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The moon formed when a
large object collided with
Earth. The material mixed
and some broke off to
form the moon. This is
called the Impact Theory.
The moon formed
when Earth was still
young and is
currently 4.4 – 4.45
billion years old.
Rogue planet colliding with Earth.
Elle Grant
The moon revolves around Earth and is, on
average, 384,399 km away from Earth.
No. The moon’s orbit around Earth isn’t a
circle, so its distance from Earth varies. At
Perigee (nearest distance) the moon is
about 363,104 km away. At Apogee
(farthest distance) the moon is about
405,696 km away.
How big is the moon?
-The diameter of the moon
is 3476 km (2160 miles)
across.
-The surface area is 38
million km2 (14.6 million
miles2).
-The density of the Moon is
3.346 g/cm3.
-The mass of the Moon is
7.347 x 1022 kg.
-5th biggest moon in the
Solar System
-2nd densest moon in the
Solar System
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Travels around the Earth in a counterclockwise orbit
Orbits at a speed of 2,288 miles per hour
Travels at different speeds at different parts of its orbit
Orbit is eliptical
Period of Rotation: 29.5 days
Period of Revolution: 27.3 days
Only one side of the moon is visible from Earth because it
rotates on its axis at about the same rate at which it orbits
the Earth
Layers of the Moon
Crust:
-Moon’s dry, dusty, and rocky outer layer/surface
-Moon rocks samples show much of aluminum and titanium
Rigid Lithosphere Mantle:
-A rocky layer that’s not hot enough to flow
-Hard shell of 620 miles thick
Non-rigid mantle:
-Asthenospheric layer; rock is less rigid than in a
lithosphere but rigid enough to transmit seismic waves
-Deepest parts are hot enough to flow
Outer Core:
-liquid iron outer core
-radius: 205 miles
Inner Core:
-Sold iron-rich rock inner core
-radius: 150 miles
By studying the rate of spin of a body, as well as determining the mass of
the body, scientists can figure out if the body must have a core and how
large that core must be.
Moon Tectonic Activity, Rock Cycle,
and Volcanism
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Tectonic Activity
– Fewer moonquakes than earthquakes and moonquakes have much less magnitude.
– Moon has solid mantle=no convection=no tectonic activity=fewer moonquakes +
moonquakes with less magnitude
Volcanism
– There is a lot of lava on the moon but very few volcanoes.
– fissures, long cracks in the moons surface, formed and allowed magma to seep
onto the surface a long time ago
– Conclusion of Volcanism on Moon: There were no large volcanoes on the moon,
the lava came from fissures in the moon’s surface.
Rock Cycle
– No rock cycle on the moon because the moon has no tectonic activity,
weathering, or erosion
– No weathering and erosion on the moon because there is no water or wind
Lunar Highlands
-The lunar highlands are the
lighter areas on the surface of the
moon.
-They are located everywhere
around the moon
-The lunar highlands are
composed of light aluminum-rich
material. The rocks are mostly
Anorthosite, a type of igneous rock
that is not common on Earth due
to Earth’s tectonic activity.
Lunar Highlands
•The Lunar Maria are a series of black basaltic plains on the lunar surface, caused
by volcanic activity millions of years ago.
•They are very vast, and in total, cover 16 percent of the moon’s surface. They are
visible to the naked eye from earth even.
• Early astronomers actually thought they were seas and thus named them “Maria”
(literally “seas”).
• Their mineral composition is mainly basalt, in the form of mafic igneous rocks.
They are classified into three groups based on the basalt: high-Ti basalts, low-Ti
basalts, and very Low-Ti (VLT) basalts. (Ti=titanium)
The Moon’s Gravity
The Moon’s average gravity is 1.622 m/s², whereas the
Earth’s gravity is 9.78 m/s². The gravity of the Moon is
precisely 83.3% less than that of the Earth. This is
because the Moon has about ¼ the mass of the Earth,
and the less the mass, the less the gravity. If you
weighed 100 pounds on Earth, you would only weigh
16.6 pounds on the Moon!
The Moon’s Magnetic Field
Earth’s magnetic field is created by convection (hotter/less
dense material rises while colder/more dense material
sinks).
 Moon is too small for convection to take place.
 Magnetic field generated as moon’s core and mantle rotate
(on slightly different axes) and since the boundary between
them is not spherical, their motion mixes the fluids around.
 Moon does have poles, although they are a lot weaker than
Earth’s magnetic poles.
