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Chapter 9: The Sensory System 1. A) B) C) D) Ans: Proprioceptors are involved in the sense of pain. temperature. pressure. movement of limbs. D 2. A) B) C) D) Ans: Which are chemoreceptors? taste olfactory proprioceptors taste and olfactory D figure 9.1 3. Which letter in figure 9.1 points to the retina? Ans: a 4. Which letter in figure 9.1 points to the fovea centralis? Ans: b 5. Which letter in figure 9.1 points to the ciliary body? Ans: c 6. Which letter in figure 9.1 points to the sclera? Ans: d 7. Which letter in figure 9.1 points to the choroid? Ans: e Page 70 8. A) B) C) D) E) Ans: Refraction occurs in the retina cornea choroid sclera ciliary body B 9. A) B) C) D) E) Ans: Receptors are located in the retina cornea choroid sclera ciliary body A 10. A) B) C) D) E) Ans: Absorption occurs in the retina cornea choroid sclera ciliary body C 11. A) B) C) D) E) Ans: The lens are held by the retina cornea choroid sclera ciliary body E 12. A) B) C) D) E) Ans: Protection is the function of the retina cornea choroid sclera ciliary body D Page 71 13. A) B) C) D) Ans: Which is(are) true of the rods? see color function in dim light located in the fovea all of these B 14. A) B) C) D) Ans: The lens of the eye rounds up for distant vision. for close vision. when a person is frightened. when sleeping. B 15. A) B) C) D) Ans: The medial rectus muscle rolls the eye upward. turns the eye outward, away from the midline. turns the eye inward, toward the midline. rotates the eye clockwise. C 16. A) B) C) D) Ans: Which is(are) involved in refraction? lens iris choriod all of these A 17. A) B) C) D) Ans: The optic nerve is located behind the lens. blind spot. ciliary body. fovea. B 18. A) B) C) D) Ans: Nearsightedness is due to a(n) damaged retina. elongated eyeball. damaged lens. damaged cornea. B Page 72 19. A) B) C) D) Ans: Glaucoma is due to a detached retina. blocked drainage duct. damaged lens. damaged sclera. B 20. A) B) C) Ans: The receptors for hearing and balance are in the outer ear. middle ear. inner ear. C figure 9.2 21. Which letter in figure 9.2 points to the tympanic membrane? Ans: a 22. Which letter in figure 9.2 points to the cochlea? Ans: c 23. Which letter in figure 9.2 points to the semicircular canals? Ans: b 24. A) B) C) Ans: The auditory canal is part of the middle ear outer ear inner ear B Page 73 25. A) B) C) Ans: The cochlea is part of the middle ear outer ear inner ear C 26. A) B) C) Ans: The ossicles are part of the middle ear outer ear inner ear A 27. A) B) C) D) Ans: Which is not involved in hearing? ossicles cochlea semicircular canals pinnae C 28. A) B) C) D) Ans: Which has hair cells? cochlea semicircular canals vestibule all of these D 29. A) B) C) D) Ans: Which is connected to the auditory tube? inner ear. cochlea. middle ear. outer ear. C 30. A) B) C) D) Ans: Conduction deafness is due to damage to the organ of Corti. incus, malleus, and stapes. cochlear nerve. all of these. B 31. Describe the focusing process of the eye. Ans: The focusing of the eye, or accommodation, is the result of the contraction and relaxation of the ciliary muscle. When an object is near, the ciliary muscle contracts and the lens becomes round so the object is in focus on the retina. When an object is far away, the ciliary muscle relaxes and the lens flattens. Page 74 32. Describe the process in which sound waves are conducted to the spiral organ. Ans: Sound waves enter the auditory canal and vibrate the tympanic membrane, which vibrates the ossicles in the middle ear. The sound waves or vibrations are then sent through the oval window, making vibrations or waves in the fluid in the canals of the inner ear. This stimulates the hearing receptors, located on the spiral organ in the cochlea, which send the information to the temporal lobe of the cerebrum. 33. Explain how the senses of taste and smell supplement one another. Ans: They work together to create a combined effect when interpreted by the cerebral cortex. 34. Explain why someone with a vitamin A deficiency might have dim vision at night. Ans: Rods contain rhodopsin, a molecule that contains the protein opsin and the pigment retinal. The more rhodopsin present in the rods, the better the dim vision. Because retinal is a derivative of vitamin A, the person could have poor night vision if he/she has a deficiency of this vitamin. 35. When a person suffers a heart attack they often experience pain in their left shoulder and arm. What is this called and why does it occur? Ans: This is an example of referred pain. Referred pain occurs when nerve impulses originating at internal organs are transmitted to neurons which receive messages from the skin. The brain interprets the pain from the organ as coming from the skin. 36. Distinguish between the fovea centralis and the blind spot. Ans: The fovea centralis is a spot on the retina where images are centered and where the cones are most highly concentrated. The blind spot is a region on the retina where there are no photoreceptors. The blind spot is located where the optic nerve leaves the eye. 37. Compare rods and cones with regard to function, location, and structure. Ans: Rods are rod-shaped photoreceptors that are most concentrated in the periphery of the retina and function in dim light. Rods do not see color or fine detail but they detect motion very well. Cones are cone-shaped photoreceptors that are most concentrated in the fovea centralis of the retina and function in bright light. Cones detect fine detail and are responsible for color vision. 38. Explain the difference between conductive deafness and nerve deafness. Ans: Conductive deafness results from a decreased ability to conduct vibrations to the inner ear and occurs when the ossicles of the middle ear fuse together, or when an ossicle becomes spongy. Nerve deafness generally results from cilia on the spiral organ having been worn away. 39. What change occurs in many individuals over 40 that causes an individual to require reading glasses? Ans: The lens loses some of its elasticity and therefore some of its ability to accommodate, or to focus the image of a near object (the printed word) on the retina. Page 75 40. Describe the effects of ciliary muscle contraction and relaxation on the shape of the lens. Ans: When the ciliary muscle contracts, the lens becomes more rounded. When the ciliary muscle relaxes, the lens becomes more flattened. 41. List the following ear structures in the order that they would be encountered by vibrations or pressure waves: Cochlear canal, spiral organ, oval window, round window, vestibular canal, tympanic canal. Ans: Oval window, vestibular canal, cochlear canal, spiral organ, tympanic canal, round window. 42. Discriminate between rotational and gravitational equilibrium with regard to type of movement sensed and sensory structures involved. Ans: Rotational equilibrium allows for the sensation of rotational and angular movement and involves the semicircular canals. Gravitational equilibrium allows for the sensation of vertical or horizontal movement in one place and involves the utricle and saccule. 43. A) B) C) D) Ans: Nociceptors are stimulated by chemicals released from damaged tissues. detect pain. are found in internal organs. All of these choices are correct. D 44. A) B) C) D) E) Ans: Which functions in gravitational equilibrium? saccule uutricle semicircular canals Both saccule and utricle are correct. Choices saccule, utricle and semicircular canals are correct. D 45. A) B) C) D) Ans: Which is not a component of the semicircular canals? ampullae cupulae otoliths All of these choices are components of the semicircular canals. C 46. A) B) C) D) Ans: Which aspect of a noise may affect hearing loss? loudness duration proximity All of these choices are correct. D Page 76