Download File - VarsityField

UNDERSTANDING EARTH, SIXTH EDITION
GROTZINGER • JORDAN
GEOLOGY MEDIA SUITE
Chapter 3
Earth Materials
Minerals and Rocks
© 2010 W.H. Freeman and Company
Common silicate minerals
and cleavage
Key Figure 3.9 (page 53)
Go to next slide to begin
Silicate ion (SiO44–)
The silicate
ion forms
tetrahedra.
Oxygen ions
(O2–)
Silicon ion
(Si4+)
Quartz
structure
Silicate ion (SiO44–)
The silicate
ion forms
tetrahedra.
Oxygen ions
(O2–)
Silicon ion
(Si4+)
Quartz
structure
Silicate ion
(SiO44–)
The silicate
ion forms
tetrahedra.
Oxygen ions
(O2–)
Silicon ion
(Si4+)
Tetrahedra can arrange in other ways.
Quartz is
a silicate
polymorph.
Mineral
Chemical formula
Cleavage planes
and number of
cleavage directions
1 plane
Olivine
(Mg, Fe)2SiO4
Silicate
structure
Isolated
tetrahedra
Specimen
Mineral
Chemical formula
Cleavage planes
and number of
cleavage directions
1 plane
Olivine
Isolated
tetrahedra
(Mg, Fe)2SiO4
2 planes at 90°
Pyroxene
Silicate
structure
(Mg, Fe)SiO3
Single chains
Specimen
Mineral
Chemical formula
Cleavage planes
and number of
cleavage directions
1 plane
Olivine
Isolated
tetrahedra
(Mg, Fe)2SiO4
2 planes at 90°
Pyroxene
Silicate
structure
Single chains
(Mg, Fe)SiO3
2 planes at 60°
and 120°
Amphibole Ca2(Mg, Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2
Double chains
Specimen
Mineral
Chemical formula
Cleavage planes
and number of
cleavage directions
1 plane
Olivine
Isolated
tetrahedra
(Mg, Fe)2SiO4
2 planes at 90°
Pyroxene
Silicate
structure
Single chains
(Mg, Fe)SiO3
2 planes at 60°
and 120°
Double chains
1 plane
Sheets
Amphibole Ca2(Mg, Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2
Micas
Muscovite:
KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Biotite:
K(Mg, Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2
Specimen
Mineral
Chemical formula
Cleavage planes
and number of
cleavage directions
1 plane
Olivine
Isolated
tetrahedra
(Mg, Fe)2SiO4
2 planes at 90°
Pyroxene
Silicate
structure
Single chains
(Mg, Fe)SiO3
2 planes at 60°
and 120°
Double chains
1 plane
Sheets
2 planes at 90°
Three-dimensional
framework
Amphibole Ca2(Mg, Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2
Micas
Muscovite:
KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Biotite:
K(Mg, Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2
Feldspars
Orthoclase feldspar:
KAlSi3O8
Plagioclase feldspar:
(Ca, Na) AlSi3O8
Specimen
Common silicate minerals
and cleavage
Figure 3.15 (page 58)
Go to next slide to begin
Silicate layer
Aluminum
hydroxide layer
“Sandwich”
Aluminum atom
Silicate layer
Potassium ions
“Sandwich”
Silicate layer
Aluminum
hydroxide layer
“Sandwich”
Aluminum atom
Silicate layer
Potassium ions
Cleavage
occurs
between
layers.
“Sandwich”
Common silicate minerals
and cleavage
Figure 3.17 (page 59)
Go to next slide to begin
Pyroxene
90°
Crystal
face
Cleavage
direction
90°
Bonds
between
chains
Pyroxene
90°
Crystal
face
Enlarged
Cleavage crystal face
direction
90°
Bonds
between
chains
Pyroxene
90°
Crystal
face
Enlarged
Cleavage crystal face
direction
120°
Amphibole
60°
90°
Bonds
between
chains
Pyroxene
90°
Crystal
face
Amphibole
60°
Enlarged
Cleavage crystal face
direction
120°
120°
Common silicate minerals
and cleavage
What is the fundamental building block of the silicate
minerals?
A. Silicon-carbon tetrahedron
B. Silicon-carbon octahedron
C. Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
D. Silicon-oxygen octahedron
Common silicate minerals
and cleavage
What is the fundamental building block of the silicate
minerals?
A. Silicon-carbon tetrahedron
B. Silicon-carbon octahedron
C. Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
D. Silicon-oxygen octahedron
Common silicate minerals
and cleavage
True or False: All minerals exhibit cleavage?
A. True
B. False
Common silicate minerals
and cleavage
True or False: All minerals exhibit cleavage?
A. True
B. False
Common silicate minerals
and cleavage
How many different planes of cleavage are necessary for
a mineral to exhibit cubic cleavage?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
Common silicate minerals
and cleavage
How many different planes of cleavage are necessary for
a mineral to exhibit cubic cleavage?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
Weathering and the Rock Cycle
Key Figure 3.22 (page 63)
Go to next slide to begin
Type of rock and Rock-forming
source material
process
IGNEOUS
Melting of rocks
Example
Crystallization
Coarsely crystallized
granite
Type of rock and Rock-forming
source material
process
IGNEOUS
Melting of rocks
Example
Crystallization
Coarsely crystallized
granite
SEDIMENTARY
Weathering and
erosion of
Exposed rocks
Deposition,
burial, and
lithification
Cross-laminated
sandstone
Type of rock and Rock-forming
source material
process
IGNEOUS
Melting of rocks
Example
Crystallization
Coarsely crystallized
granite
SEDIMENTARY
Weathering and
erosion of
Exposed rocks
Deposition,
burial, and
lithification
Cross-laminated
sandstone
METAMORPHIC
Rocks under high
temperatures and
pressures
Recrystallization
Gneiss
Weathering and the Rock Cycle
Figure 3.23 (page 64)
Go to next slide to begin
Igneous extrusion (lava)
Igneous
intrusion
Igneous extrusion (lava)
Extrusive igneous rocks
form when magma erupts
at the surface.