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Lunar Atmosphere
JP Park
•Until recently, most everyone
accepted the conventional wisdom
that the moon has virtually no
atmosphere
•Lunar Atmospheric Composition
Experiment (LACE) detected small
amounts of a number of atoms
and molecules including helium,
argon, and possibly neon,
ammonia, methane and carbon
dioxide
•Moon: Thin atmosphere,
molecules don’t move a lot
Earth: Thick, dense atmosphere,
molecules collide into each other
•The temperature of the moon in the daytime happens
to be very hot, around 100 degrees C. At night, it
becomes cold, as cold as minus 173 degrees C.
•This occurs because our moon has no atmosphere to
hold in its heat at night or stop its surface from becoming hot
during the day.
•Because the moon has no atmosphere, this means there is no wind and
weather. You cannot have weather of any kind without an atmosphere.
Apollo 1- The mission was supposed to be the first crewed flight of
Apollo, the astronauts died when a fire burned through the
command module.
Apollo 7- Apollo 7 was the first manned earth orbit flight test of the
Command and Service module. The capsule and crew were safely
recovered in the Atlantic Ocean.
Apollo 8- NASA's three astronauts became the first humans to see
the moon's far side. They orbited the moon but didn’t land.
Apollo 9- The first flight test of the complete lunar landing mission.
During ten days of operations, the crew demonstrated all Apollo
mission maneuvers.
Apollo 10- The first lunar flight of the complete spacecraft. Had a
fully configured lunar module.
Apollo 13- It was to be the third lunar landing attempt, but the
mission discontinued after the explosion of the oxygen tank.
Apollo Missions that Landed on the Moon
Apollo 11 : Featured the first man on
the moon which was Neil Armstrong
(“The Eagle has landed…”)
Apollo 12 : Was created to drop off
Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments
Package, or ALSEP, to be left on moon’s
surface for long period of time
Apollo 14: Recovery from failure of
Apollo 13 and had the same landing site
as Apollo 13.
 Apollo 15: First launch of a lunar
roving vehicle (LRV) to carry 2
astronauts and first launch of satellite
from space
Apollo 16 – First use of moon as
astronomical observatory
Apollo 17 – First geologist on lunar
surface and greatest amount of lunar
samples returned to Earth
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How many Moon rocks were brought back to earth?
Where are they?
Apollo 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, and 17 brought back
381.69kg (841.6lb) of Moon Rock. Also, Soviet Luna
16 and 20 missions brought back another 130g to
Earth. 5kg of Moon rocks were sent to museums
around the world for display, and only 5.1% are
allowed for scientific study and research. The rest is
preserved for posterity.
Thad Roberts
Thad Roberts was very outgoing and intelligent. He was
hired to work at NASA. He became a Geo-astrophysicist. He
stole some moon rocks to impress his girlfriend and then he
tried to sell them. He was sentenced to 100 days in federal
prison. Sex on the Moon is a book written about his exploits.
Near and Far Sides of the Moon
Far Side
Near Side
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Permanently facing Earth
Filled with large lunar
seas (basaltic plains)
31.2% covered by seas
Moon’s crust is thinner
and hotter
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Permanently turned away
from Earth
Many craters with few
lunar seas
1% covered by seas
Moon’s crust is thicker
and cooler
Craters on the Moon
The Lunar Roving Vehicle
By Rebecca Lee
• Electric vehicle designed to operate in the lowgravity vacuum of the Moon.
• Capable of traveling across the lunar surface,
allowing the Apollo astronauts to extend the
range of their surface extravehicular activities.
• Had a mass of 210 kg and was designed to hold
a payload of an additional 490 kg on the lunar
surface.
• The frame was 3.1 meters long and the
maximum height was 1.14 meters.
•Three LRVs were driven on the Moon, one on
Apollo 15, one on Apollo 16, and one on Apollo 1.
•Each of the three rovers was used on three
traverses, one per day over the three day course
of each mission.
•The final cost was $38 million.
LUNOKHOD
Where is it now?
Description-
The location of Lunokhod was
unknown until 2010. Albert
Abdrakhimov located the
rover “in Lunar
Reconnaissance Orbiter.”
Lunokhod 2 is still being tracked
by “lunar laser ranging
experiments,” but its location is
known within the margin of a
few meters.
*4.5 feet by 5.5 feet by 5 feet
*Weight: 1850 pounds on Earth
*Eight Wheels
*3 TV Cameras
*Power Supply by batteries
*Has solar panels
*Has a heat source inside for warmth during nighttime on
Moon
What is it?
• Lunokhod was a group of robotic
rovers, part of the Soviet Union’s
space program, Luna, to explore
the moon and its hidden secrets.
FUN FACTS!
