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1/25/2012
Grab a Packet from the Table…
1865-1877
Get ready for the Quiz…
How
would the South, physically devastated
by war and socially revolutionized by
emancipation be rebuilt?
How would liberated blacks fare as free men
and women?
How would the southern states be
reintegrated into the Union?
Who would direct the process of
Reconstruction – the Southern states, the
president, or Congress?
Lincoln proclaims his intentions
for Reconstruction in State of the
Union 1863
Lincoln foreshadows his plan in
second inaugural address…
10% plan
“With charity towards all, and
malice towards none…”
Many in the Republican party
actually plot to get rid of Lincoln
during the election of 1864
Salmon Chase
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Argued
that the Southern states had never
left the Union…
Wanted 10% of voting pop. To take oath of
allegiance
Thaddeus
Stevens
Rep. from Penn.
Charles
Sumner
Senator from Mass.
That
10% would form a government and
promise to follow the Emancipation
Proclamation
Importance?
Kept reconstruction in hands of President
Sumner
and Stevens will present to Lincoln
the Wade-Davis Bill
States were “conquered territories”
50% oath of loyalty (???? Could that happen?)
Had to give blacks the right to vote (which party
would they vote for?
Lincoln
pocket vetoes the bill…
Created
March 3, 1865
Provide food, clothing, medical
care, and education to freedmen and white
refugees
Developed from Special Order No. 15
(Sherman)
Purpose:
Neither
side discusses reconstruction further
until after Lincoln’s death
In
the meantime…
Headed
by: Oliver Howard (Howard
University)
Successes: Education and Reading
First real government social welfare reform of its
kind
Failures:
“Forty Acres and a Mule”, Tenant
farming, Sharecropping, White Supremacy
Expired in 1872
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Amendment
Section
Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except
as a punishment for crime whereof the party
shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within
the United States, or any place subject to their
jurisdiction.
Section
XIII
1.
2.
Congress shall have power to enforce this article
by appropriate legislation
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Herman
Walt
1).
Not consulting Congress (Sumner and
Stevens) on Reconstruction
Whitman
O Captain! My Captain
W.E.B.
Melville
“The Martyr”
DuBois
2). Andrew
Johnson
Abraham Lincoln
“he was the wrong man in the
wrong place at the wrong time…”
From Tennessee
Hated the southern aristocrats
Born dirt poor
Had owned two slaves
Was a Unionists--gave speeches to
keep Tennessee from seceding
But hated most Northerners
Hated Slaves
Presidential
Congressional
Military
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Started
before the end of the Civil War:
10% of the state had to take the Oath of Loyalty
Abide by Emancipation
Reconstitute a State Government
Congress
worried…
Passes the Wade-Davis Bill
Lincoln’s Plan:
50% oath of allegiance
Stronger emancipation safeguards
Lincoln will “pocket-veto” the bill
Congress refused to allow any state back in under
Lincoln’s plan (LA)
2 Republican Factions:
Moderates – Favored Lincoln’s Plan
Radicals – Wanted the punish south (“state suicide”) and
guarantee equality for Blacks
After Lincoln is killed, many radical felt Johnson
would be on their side (he hated the Southern
aristocracy)
Johnson’s Plan:
Disenfranchised Confederate Leaders (could request a
pardon)
State conventions to repeal secession conventions
10% oath of allegiance
Ratify 13th Amendment
“Constitution as it is, Union as it was…”
The
South, after 1865, was hopelessly
decimated by the war:
Livestock had been taken by Union armies
Cotton fields had been left fallow
Slaves (more than $2 billion of value) had been
emancipated
Men and children had been killed or disabled by
the war
Rail lines had been cut and destroyed
Cities were burned (Richmond, Charleston,
Atlanta)
Their entire society was destroyed (Lincoln,
Grant and Sherman’s total war…)
In response to emancipation and Presidential
Reconstruction… Newly formed Southern states will pass a
series of black codes…
Eerily similar to slave codes
While blacks were free and able to do things like marry:
Whites attempted to keep blacks on the land to restart
Southern agriculture
They were not allowed to vote, serve on a jury, rent/lease
land…
Oh, I’m a good ‘old rebel
Now that’s just what I am
‘N for this Yankee nation,
I do not give a damn
I’m glad I fought agin’ her
I only wish we’d won
I ain’t asked any pardon
For anything I’ve done.
Labor contracts forced upon freed blacks
Harsh penalty for jumping these contracts
North begins to question purpose of Civil War????
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I hates the Yankee nation
And everything they do
I hates the Declaration
Of Independence, too
I hates the glorious Union
‘Tis dripping with our blood
I hates their strip’ed
banner
I fit it all I could.
Three hundred thousand
Yankees
A-stiff in Southern dust
We got three hundred
thousand
Before they conquered us
They died of Southern fever
And Southern steel and shot
I wish they were three
million
Instead of what we got!
Oh, I’m a good ‘old rebel
Now that’s just what I am
‘N for this Yankee nation,
I do not give a damn
I’m glad I fought agin’ her
I only wish we’d won
I ain’t asked any pardon
For anything I’ve done.
I rode with Robert E. Lee
For three years, thereabout
Got wounded in four places
And I starved at Point Lookout
I catched the rheumatism
A-campin’ in the snow
But I killed a chance of Yankees
And I’d like to
kill some more.
I can’t take up my musket
And fight ‘em now no more
But I ain’t gonna love ‘em
Now that is certain sure
And I don’t want no pardon
For what I was and am
I won’t be reconstructed
And I do not give a damn!..
I ain’t asked any pardon,
For anything I’ve done!!
