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61. George Washington’s service as president of the U.S. was an example of civil duty. He accepted the presidency because he felt it was his duty to serve the people, rather than retire to his plantation. 62. Alexander Hamilton: a leader of the Federalists, first Treasurer of the United States, and creator of the Bank of the U.S. - killed in a duel by the V. P. of the U. S. ELASTIC CLAUSE 63. The following Supreme Court cases, ruled by Chief Justice John Marshall, helped to strengthen the power of the federal government over the states. • McCulloch v. Maryland(1819) Use of the elastic clause • Gibbons v. Ogden(1824) Federal government regulates interstate trade 64. Free Enterprise is an economic system where citizens are free to choose how to make a living, with very little government intrusion. 65. President Washington demonstrated the increased power of the federal government by sending the army to stop the Whiskey Rebellion. 66. The first political parties were formed as a result of disagreements over the power of the federal government between Hamilton and Jefferson. 67. George Washington’s Farewell Address advised the United States to stay “neutral in its relations with other nations” and to avoid “entangling alliances”. 68. President Thomas Jefferson purchased the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803. 69. Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence, became the 3rd President of the United States and purchased the Louisiana territory, doubling the size of the United States. 70. Marbury v. Madison was the 1803 Court decision that gave the Supreme Court the power of judicial review - the right to determine whether a law violates the Constitution. John Marshall’s ruling established judicial review. 71. British impressment (forcing people to serve in a foreign country’s army or navy) resulted in the Embargo Act, which banned trade with all foreign countries and hurt the U.S. economy. 72. The War of 1812 was fought between the United States and England. Causes of the war included impressment, seizing of American ships, and British encouragement of Indian attacks. 73. Andrew Jackson was the hero of the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812, and later became the 7th president of the United States . 74. James Monroe: 5th President & author of the Monroe Doctrine, which shut down the western hemisphere to European expansion or interference. 75. Industrial Revolution: industry changed from the production of goods at home (cottage industry) to factory production using powered machinery. 76. Robert Fulton’s steamboat improved transportation of goods and people during the Industrial Revolution. 77. The telegraph, invented in 1835 by Samuel Morse (Morse Code), made communication more efficient across great distances. It would become an important tool in the North, during the Civil War. 78. Textile Mills - Thief: Samuel Slater Importance: Led to large-scale factory production of cloth through the use of power looms. Provided new job opportunities for young women. 79. Interchangeable Parts Inventor: Eli Whitney Importance: Allowed factories to make products faster & cheaper. Parts could be replaced easily if broken. 80. Cotton Gin – 1793 Inventor: Eli Whitney Importance: Allowed for fast separation of cotton from seeds, greatly increasing profitability of cotton. This made the use of slavery on plantations essential to cotton farmers in the South. 81. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 made slavery illegal North of the 36° 30’ line. From 1820 to 1850, newly admitted states above the line would be free states, while new states below the line would be slave states. 82. John Quincy Adams, son of John Adams, was the 6th president of the United States, and the only one to serve in Congress after being president. He was best known for opposing the spread of slavery. 83. Andrew Jackson was a self-made man & founder of the modern Democratic Party. He was responsible for the Trail of Tears and he supported the Union during the Nullification Crisis 84. Andrew Jackson’s election in 1828 as president led to increased suffrage for white men in the United States. 85. Trail of Tears also known as the Indian Removal Act, forced the Indians in the southeastern U.S. to move west of the Mississippi River. 86. Nullification is the idea of a state declaring a federal law unconstitutional or not in force in that state. 87. Daniel Webster - a Massachusetts Congressman and Senator who spoke for the North and the preservation of the Union. 88. John C. Calhoun was a South Carolina Congressman and Senator who spoke for the South before and during the Civil War. 89. Henry Clay , nicknamed the Great Compromiser, was a powerful Kentucky Congressman and Senator who proposed the Compromise of 1850, and the American System. 90. Popular Sovereignty - the practice of having the authority to make decisions for oneself. 91. Manifest Destiny is the belief that the United States should own all of the land between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. 92. Westward Expansion - Label the Oregon Trail, Santa Fe Trail, Mormon Trail, and California Trail. 93. Transcontinental Railroad - sped up the process of Westward Expansion as settlements and towns grew along the railroads. 94. Erie Canal - man made waterway that allowed for more efficient movement of manufactured goods and raw materials from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes. 95. The annexation of Texas created tension between the U.S. and Mexico, resulting in the Mexican War. The U.S. victory resulted in the acquisition of land known as the Mexican Cession. 96. Public education promotes knowledge and skills that open the doors to opportunity. Horace Mann 97. Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the Seneca Falls Convention, creating the Women’s Rights Movement in the United States. 98. The Temperance Movement was a campaign against the sale or drinking of alcohol. 99. An abolitionist was a person who wanted to end slavery in the United States. Abolish - to get rid of. 100. The Compromise of 1850 would try to solve the divisions between free and slave states or territories.