• Lunokhod literally means
moon walker
• Two Lunokhod missions
successfully landed on the
moon
• Five operators were
needed to drive Lunokhod
during its examination of
the moon
• The first Lunokhod operated
for 10-11 months.
• Three Lunokhod rovers were
created
• During its 10 month period,
Lunokhod sent a little over
20,000 photos to Earth,
completed 500 tests of
moon soil, and covered
approximately 6.5 miles
NASA’s LCROSS Program
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Lunar CRater Observation and Sensing Satellite
The objective of LCROSS is to confirm the presence or absence of water
ice in a crater located at the Moon’s South Pole
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*LCROSS
was launched on Thursday, June 18, 2009
LCROSS also provides technological subsystems (small system within a
larger system) that can be used to support future mission architectures
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This mission is important because finding water on the Moon’s surface
is very important to the future of human activities on the Moon
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It was successful in discovering water in the southern lunar crater,
Cabeus
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Maya Krishnamurthy
NASA’s LRO (June 18, 2009)
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Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
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31 mile polar orbit of Earth’s moon
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Closest any spacecraft has orbited moon
Investigate moon for conditions to allow humans to return
to it
Instruments for better understanding:
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Cosmic Ray Telescope – lunar radiation environment
Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment – find cold traps
Lyman-Alpha Mapping Project – search for ice and frost in polar
regions and provide images of shadowed regions
Lunar Exploration Neutron Detector - maps of hydrogen
distribution and get information on neutron part of the lunar
radiation environment
Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter – slope of possible landing sites and
roughness
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera – pictures of surface
Mini-RF – search for water ice and communication with Earth
Sarah Uddin
NASA’s Moon Mineralogy Mapper Program
- Launched on India's
Chandrayaan-1 on October
22, 2008
- Spectral sampling is
also used
--Imaging spectometer that
examines minerals on the
moon
- Knowledge of mineralogy
helps us better understand
the Moon origin and growth
and the formation of the
terrestrial planets
- Mapped entire lunar
surface
- Spacial samplingstudying a limited amount
of areas on the moon
-Visible light, infrared and
X-Ray used to map the
moon
-Important for both scientific
and explorative purposes
- Targets studied include
peaks of large craters,
volcanic terrain,
boundaries where
different types of rocks
mix and polar regions of
the moon
--Water found on moon could
determine whether astronauts
could ever live on the Moon
- Provided the most intricate
detail of the widest spectral
range of the Moon ever!
Justin Najimian: Period 12
NASA’s Orion
Program
By Jeffrey Shen
•Announced in 2004 by George W. Bush
•Planned to explore space past low earth orbit, and planed to explore the
moon, asteroids and even Mars in the future
•Was planed to built by Lockheed Martin for the use by NASA and the
European Space Agency
•Part of the cancelled Constellation Project, but survived and was aided by
already completed space designs to perfect the designs for space travel
•Was influenced by designs from the past Apollo program
•Was proposed after the failure of Space Shuttle Columbia as an alternative
to exploring dead space
•Would utilize reusable parts and disposable parts, similar to the space
shuttle program
NASA GRAIL Program
•Stands For Gravity Recovery And Interior Laboratory
•It will use win space craft around the Moon to measure and
map the differences in the Moon’s gravitational field
•Most accurate measurements of a gravity filed of any
planet
•GRAIL’s main goal is to study the structure of the Moon.
•This includes the moon’s interior, from crust to core
•Also make understanding the thermal evolution the
Moon
•The aim is to map the Moon's gravity field so completely
that future Moon vehicles can safely navigate anywhere on
the Moon's surface.
•GRAIL’s secondary goal is to use knowledge from the Moon
to apply it to other terrestrial planets
Kyle Choy
NASA’s rover competition
• NASA competition in which you have to engineer, design,
build and then race a buggy through an obstacle course
• Help for NASA’s current plans to explore outer space
• Competition held every April at the U.S. Space & Rocket
Center
• This will provide experiences that will help students and
scientists with technologies that will be needed in future
exploration missions.
eXploration Habitat (X-Hab)
Academic Innovation Challenge
Past winners have
designed vertically
oriented habitat, modular
storage, and robotic
plant growth systems.
2015 teams created a
greenhouse for Mars,
inflatable air lock
system, air purification
system, and 3D printing
to create needed tools in
space.
University of Vermont
University of Colorado at Boulder
Oklahoma State University
University of South Alabama
University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
Werewolves
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People change from human
to werewolf during a full
moon
The Werewolf Myth dates
back as far as ancient
Greece.
The myth was used in
Europe during the Middle
Ages to rationalize Serial
Killing
Horror films, such as The
Wolf Man, were created
about Werewolves