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Shallin Busch, Ph.D. Northwest Fisheries Science Center National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Benjamin Drummond / bdsjs.com NOAA Earth History Research Lab: http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/history.html Andy Jacobson, NOAA Ocean acidification is an increase in ocean acidity due to increased atmospheric CO2 Repoort What is acidity? What is pH? Acidity is a measure of H+ pH is the scale used to measure how acidic or how basic something is pH is measured on the log scale The pH scale was developed by Prof. Sørensen at the Carlsberg Laboratory in 1909. Ocean acidification in Hawaii Carbon dioxide (µatm) CO2(atmos) ↔ CO2(aq) + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3- ↔ 2H+ + CO32- Dore et al., 2009. Shells are calcium carbonate Calcium carbonate ↔ Carbonate + Calcium CaCO3 ↔ CO32- + Ca2+ Ocean acidity could increase 100-150% by the year 2100. Gruber et al. 2012 NOAA PMEL Google maps Physiological processes are sensitive to carbon dioxide and pH Dan Bennett Benjamin Drummond / bdsjs.com West coast oyster failure • Willapa Bay: Wild oysters had low levels of reproduction for 7 years • Hatcheries: Production of larvae reduced over last 6 years • Correlations of failure with pH Oysters in Netart’s Bay Google maps Barton et al. 2012 Oysters in Netart’s Bay Production is lower with lower pH Growth in feeding stage slower with lower pH Barton et al. 2012 Low CO2 High CO2 E. Brunner, G. Waldbusser Species response to pCO2 can vary Eastern oyster Suminoe oyster Miller et al 2009, photos from National Geographic Shelled pteropods: planktonic snails OA can have many effects Respiration Behavior/Nervous system Development Growth A natural experiment in Italy David Liittschwager/National Geographic Images Low CO2 Luca Tiberti, Associazione Nemo High CO2 There will be surprises! NOAA Joachim S. Müller NASA David Patterson and Bob Andersen Munday et al. 2009, 2010; Simpson et al. 2011; Nilsson et al. 2012 Sun et al. 2011, Fu et al. 2010 stonebird Neil Banas Complex systems have complex responses Indirect effect? Direct effect http://marinebio.org/Oceans/Biotic-Structure.asp 30% of Puget Sound species calcify 9.66% 30.16% 49.03% CaCO3 Vertebrate No biomineral Non-CaCO3 11.14% Busch et al., in revision OA will affect marine food webs Species affected by OA will also be affected by predatorprey interactions OA will affect marine food webs OA will impact species unaffected by changes in pH via predator-prey interactions ? OA will affect marine food webs Which species are affected by OA will drive the nature of the food web response OA will affect marine food webs OA impacts on just one or a few species can have big effects on the food web and ecosystem services Impacts of multiple stressors What we know The ocean is acidifying rapidly Some local species will be sensitive to OA Biological responses to OA are variable Impacts of OA will ripple through food webs Other stressors can exacerbate response to OA “Nowhere on our planet is a local response to ocean acidification more urgently and immediately needed than here in Washington State.” - Dr. Jane Lubchenco, NOAA Neil Banas