Igneous
intrusion
Igneous extrusion (lava)
Extrusive igneous rocks
form when magma erupts
at the surface.
Igneous
intrusion
Igneous extrusion (lava)
Extrusive igneous rocks
form when magma erupts
at the surface.
The resulting rock is
fine-grained or has a
glassy texture.
Igneous
intrusion
Igneous extrusion (lava)
Extrusive igneous rocks
form when magma erupts
at the surface.
The resulting rock is
fine-grained or has a
glassy texture.
Igneous
intrusion
Intrusive igneous
rocks form when
molten rock
intrudes into
unmelted rock
masses.
Igneous extrusion (lava)
Extrusive igneous rocks
form when magma erupts
at the surface.
The resulting rock is
fine-grained or has a
glassy texture.
Igneous
intrusion
Intrusive igneous
rocks form when
molten rock
intrudes into
unmelted rock
masses.
Igneous extrusion (lava)
Extrusive igneous rocks
form when magma erupts
at the surface.
The resulting rock is
fine-grained or has a
glassy texture.
Igneous
intrusion
Intrusive igneous
rocks form when
molten rock
intrudes into
unmelted rock
masses.
The slow cooling process
produces coarsely grained
rocks.
Weathering and the Rock Cycle
Figure 3.24 (page 65)
Go to next slide to begin
Particles of rock created
by weathering…
...are transported
downhill by erosion…
…and deposited as layers
of sediment…
Lake
Igneous
rock
Beach
Continental
margin
Delta
Continental
Coral shelf
reefs
…where they
form bedding.
Buried
sediments
lithify.
Metamorphic rock
Particles of rock created
by weathering…
...are transported
downhill by erosion…
…and deposited as layers
of sediment…
Lake
Igneous
rock
Beach
Continental
margin
Delta
Continental
Coral shelf
reefs
Siliciclastic
sediments
are made of
deposited
particles.
…where they
form bedding.
Buried
sediments
lithify.
Metamorphic rock
Particles of rock created
by weathering…
...are transported
downhill by erosion…
…and deposited as layers
of sediment…
Lake
Igneous
rock
Beach
Continental
margin
Delta
Continental
Coral shelf
reefs
Siliciclastic
sediments
are made of
deposited
particles.
…where they
form bedding.
Buried
sediments
lithify.
Chemical and biochemical
sediments are precipitated
from seawater.
Metamorphic rock
Weathering and the Rock Cycle
Figure 3.25 (page 67)
Go to next slide to begin
Trench
Continental
crust
Oceanic crust
Continental
lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Oceanic
lithosphere
Sediments
Hornfels
formation
Magma
Hornfels
Contact
metamorphism
Trench
Continental
crust
Oceanic crust
Continental
lithosphere
Oceanic
lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Sediments
Hornfels
formation
Magma
Hornfels
Eclogite
Contact
Ultra-highmetamorphism pressure
metamorphism
Trench
Continental
crust
Oceanic crust
Continental
lithosphere
Oceanic
lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Sediments
Hornfels
formation
Magma
Hornfels
Eclogite
Micaschist
Blueschist
Contact
Ultra-highRegional
High-pressure,
metamorphism pressure
metamorphism low-temperature
metamorphism
metamorphism
Weathering and the Rock Cycle
Which process of the rock cycle leads to the formation
of metamorphic rocks?
A. Lithification
B. Crystallization
C. Weathering
D. Recrystallization
Weathering and the Rock Cycle
Which process of the rock cycle leads to the formation
of metamorphic rocks?
A. Lithification
B. Crystallization
C. Weathering
D. Recrystallization
Weathering and the Rock Cycle
True or False: Ultimately, any rock type (igneous,
sedimentary or metamorphic) can be turned into any
other rock type via the processes of the rock cycle.
A. True
B. False
Weathering and the Rock Cycle
True or False: Ultimately, any rock type (igneous,
sedimentary or metamorphic) can be turned into any
other rock type via the processes of the rock cycle.
A. True
B. False
Weathering and the Rock Cycle
Which kind(s) of earth materials form by precipitation
from an aqueous (water-based) solution?
A. Siliciclastic sediments
B. Biochemical sediments
C. Extrusive igneous rocks
D. Contact metamorphic rocks
E. All of the above.
Weathering and the Rock Cycle
Which kind(s) of earth materials form by precipitation
from an aqueous (water-based) solution?
A. Siliciclastic sediments
B. Biochemical sediments
C. Extrusive igneous rocks
D. Contact metamorphic rocks
E. All of the above.
Limestone
Select the true statement regarding mineral polymorphs.
A. Mineral polymorphs always exhibit identical physical
properties.
B. Mineral polymorphs always share the same chemical
formula.
C. Mineral polymorphs always share the same internal
(crystalline) structure.
D. All of these statements are true.
Limestone
Select the true statement regarding mineral polymorphs.
A. Mineral polymorphs always exhibit identical physical
properties.
B. Mineral polymorphs always share the same
chemical formula.
C. Mineral polymorphs always share the same internal
(crystalline) structure.
D. All of these statements are true.
Limestone
To which class of minerals do calcite and aragonite, the
most common minerals that form the rock limestone,
belong?
A. Silicates
B. Sulfides
C. Carbonates
D. Oxides
Limestone
To which class of minerals do calcite and aragonite, the
most common minerals that form the rock limestone,
belong?
A. Silicates
B. Sulfides
C. Carbonates
D. Oxides