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Lyrics Written by:
Major Innes
Randolph,
C. S. A.
(1865)
The
REPUBLICAN Congress feared a return to
power of the Southern Democrats..
Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction
thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall
make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United
States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of
law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their
respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not
taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice
President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of
a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of
such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way
abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein
shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole
number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.
Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and
Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State,
who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United
States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State,
to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion
against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of
two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.
Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts
incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion,
shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt
or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for
the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held
illegal and void.
Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of
this article.
Confederates showed up at Congress in 1866!!!!!
Civil
Sung by:
Hoyt Axton
From
“Songs of the Civil
War”
(Columbia Records)
Rights Act of 1866
Limited
They
will take over Reconstruction from
Johnson
Johnson vetoes everything Congress passes (more
vetoes than all other presidents combined!)
Joint
Their
Committee on Reconstruction
Plan:
10% Oath of Allegiance
Ratification of the 14th Amendment (Civil Rights
Amendment)
– March 2nd, 1867
to force compliance with 14th am.
Split South into 5 military districts
Reconstruction Act
Johnson
stumped vigorously to get rid of the
“radical” Congress men…
Attempting
Ended
up helping the Republicans get a 2/3
majority in both House and Senate…
Now
they could effectively overturn any veto
by Johnson
Each territory commanded by a Union general
Policed by Union soldiers
Was not oppressive… (Even if Southern historians
argued the poor, innocent, victimized South)
Conditions
Created
for Readmission:
Ratify the 14th Amendment
Full suffrage for former male slaves
Republican governments
Why was this good? Why was this bad?
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will also pass the 15th Amendment
to protect black suffrage…
Congress
States
began to make new constitutions and
elect governments
These were Republican while the soldiers were
there.
After
soldiers left in 1877:
“Redeemer” governments were elected in the
South
These were Democratic and will effect former
slaves terribly
During
Military Reconstruction:
Blacks began to form politically
Formed the Union League to organize former
slaves politically and teach them their rights and
duties..
Former slaves helped write the new constitutions
Republican governments will pass many social
and economic reforms that will help modernize
the South.
Scalawags and Carpetbaggers
Northerners (and Southerners) who are pictured as
greedy monsters preying on the vulnerable South
In
response to black suffragist a new, radical
series of secret societies began…
Ku
Klux Klan begins in 1866
Ku Klux comes from the Greek kyklos which
means cycle/circle… So basically a brotherhood
coming together
Used
intimidation to get black and white
“upstarts” from practicing their political
rights.
Scaring them, beating them, killing them
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Sharecropping
50
Tenancy & the Crop Lien System
Furnishing Merchant
Loan tools and seed
up to 60% interest
to tenant farmer to
plant spring crop.
Farmer also secures
food, clothing, and
other necessities on
credit from
merchant until the
harvest.
Merchant holds
“lien” {mortgage} on
part of tenant’s
future crops as
repayment of debt.
Tenant Farmer
Plants crop,
harvests in
autumn.
Turns over up to ½
of crop to land
owner as payment
of rent.
Landowner
Rents land to tenant
in exchange for ¼
to ½ of tenant
farmer’s future
crop.
Republicans
became increasingly upset with
President Johnson
They
Tenant gives
remainder of crop
to merchant in
payment of debt.
will pass the Tenure of Office Act in 1867
President had to get approval of Senate to dismiss
any executive appointee
Johnson
will fire Secretary of War Stanton in
1868
Will argue that he is attempting to get Supreme
Court to rule on the constitutionality of Tenure act
51
House of Representatives vote 126 to 47 for
Impeachment…
That is just step 1 of the process
The Senate must try Johnson and vote on
whether to remove him from office…
Trial lasts from March until May of 1868
Johnson will be acquitted by 1 vote… (will
promise to leave Congress alone…)
Sounds familiar…
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One random
achievement of the
Johnson admin…
Secretary of State
William Seward will
purchase Alaska from
Russia for 7.2 million
dollars
THANKS
SEWARD!
Russia wanted to sale to
US to stop UK from
getting it…
THE NORTH
WENT
FROM THE
IDEA OF
BLACKS
AS HERO’S,
TO..
59
60
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BLACKS
AS
THE
PROBLEM
BLACKS
AS
VICTIMS
61
62
The Civil Rights Act - 1875
CIVIL
RIGHTS ACT OF
1875
IS THE LAST GASP
FOR EQUALITY, not
another attempt
until 1964
Crime for any individual to deny full &
equal use of public conveyances and
public places.
Prohibited discrimination in jury
selection.
Shortcoming lacked a strong
enforcement mechanism.
No new civil rights act was attempted
for 90 years!
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“Grantism” & corruption.
Panic of 1873 [6-year
depression].
Decide
Economic concerns replaces
to focus on the economy...
Stevens
Civil rights and blacks
Sumner
Concern over westward
expansion and Indian wars.
Crisis
dies in 1868
dies in 1874
in election of 1876
Key monetary issues:
Greenbacks
War Bonds?
65
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“Corrupt Bargain”
Part II?
The
Story of Davis Bend
67
68
69
70
Jefferson
Davis’s brother
owned 5 plantations.
Sold (illegally) 1 to his slave
Montgomery
Inventor
Self Educated
Entrepreneur
By
1868 the Davis Bend
Plantation was the most
successful in the south
72
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1st prize in Centennial contest
Sent daughters to college
Took
One
was postmaster for the county
other was the accountant for the
plantation
The
Advertised
for “people of color” who
wanted to create a future at Davis
Bend
1877 Jefferson Davis (ex-Pres of CSA)
sues to regain ownership and WINS!
That is the legacy of Reconstruction
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