __________________________ 2nd Stage: ______________________________ Division of the nucleus 3rd Stage: ______________________________ Division of the cell cytoplasm Interphase alone has 3 phases: G1, S, and G2 Interphase is 90% of the cell lifetime!!! Interphase G1: Growth Phase First ___________________________ Cell increases____________________________ Cell prepares_______________________________________ S : Synthesis Phase Chromatin is__________________________ Cell now has_____________________________________ Synthesizing ______________________________________________ G2: Growth Phase Cell _____________________________________________________ Produces needed ____________________________________________ “stock piling_______________________________________________________________________ There are check points along this cycle to check that all is working well. There are three main checkpoints: G1 Cell Growth checkpoint: Occurs towards end of G1 phase S Synthesis checkpoint: Occurs during S phase M Mitosis Checkpoint: Occurs during Mitosis Mitosis Cell growth and ____________________________________________. 4 stages of Nuclear Division in this sequence: 4 Stages of MITOSIS 1. ________________________ 2.__________________________ 3.__________________________ 4._________________________ The steps of Prophase: chromatin coils tightly and___________________________________________________ Nuclear ___________________________________________________________________ Nuceolus _________________________________________________ Centrioles_________________________________________________ Spindle____________________________________________________ The Steps of Metaphase: Spindle fibers form __________________________________________________________ Cell is preparing to ___________________________________________________________________ Cell aligns its ____________________________________________________________________ The Steps of Anaphase: Cell _________________________________________________________________________ Spindle fibers ________________________________________________________________________ The Steps of Telophase: Separation of sister chromatids completed Cell_______________________________________________________________________________ Cleavage ____________________________________________________________________________ Nucleus and nucleolus reform ** 2 new Nuclei form ___________________________________________________________________ Chromosomes uncoil___________________________________________________________________ Mitosis ENDS Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm is ____________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ Forms ________________________________________________________________ Mitosis and Cytokinesis results in the production of _________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ All cells undergo the cell cycle EXCEPT for Sperm and Egg cells (reproductive Cells) Cell Cycle and Mitosis Questions 1.. Prokaryotic organisms include ___________, while plants and animals are ____________. 2. Describe prokaryotes._____________________________________________________________________________ 3. How do bacteria asexually reproduce?________________________________________________________________ 4. Name a bacterial cell that reproduces by binary fission.__________________________________________________ 5. How do eukaryotes asexually reproduce cells?__________________________________________________________ 6. The stages in the growth and reproduction of a cell are called the __________ ___________. 7. List the 5 stages in the cell cycle.__________________ ________________________ _______________________ ______________________________ ___________________________________. 8. What does G1 stage stand for?______________________________________________________________________ 9. Name two things that happen to a cell during G1?______________________________________________________ 10. What is the S stage of the cell cycle? 11. _________ instructions are copied in the S phase as ___________ are duplicated. 12. _______ stands for second growth stage. 13. G2 is the time between ____________ and ___________. 14. Cells continue to _________ during G2 and to make __________ that will be needed for mitosis or cell division. 15. Mitosis or cell division is known as the _____________ stage. 16. Does a cell continue growing & making proteins in the M phase?______________________________________ 17. Mitosis means division of the ________________________________. 18. ______________________________ makes up the longest part of a cell's life cycle. 19. What happens to cells during interphase?____________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 20. Are chromosomes visible during interphase?____________________________ Mitosis 21. Name the 4 stages of mitosis.__________________________________, ___________________________ _____________________________________, _________________________________________ 21. Name 2 things that happen to a cell during prophase._________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ 22. Can chromosomes be seen during prophase?__________________________________ 23. How many pairs of chromosomes are found in humans?_________________________________________ 24. List 3 things that occur during metaphase.____________________________________________________________, _________________________________________________________, ________________________________________ 25. Where are chromosomes located during metaphase of a cell?________________________________________ 26. What stage occurs after metaphase?_______________________________________________________________ 27 . List 2 things that happen to cells during anaphase.__________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 28. What is the last stage of mitosis?_____________________________________________________________ 29. Where are the two sets of chromosomes located at Telophase?_______________________________________ 30. What two things reform during Telophase?___________________________________________________________ 31. _________________________ or division of the cytoplasm follows ___________, division of the nucleus, and forms ____________ daughter cells. 32. How do the two, new daughter cells compare to each other?____________________________________________